Red Cross

The purpose of this Article is to examine the facts associated with the prison abuse at Abu Ghraib and to discuss the applicable legal and policy lessons learned as a result of the scandal. Was the prison abuse a reflection of a systemic policy-either de jure or de facto-on the part of the United States to illegally extract information from detainees or was the abuse simply isolated acts of criminal behavior on the part of a handful of soldiers amplified by an incompetent tactical chain of command at the prison facility?

The paper is devoted to Ludwik Christians, a Polish lawyer, president of the Polish Red Cross, a deputy of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (from 1934), and a member of the National Party. Ludwik Christians was committed to preserving the memory of the Katyn massacre. In October 1943, as the president of the Polish Red Cross of Lublin District, he applied to the occupying German authorities for releasing a group of nearly 1500 people: pregnant women, the elderly, sick persons, juveniles, and doctors from Konzentrationslager Lublin (Majdanek concentration camp). In 1944, he became a member of the Polish-Soviet Extraordinary Commission to investigate German crimes committed in KL Majdanek. After the war, the Polish communist security apparatus considered him an enemy, kept him under surveillance, and prepared materials for an espionage trial.
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Opracowanie jest poświęcone Ludwikowi Christiansowi, polskiemu adwokatowi, prezesowi Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża i posłowi na Sejm RP (od 1934 roku), członkowi Stronnictwa Narodowego. Ludwik Christians był zaangażowany w ochronę pamięci o zbrodni katyńskiej. W październiku 1943 roku, jako prezes Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyża Okręgu Lublin wystąpił do okupacyjnych władz niemieckich o zwolnienie z obozu Konzentrationslager Lublin (Majdanek) grupy około półtora tysiąca osób: kobiet ciężarnych, starców, chorych, młodocianych, a także lekarzy. W 1944 roku został członkiem Polsko-Radzieckiej Komisji Nadzwyczajnej do zbadania zbrodni niemieckich popełnionych w KL Majdanek. Po wojnie polski komunistyczny aparat bezpieczeństwa zaliczał go do wrogów, inwigilował go i przygotowywał materiały do procesu o szpiegostwo.

International humanitarian law is increasingly perceived as part of human rights law applicable in armed conflict. This trend can be traced back to the United Nations Human Rights Conference held in Tehran in 1968 which not only encouraged the development of humanitarian law itself, but also marked the beginning of a growing use by the United Nations of humanitarian law during its examination of the human rights situation in certain countries or during its thematic studies. The greater awareness of the relevance of humanitarian law to the protection of people in armed conflict, coupled with the increasing use of human rights law in international affairs, means that both these areas of law now have a much greater international profile and are regularly being used together in the work of both international and non-governmental organizations.

Coinciding with the centennial of the U.S. entry into World War I, this exhibition catalog examines the lives of four individuals from Montana or closely tied to the western state who served their country proudly and whose lives were significantly shaped by the Great War. They are: Glasgow-born William Belzer, celebrated aviator and among America’s first flying aces; Great Falls widow Josephine Hale who served as a Red Cross nurse and became a notable painter in France; doughboy Sidney F. Smith, survivor and hero of the infamous “Lost Battalion;” and James Watson Gerard, U.S. ambassador to Berlin until the U.S. declaration of war and husband to Mary Daly of the famous mining family. The catalog essay  by UM Professor of Art History and Criticism H. Rafael Chacón addresses the abstract concept of the enemy, both abroad and within.

Op 27 november 1914 kreeg het Nederlandse Rode Kruis bij Koninklijk besluit toestemming op eigen eigen kosten een zichtbaar te dragen Kruis en een Medaille van Verdienste voor verdiensten in of jegens de vereniging uit te reiken.

In de 100 jaar die volgden kregen zo'n 10.000 personen een dergelijke onderscheiding. Dit boek, waaraan door een team van ongeveer 20 mensen is gewerkt, geeft kort een samenvatting van de geschiedenis van deze onderscheiding en de portretten van 20 van deze dragers.

