Risk and Vulnerability

This article explores the role of IT audits in strengthening cybersecurity for Bulk Electric Systems (BES). Focusing on compliance with NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards, it highlights how IT audits enhance access management practices, mitigate risks, and safeguard sensitive data. Through actionable insights, such as improving access controls, permissions, and authentication methods, IT audits help organizations protect critical infrastructure from unauthorized access and evolving cyber threats.

The oil and gas industry is a prime target for cyberattacks due to the critical infrastructure it controls and the high value of its data. This paper explores the evolving landscape of cyber threats facing the industry, including sophisticated attacks, ransomware, DDoS attacks, phishing, and insider threats. It delves into the challenges posed by the convergence of IT and OT systems, ICS vulnerabilities, supply chain attacks, and legacy systems. To address these threats, the paper examines the role of Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) and Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR) technologies. SIEM provides real-time monitoring and analysis of security events, while SOAR automates incident response and reduces mean time to resolution (MTTR) and mean time to detection (MTTD). The paper discusses how SIEM and SOAR can be used together to enhance threat detection, response, and proactive threat hunting. Furthermore, the paper explores the benefits and limitations of SIEM and SOAR, including cost, complexity, and skillset requirements. It provides best practices for implementing these technologies, such as establishing clear security policies, implementing a layered security approach, and regularly updating security rules and playbooks. By leveraging SIEM and SOAR, oil and gas companies can significantly improve their cybersecurity posture and protect their critical infrastructure and sensitive data.

The popularity in the use of the term 'social capital' has evoked wide debate across academic disciplines. With the help of various theoretical viewpoints on social capital, this article aims to provide insights on important social and economic opportunities social capital has to offer for agricultural producers in Vhembe, Limpopo. This study did find evidence of social capital in various forms on the research sites, but these differed from mainstream western theory. It is argued that although social capital appear in various scattered forms across Vhembe, these forms of capitals resemble bonding social capital which provide socio-economic leverage for subsistence households who depend on agriculture. Due to the scarcity of formal groups in the rural areas of Vhembe, the various forms of social capital can be described as indigenous social capital and, collectively, provide a mechanism for individuals to remain connected to informal groups and to strengthen local communities.

 We present the first empirical study that tests the nexus among poverty, vulnerability and resilience.  Our results suggest that high vulnerability does not necessarily imply low resilience.  We also develop a state-and-transition model for assessing socio-economic resilience to natural disasters.  The model provides the opportunity to incorporate a broad spectrum of resilience dynamics.

o direito, perpé-tuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. v Em Lisboa, muito do edificado é constituído por edifícios antigos de alvenaria, apresentando sinais de degradação, e/ou foi alvo de intervenções que alteraram as suas características resistentes originais. Estes edifícios estão potencialmente vulneráveis a uma ação sísmica de grande magnitude, que sabemos pode ocorrer em Portugal a qualquer momento. Como abordado nesta dissertação, a vulnerabilidade sísmica destes edifícios dependerá de diversas características dos mesmos, como a geometria, a época da sua construção, as técnicas utilizadas, as propriedades dos seus componentes e a variabilidade esperada dos mesmos. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de análise da vulnerabilidade sísmica de edifícios antigos que considerem as suas características próprias, mas que sejam suficientemente práticas de implementar e usar, constitui-se como um imperativo técnico da Engenharia Civil atual, com vista à identificação célere dos casos que requerem reforço estrutural urgente. Esta dissertação enquadra-se nessa ação, fazendo a apresentação de alguns dos métodos mais conhecidos de análise sísmica de edifícios, e aplicando esses métodos a um caso de estudo selecionado para o efeito. A vulnerabilidade sísmica de um edifício antigo pós-pombalino situado em Lisboa foi assim avaliada nesta dissertação, considerando mecanismos no plano das paredes estruturais. Com grau crescente de complexidade, efetuou-se primeiro uma caracterização dinâmica do edifício através dos resultados de medições de vibrações ambientais, fizeram-se análises estáticas não-lineares e correspondente cálculo das curvas de capacidade, e no final análises dinâmicas incrementais nãolineares e as correspondentes curvas de fragilidade de uma parede do edifício analisado. Para as análises estáticas não-lineares utilizaram-se os programas de cálculo SAP2000 e 3Muri. Pretendeu-se com esta escolha comparar e verificar os resultados obtidos com um programa comercial amplamente utilizado pelos engenheiros civis em Portugal (SAP2000), com um programa de cálculo mais específico para a análise sísmica de edifícios antigos, que foi desenvolvido em Itália (3Muri). Pretende-se desta forma também mostrar se um programa de cálculo mais generalista como o SAP2000 pode ser usado, e como, em análises não-lineares de edifícios antigos, tanto estáticas como dinâmicas. Para tal, incluem-se ainda nesta dissertação Anexos que mostram os principais passos necessários para a modelação efetuada.