Χωρίς κοινό όραμα, στόχο, προσπάθεια, χωρίς συστράτευση των υγιών δυνάμεων των έμμισθων κι εθελοντικών στελεχών, χωρίς ορθή κρίση, ενότητα και ομοψυχία της ηγεσίας, ο Ελληνικός Ερυθρός Σταυρός, ακόμη κι αν επιτύχει να άρει την αναστολή λειτουργίας που του έχει επιβληθεί από τον διεθνή οργανισμό, δεν θα καταφέρει να προχωρήσει μπροστά και δεν θα προσαρμοστεί στις συνθήκες και στις απαιτήσεις του 21 ο αιώνα. Σχέδια μεγαλόπνοα που στοχεύουν στην επιβίωση και στον εκσυγχρονισμό του οργανισμού, όπως είναι η «Κινητικότητα Εθελοντών», δεν σηκώνουν αντιπολίτευση. Από κανέναν. Στο εσωτερικό περιβάλλον του οργανισμού, η κεντρική διοίκηση πρέπει να στοχεύει δυναμικά στην αποτελεσματική και αποδοτική χρήση των πόρων (ανθρώπινοι, τεχνολογικοί, οικονομικοί, φυσικοί) ώστε στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον ο οργανισμός να καταστεί ο αδιαμφισβήτητος και αναγκαίος λειτουργός προστασίας και ασφάλειας της κοινωνίας στους τομείς υγείας, κοινωνικής και πολιτικής προστασίας.

Klappentext des Sammelbandes: "Im Jahr 2015 erreichte eine Flüchtlingsbewegung ungeahnten Ausmaßes Österreich. Rund 300.000 Schutz­ suchende überquerten innerhalb weniger Monate die Grenze zwischen Ungarn und dem Burgenland – der Großteil davon in Nickelsdorf.
Das Rote Kreuz unterstützte die Polizei bei der humanitä­ren Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung. Eine Welle der Hilfsbereitschaft  kam insbesondere auch aus der Zivilbe­völkerung.
Dieses Buch soll an diese Zeit erinnern und den Helfer­innen und Helfern eine Stimme geben, um über ihre Erleb­nisse zu berichten."

Editado en el año 2000, por la Cruz Roja Mexicana con una segunda impresión en 2003, a la que se incorpora la presentación del doctor José Antonio Fernández Arena, Director General de la Cruz Roja Mexicana (2003-2005). El texto es del comandante Ismael Arturo Montero García, quien además compila y selecciona en algunos apartados argumentos y propuestas de otros especialistas. La publicación es una obra de consulta para el personal de emergencia, que también es útil para organizaciones e individuos que, ya por actividades deportivas, de servicios turísticos, labores de auxilio, o en casos de desastre, se ven involucrados en terrenos de difícil acceso. Hoy en día, la travesía y el rescate por terrenos agrestes es una cuestión práctica en donde se ha adquirido un alto nivel tecnológico, y se ha creado una clase especial de técnicos vinculados al medio que, no por especializados, son ajenos a una propuesta sencilla y práctica para el caso mexicano, como lo intenta esta publicación.

Ο δημιουργός αυτού του εγχειριδίου, ως Εθελοντής Σαμαρείτης του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού (από το 1982 έως το 2014 και από το 2018 έως σήμερα), είχε την χαρά και την τιμή το έτος 2005 να δημιουργήσει εξ ιδίας πρωτοβουλίας τον πρώτο και μοναδικό έως σήμερα ΚΩΔΙΚΑ ΔΕΟΝΤΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού.
Ο Κώδικας Δεοντολογίας υποβλήθηκε προς έγκριση στην Κεντρική Διοίκηση του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού μέσω της Διεύθυνσης του Σώματος Σαμαρειτών και Διασωστών και το έτος 2006 έτυχε της καθολικής αποδοχής, έγκρισης, υιοθέτησης και καθιέρωσης σε όλη την Ελλάδα για τους Δόκιμους κι Εθελοντές Σαμαρείτες, Διασώστες και Ναυαγοσώστες.
Η πρωτοβουλία αυτή, της δημιουργίας του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού, αποτέλεσε σταθμό στην ιστορία του εθνικού οργανισμού και την πρώτη επίσημη καταγεγραμμένη προσπάθεια θεμελίωσης αρχών και κανόνων ενιαίας ηθικής συμπεριφοράς κατά την διάρκεια της εθελοντικής εργασίας από Εθελοντές ανθρωπιστικού χαρακτήρα στην Ελλάδα.
Σήμερα, 12 χρόνια μετά, εξ ιδίας πρωτοβουλίας και πάλι, ο δημιουργός αυτού του εγχειριδίου, ως Εθελοντής Σαμαρείτης του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού, επιχειρεί την συγγραφή και έκδοση μιας προσεκτικής και αναλυτικής προσέγγισης των αρχών και των κανόνων της ενιαίας ηθικής συμπεριφοράς των Εθελοντών, εμπλουτίζοντας το εγχειρίδιο αυτό με ιδιαίτερη και χρήσιμη γνώση για το περιβάλλον εφαρμογής (τότε και σήμερα) του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας, απαντήσεις στα ερωτήματα «πως» και «γιατί» καθιερώθηκε, αναφορές στην ιστορική του διαδρομή έως σήμερα μέσω της καθιέρωσής του ως επίσημο εκπαιδευτικό εγχειρίδιο και προσθέτοντας επίκαιρα άρθρα για το σπουδαίο και διαχρονικό ιδανικό της ίδρυσης, αποδοχής κι επικράτησης του Ερυθρού Σταυρού από την ανθρωπότητα.
Η παρούσα έκδοση, έχει μοναδικό σκοπό να βοηθήσει τον κάθε ενδιαφερόμενο στην εμπεριστατωμένη κατανόηση, μέσω αναλυτικής προσέγγισης, της φιλοσοφίας εκπόνησης και συγγραφής των άρθρων του Κώδικα Δεοντολογίας του Εθελοντή Σαμαρείτη του Ελληνικού Ερυθρού Σταυρού και στην συνειδησιακή υιοθέτησή του από τον κάθε Εθελοντή.

This article reports a study conducted on a pilot e-learning course organized by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to offer the affiliates the opportunity of further learning from their previous field experiences on emergency operations. The main objective was to identify and understand reflective thinking and knowledge production through a peer review activity developed in the online learning environment “Scholar.” The investigation was guided by the following research questions: How effective was peer feedback for the development of the participants’ written case studies; What are participants’ perceptions regarding their learning experience with the peer-review activity? How was the experience of providing feedback? How was the experience of receiving feedback? How did these experiences influence the elaboration of the final version of their writing; and, What are the implications of peer-to-peer learning in online environments for participants’ professional development? Directed by Cope and Kalantzis’ (2012) “New Learning” conceptual framework, 267 people with different IFRC affiliations and from 83 countries enrolled in the course, and 162 of them participated in this research. Participants of the course engaged in a writing and rewriting process activity where they had to write a case study according to the established rubrics, peer review case studies from three other peers based on the rubrics and on the review criteria, and self review their own case study based on the same criteria as well as rewrite it. Data was gathered from: updates in “Community” (space for social interaction); feedback the reviewers provided on the case studies; the first and second versions of the case study, and the pre and post-course surveys. “Scholar Analytics” provided the results for the closed questions while the open-ended questions were classified into data-driven categories, as well as the updates from “Community.” First and second drafts of case studies from six participants were analyzed to identify the changes from one version to the other and compared with the feedback they received to detect the impact of the feedback on the second version. Results show that participants: enjoyed the experience of writing the case study; appreciated the experience of providing feedback through peer reviews to their peers; recognized that the feedback they received from the reviewers were helpful; acknowledged that providing feedback to peers through peer reviews helped them to think about their own case study. In addition, participants took into consideration the feedback from their peers when rewriting their case studies.

Ministering Angels is a peer-review publication that tells the story of conservative country women doing their patriotic duty in an outpost of the British Empire. From 1914 Camden district women joined local Red Cross branches and their affiliates in the towns and villages around the colonial estate of the Macarthur family at Camden Park. They sewed, knitted and cooked for God, King and Country throughout the First and Second World Wars, and during the years in-between. They ran stalls and raffles, and received considerable community support through cash donations from individuals and community organisations for Red Cross activities.