El espacio público del Centro Histórico de Puebla (CHP) se caracteriza por su riqueza arquitectónica y su papel central en la vida cultural y social de la ciudad. Las áreas comunes o zonas de acceso abierto, presentes en diferentes formas (SEDATU, 2021), son de vital importancia para la conformación y fortalecimiento del tejido social y la preservación del patrimonio. Los espacios públicos son lugares de encuentro y escenarios clave para celebrar la identidad, el sentido de pertenencia y el diálogo entre residentes y autoridades locales. Estos espacios fomentan la cohesión social, la diversidad y la participación, por lo que contribuyen al desarrollo urbano sostenible. Además, son el soporte físico para el tránsito e intercambio de bienes y servicios entre pobladores, trabajadores y visitantes.

This research explores the function of the Daily Sun, a popular South African tabloid newspaper in order to combat misinformation, disinformation and fake news during the general election in 2024. The social responsibility theory serves as the framework for the study. Since digital media is becoming the main source of news, journalists have a harder time making sure that verification is accurate and timely. Six journalists from the Daily Sun participated in semi-structured interviews for this study, which looks at the publication's methods for upholding truth, policies for responsible distribution, and procedures for holding disinformation accountable. Three key finds are drawn from thematic analysis: Although quick news cycles sometimes make it difficult to conduct thorough checks, (1) Daily Sun journalists prioritise accuracy through multi-source verification and fact checking tools; (2) enforcement of dissemination guidelines varies, highlighting the need for more standardised ethical training and workshops to combat misinformation; and (3) although journalists are confident in internal review processes, increased transparency is necessary to bolster public trust. To maintain media integrity in the age of social media, recommendations include developing peer accountability, promoting ethical training, and putting in place uniform rectification procedures. This study emphasises the changing roles of journalists and the value of accountability and ethics in preserving democratic processes.

The purpose of writing this article is to describe what added challenges people like us who are living with chronic pain are experiencing during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore what this challenging time means to us and how it affects our lives, along with providing insight into our experiences. This is not a research study, but instead an article that shares perspectives from people with lived experience of chronic pain. Our narratives are presented to create an awareness of the plight for people already living with challenging health conditions and how the COVID-19 pandemic has added additional layers of vulnerability. While these stories offer brief accounts of some of the challenges we face, they also provide glimmers of hope that others with similar challenges can look to for inspiration. We also hope that our stories and reflections provide discussion points and perhaps even case studies for clinicians and policymakers who are working to strengthen clinical care and health systems for people with chronic conditions during pandemics such as COVID-19. Sharing our lived experiences with chronic pain during this global crisis may also spark critical conversations among all chronic pain stakeholders to ensure that we could continue to provide excellent care, strong self-management support and optimal health policy-making as this pandemic continues to unfold and for consideration for future health emergencies.

The purpose of writing this article is to describe what added challenges people like us who are living with chronic pain are experiencing during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore what this challenging time means to us and how it affects our lives, along with providing insight into our experiences. This is not a research study, but instead an article that shares perspectives from people with lived experience of chronic pain. Our narratives are presented to create an awareness of the plight for people already living with challenging health conditions and how the COVID-19 pandemic has added additional layers of vulnerability. While these stories offer brief accounts of some of the challenges we face, they also provide glimmers of hope that others with similar challenges can look to for inspiration. We also hope that our stories and reflections provide discussion points and perhaps even case studies for clinicians and policymakers who are working to strengthen clinical care and health systems for people with chronic conditions during pandemics such as COVID-19. Sharing our lived experiences with chronic pain during this global crisis may also spark critical conversations among all chronic pain stakeholders to ensure that we could continue to provide excellent care, strong self-management support and optimal health policy-making as this pandemic continues to unfold and for consideration for future health emergencies.