Using the themes of soldier and civilian welfare, patriotism, duty, sacrifice, motherhood, class and religion, the narrative explores how the placed-based nature of the Red Cross branch network provided an opportunity for the organisation to harness parochialism and localism for national patriotic purposes. The work shows how a local study links the Camden district Red Cross with the broader issues within Australian history and debates involving local history, philanthropy, feminism, conservatism, religion and other areas, while at the same time illustrating the multi-layered nature of the issues that shape global, national and regional history that can impact rural volunteering.

The book delves into the story of how Camden’s Edwardian women, the Macarthur Onslows and others of their ilk, provided leadership at a local, state and national level and created ground-breaking opportunities that empowered women to exercise their agency by undertaking patriotic activities for the first time. In their wake Camden women created the most important voluntary organisation in district history, a small part of the narrative of the Australian Red Cross, arguably the country’s most important not-for-profit organisation. Their stories were the essence of place, and the success of the district branches meant that over time home front volunteering became synonymous with the Red Cross.

Ministering Angels is a local Red Cross study of volunteering in war and peace that provides a small window into the national and transnational perspectives of one of the world’s most important humanitarian organisations.

Respond to each numbered item in the short list here as either True or False for you. A “True” response may identify a potential area for training. Reflect on whether an item identifies a problem or issue in the way you manage your anger. Anger requires boundaries, and a moral value (e.g. OK or not OK) can be assigned to ways of expressing anger.

This article, published in two parts, combines insights form travel writing, history, and urban studies to explore the social welfare milieu of early 20th century New York City and its connection to disaster relief efforts for Titanic survivors.  Part Two appeared in Voyage 108 in Summer 2019 and is also posted on Academia.edu.

The article describes the clashes between the white and black population in Tulsa, Oklahoma in May 1921. In less than twenty-four hours Greenwood, the black part of Tulsa, was looted, burned and leveled to the ground by white rioters, the National Guard and the police of the city. The paper also introduces the separation of the infamous Tulsa Race Riot into two interconnected but different phases: the Riot and the War. The incident has not been adequately analyzed in the international bibliography and thus the article wishes to place it among the bloodiest race riots in the history of the United States.
Keywords: Racial Violence, African American History, Black Studies, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Riot, War, Racism, Segregation, Red Cross,

In Turkey, guidance on what to do during an earthquake is provided to individuals as a part of community disaster training programs. Two approaches have prevailed in this regard since the 1999 Marmara earthquakes and persisted in social memory. The first of these recommends taking cover under or near an object presumed as solid, holding on to the object if possible and protecting one’s head, face and vital organs while waiting for the shaking to end. The second approach anticipates laying in the fetal position on the floor beside an object considered as solid and waiting for the tremors to stop. Since 1999, both approaches have been propagated as pseudo-scientific discourses by various institutions. However, no reliable scientific research has been conducted on the validity of these approaches so far. Nevertheless, those adopting one of these methods and arguing the other’s ineffectiveness have taken the debate on this issue to the public arena. This paper aims to evaluate both approaches with a critical eye and to emphasize social dimension of disaster preparedness and vulnerability through this evaluation.

Ülkemizde uygulanan toplum afet bilinçlendirme programlarının bir parçası olarak, deprem anında bireylerin nasıl davranmaları gerektiğine ilişkin tavsiyeler verilmektedir. Bu konuda 1999 Marmara depremlerinden bu yana Türkiye’de yaygınlaşmış ve toplumsal bellekte yer etmiş iki yaklaşım vardır. Bunlardan birincisi sağlam olduğu varsayılan bir eşyanın altına girerek başı, yüzü ve yaşamsal organları korumak, mümkünse bu eşyaya tutunarak sarsıntıların geçmesini beklemeyi önermektedir. İkinci yaklaşım, sağlam olduğu varsayılan bir eşyanın yanına yattıktan sonra “ana rahmi / cenin” duruşu alarak sarsıntıların bitmesini beklemeyi öngörmektedir. İki yaklaşım da birer sözde-bilimsel söylem haline gelmiş olarak çeşitli kurumlarca desteklenmekte ve yaygınlaştırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Oysa her ikisinin de etkinliği üzerine gerçekleştirilmiş hiçbir güvenilir bilimsel çalışma mevcut değildir. Buna rağmen, birinci ya da ikinci yaklaşımı benimseyenler, “diğer yaklaşımın hatalı olduğunu” iddia ederek kamusal alanda tartışabilmektedirler. Bu makalede söz konusu iki yaklaşım da eleştirel bir gözle değerlendirilecek ve bu değerlendirme üzerinden afete hazırlığın toplumsal boyutu ve zarar görebilirlik üzerinde durulacaktır.

Автор рассказывает о проведенном в 2017–2018 гг. исследовании, которое было посвящено поиску и идентификации русских могил на одном из главных кладбищ города Дублина Маунт Джером (район Харольдс Кросс). Обозначение «русские» в данном контексте употребляется в широком смысле, имеются в виду прежде всего представители Белой эмиграции, а также другие выходцы из Российской империи, советской России и СССР. На данный момент найдено 38 захоронений, за каждым из них стоит сложная судьба, отразившая перипетии русской истории и истории русской эмиграции ХХ в.
The author tells about her study, conducted in 2017-2018, which was dedicated to the search and identification of Russian graves in one of the main cemeteries of Dublin city Mount Jerome (Harold’s Cross). The designation "Russians" is used in this context in a broad sense, meaning primarily representatives of the White Russian emigration, as well as other immigrants from the Russian Empire, Soviet Russia and the USSR. At the moment, 35 burials have been found, behind each of them there is a difficult fate, reflecting the vicissitudes of Russian history and the history of the Russian emigration of the XX century.

Under the watchful eye of the political police: Col. Dr. Mieczysław Henoch

The article is an attempt at a biography of Colonel Doctor Mieczysław Henoch, a military doctor in Krakow, fi-om his service in the Austro Hungarian Army and participation in the Polish-Ukrainian and Polish-Soviet wars, through his service in the Polish Army during
the interwar period, until his intemment following the 1939 September Campaign in Lithuania, and his activity in the Polish Red Cross. The author focuses particularly on the doctor's surveillance by the Communis! state security service in 1950s.

The simple payment service is becoming generalized as a payment and settlement means, covering consumers' online shopping, banking/financing, payment, remittance, and transfer, due to IT development and the FinTech industry's expansion. Due to changes in the payment means environment, donation or diverse donation activities started to become digitalized by adopting simple payment platforms. This study presents the mobile simple payment system construction strategy formed by the Korean Red Cross (KRC) and its execution method and results. This study aims to specifically present how online donation invigoration needs to be led and how the simple payment system can be used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the relevant institutions that need to encourage contributions and donation activities according to change of the temporal environment. As a result of the case study, the mobile notice authentication and simple payment use rates of the elderly were very low. If an online system had been used for donation like other digital services, this study found that an increase in education for e-literacy in smartphones and services concerning the elderly is essential. Also, it was found that there is a need to consider IT companies' diverse technology types and open collaboration types on the access modes.

This article, published in two parts, combines insights form travel writing, history, and urban studies to explore the social welfare milieu of early 20th century New York City and its connection to disaster relief efforts for Titanic survivors.  It should be read with Part One, which appeared in Voyage 107 and is also posted on Academia.edu.

Even in the earliest times, when tribes began to emerge, and at the time of classification, the principle of oppression of the weak by the strong was emerging in society. This manifested itself in the relations between both people and tribes. Thus, powerful tribes defeated the weaker ones and firstly, created the tribal union, and then developed them into the states. From one point of view, the war that we all try to put an end, was one of the important factors in the past that had allowed us to move from one era to another. But the requirement of today is the unity and cooperation of the states, which is directly related to the integration and development of the world economy and other important areas. At a time when information and economics are so advanced, the confrontation between states can end up in our world. But cooperation can help solve global problems that we perceive as a threat to the world. Global problems are the problems that are of concern to the whole society, which are of utmost importance, and which can be solved only by the cooperation of all countries, and the solution of these problems brings the states closer together. In most of the developing countries, these problems are not given much importance, they have the interests of their countries, and the task of the developed countries is to help them develop, to bring about these issues, and to save our world through unity. We can conclude that international law has reached its highest level of development through the adoption of conventions, declarations and other documents that have been adopted in our time.