Despite recognizing several ways consumers respond to perceived systemic risk scenarios, prior research emphasizes a general trend toward the privatization of risk, in which individual consumers are responsibilized for managing systemic risk scenarios through their consumption. However, prior work in this area blurs the distinction between responsibilized consumption aimed at self-protection versus preventing or reducing the likelihood of risk scenarios. Moreover, it does not explain how many consumers come to prioritize the former over the latter. To explore how this occurs, this netnography investigates doomsday preppers, consumers preparing for perceived catastrophic and systemic risk scenarios by stockpiling consumer goods, acquiring prosumptive knowledge, and cultivating survival skills. Drawing from the marketplace myths literature, this article introduces the concept of mythologized counter-futures to illustrate how preppers mobilize marketplace myths to socially construct future risk scenarios. Through mythic prefiguration, many preppers’ mythologized counter-futures ameliorate anxiety associated with vulnerability-inducing systemic risk scenarios and pattern anticipatory consumption toward self-protective consumption rather than risk-scenario preventive consumption. The analysis makes novel contributions to the literature on the social construction of risk, consumer responsibilization, consumer vulnerability, consumer timework, and marketplace myths.

El área de estudio se encuentra ubicada en la porción sur del Estado de Chiapas, en la Sierra Madre de Chiapas en altitudes que van de los 450 a los 3,000 m.s.n.m. Ocupando parcialmente los Municipios de Jaltenango La Paz (Angel A. Albino Corzo), La Concordia, Mapastepec, Siltepec, Villacorzo, Acacoyagua y Pijijiapan.
El 13 de marzo de 1990 fue decretada como Reserva de la Biosfera, con una superficie de 119,117 hectáreas. Siendo la segunda Area Natural Protegida creada bajo esta categoría en Chiapas y la primera que se ajustaba propiamente al modelo planteado por el Programa El Hombre y la Biosfera que la UNESCO implementó en 1972, y que consiste en la definición de tres zonas o regiones asociadas a la conservación y desarrollo de la Reserva: las Zonas Núcleo de las cuales el Triunfo posee cinco (I La Angostura, II EL Venado, III Cuxtepec, IV El Triunfo, V Ovando), las Zonas de Amortiguamiento y la Zona o Región de Influencia o de Cooperación.

Las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP's) constituyen porciones terrestres o acuáticas del territorio nacional, representativas de diversos ecosistemas y de su biodiversidad, en donde el ambiente original no ha sido esencialmente alterado por el hombre y están sujetas a regímenes especiales de protección, conservación, restauración y desarrollo. Con el establecimiento de ANP's se crea una estrategia para la conservación de los recursos naturales y la biodiversidad de México a fin de asegurar el aprovechamiento sustentable de los recursos naturales (LGEEPA, 1997). Estos ecosistemas representan el patrimonio natural del país, el cual requiere ser conservado no solo por el valor que representa la naturaleza en sí misma, sino también por los servicios ambientales que éstos proporcionan. Las ANP's deben ser vistas desde una perspectiva amplia, en donde se puede ordenar el desarrollo regional, proponer alternativas económicas ambientalmente sustentables y procurar el crecimiento armónico de la población. En México, los ecosistemas han sido modificados tanto por factores naturales como por el hombre en un lapso de tiempo corto. Actualmente la superficie total de las 148 ANP's de carácter federal en México es de aproximadamente 17'303,133 hectáreas, equivale al 6.9% del territorio nacional y 17.11% del mar territorial (12 millas náuticas).

The critical nature of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) environment demands stringent measures to protect architectural designs and build documents that support Bulk Electric System (BES) operations. This paper examines the pivotal role of a highly monitored repository in safeguarding such sensitive information. It emphasizes the repository's importance in meeting NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) requirements, reducing cybersecurity risks, and ensuring regulatory compliance. By incorporating robust access controls, detailed audit trails, and continuous monitoring, a highly monitored repository minimizes the risks of unauthorized access, data tampering, and insider threats. Additionally, it facilitates secure collaboration and version control, enabling operational efficiency while maintaining compliance with NERC standards. The paper concludes by presenting best practices for implementing and managing such repositories, underlining their necessity in maintaining the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of critical infrastructure documentation.