This article examines public health nursing (PHN) education in the United States from 1900 to 1950. Following establishment of district nursing and the Henry Street Settlement in the late 1800s, nurses worked with families and communities in schools, homes, and with immigrant populations in tenements of industrialized cities. By the early 1900s, PHN leaders recognized that graduates needed broader education than provided by hospital training schools to prepare nurses to address social conditions and promote health and hygiene for populations. Current themes in professional nursing, such as social determinants of health, have their roots in early discourse about PHN education.

“To live in a library,” writes Gianni Vattimo, capitalizing on the etymological link between liberty and libri in the romance languages, “is perhaps the image itself of perfection, of humanism, of the experience of the truth which renders us . . . free” (2001: 69). To live without a library, then, is a case for humanitarian intervention. In a globalized “information society,” teaching someone to read and write may still represent the quintessential act of humanitarianism. All of these secular expressions of faith in reading share a foundational assumption about the intrinsic relation between literacy and liberty. This liberal ideal was revived and given renewed philosophical vigor during the so-called “Culture Wars” of the 1980s and 1990s by public intellectuals such as Richard Rorty, Martha Nussbaum, and K. Anthony Appiah. These thinkers advocate models of sentimental and cosmopolitan reading that ask readers to enter into imaginative relations of identification with what Rorty generically describes as “people very unlike us” (1993: 77). In this chapter, I elaborate a model of humanitarian reading that tends to be overlooked by philosophers who consistently pose the question of humanitarian sentiment as a problem of what Elaine Scarry calls “generous imagining,” a problem of the reader’s imaginative identification with the suffering individual. Such models “allow the fate of another person to be contingent on the generosity and wisdom of the imaginer” (Scarry 2002: 106). My model is drawn primarily from a reading of J. Henry Dunant’s Un Souvenir de Solférino (A Memory of Solferino, 1862), which is one of the most objectively successful of humanitarian interventionist narratives in history, precipitating both the incorporation of the Red Cross and the first Geneva Convention for The Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.

L’an 2017 marque à la fois le centenaire du premier prix Nobel de la paix décerné au Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) et les cent ans de l’élec- tion du Genevois Gustave Ador au Conseil fédéral. Ce double anniversaire invite à s’in- terroger sur les liens entre l’humanitaire et la paix, entre le CICR et la Confédération et entre l’humanitaire et la neutralité.

The ICRC often acts as a neutral intermediary between parties to armed conflict. What does it mean? When, where, and why does the ICRC play such a role? To whom is it beneficial?

This article, divided into two parts, answers these questions and highlights the ICRC’s role from historical and contemporary perspectives. Based on existing internal and external literature, the first part highlights a few relevant examples from the past and shows how the ICRC has fulfilled its mandate throughout time and all over the world. It showcases the variety of situations, conflicts, and issues where the ICRC acted as a neutral intermediary by selecting a few emblematic historical examples.

This contribution then focuses on the ten past years (2010-2019). Thus, this article does not contain information on the ICRC’s action after 2019. Based on the ICRC’s annual reports and a systematic review of the contexts where the ICRC has been active, a thematic approach highlights the main categories of activities that characterize the ICRC’s work as a neutral intermediary. We gathered all relevant information in a data set that ICRC staff can use internally. This second part only focuses on examples where the ICRC has publicly communicated its action. The examples showcased in this section come from the ICRC annual report and are sometimes reproduced verbatim. Thus, it does not comprehensively analyze all activities as a neutral intermediary.

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, la bonne société s'engage en masse dans l'Agence internationale des prisonniers de guerre créée par le CICR. La durée du conflit et les difficultés intérieures estompent cet enthousiasme initial. L'institution devra de plus en plus remplacer les volontaires par du personnel salarié.