Change management plays a pivotal role in safeguarding cybersecurity within production environments, where the stakes for operational integrity, security and compliance are exceptionally high. These environments often consist of interconnected systems and processes, requiring cross-departmental collaboration to ensure that modifications are implemented without compromising system stability or introducing vulnerabilities. This paper explores the critical importance of change management as a framework for mitigating risks associated with unauthorized or poorly executed changes. The reliance on structured approval processes is emphasized as a means to address complex dependencies between cybersecurity teams, IT departments, application developers and compliance units. By documenting, assessing and testing proposed changes organizations can prevent disruptions, maintain regulatory compliance and enhance system resilience. The study underscores the significance of cross-functional communication, which helps identify cascading effects of changes on various business functions and enables informed decision-making. Key aspects of an effective change management process are discussed, including risk assessment, stakeholder approval and post-change validation. The paper also highlights the potential consequences of inadequate change management, such as increased vulnerability to cyber threats, operational downtime and non-compliance with standards like ISO 27001 and NIST. By integrating a robust change management framework organizations can not only safeguard their cybersecurity infrastructure but also foster a culture of accountability and proactive risk management. The findings underscore the necessity of treating change management as a strategic asset in the fight against an evolving cyber threat landscape, particularly in complex and sensitive production environments.

Los riesgos derivados de los efectos de la erosión y de los fenómenos hidrometeorológicos en la Sierra Madre y costa de Chiapas son muy altos y cada vez más frecuentes; es posible que se deben principalmente a aumentos en la temperatura
del mar, por eso la severidad de algunos huracanes y de eventos como El Niño y La Niña. Un ejemplo del impacto de estos Fenómenos en la costa del Pacífico mexicano son las lluvias. que azotaron esta zona en 1998 y 2005. En todos los municipios del área el avance de la frontera agropecuaria ha tenido efectos importantes en los suelos locales frágiles, provocando un deterioro significativo del servicio ambiental de protección contra las amenazas naturales de origen climático, como tormentas tropicales, inundaciones,
marejadas, avalanchas, tamaños, sequías e incendios.

This paper is a well-deserved tribute to a distinguished Venezuelan geologist who, during her active professional years in the Venezuelan oil industry, stood out for her high technical qualifications; her devote work within the Venezuelan Society of Geologists; the creation of the Tethys Foundation; her participation in the national and international organization of events related to earth sciences and her great contributions to the Venezuelan Stratigraphic Lexicon. Emira Cabrera de Molina stands out for her altruism, human quality and the support that she always provided to universities, colleagues and friends deserve special mention.

A la suite d'une catastrophe, les populations victimes, sont les premiers maillons de secours et de solidarité, notamment à travers les volontaires spontanés. L'objectif de cet article est d'éclaircir les modalités de prise en compte des populations par les acteurs de secours lors des catastrophes.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Los simulacros permiten completar el proceso de planificación de un evento antes de su celebración, además de coor­dinar y formar al equipo integrante. Los datos de la investigación fueron recopilados en un periodo de prepandemia, cuando los eventos se celebraban con normalidad. A través de entrevistas y encuestas realizadas a profesionales de la industria de los eventos, al igual que a asistentes a encuentros multitudinarios, se pretende evidenciar la impor­tancia de la percepción de seguridad en medio de dichos acontecimientos, así como la de realizar simulacros para evitar incidentes y accidentes, y así mostrar la celebración de simulacros en la organización de eventos como práctica recomendable. Con tal fin, será necesario profundizar sobre las condiciones de seguridad y la percepción de esta por parte de los asistentes a encuentros con gran afluencia de personas, conocer los accidentes más comunes e identifi­car las problemáticas propias del sector y su relevancia.

Legacy vulnerability management paradigms are demonstrably insufficient in addressing the burgeoning volume and intricacy of software vulnerabilities. This discourse delves into the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to fundamentally reshape vulnerability management. We investigate the application of AI techniques, encompassing machine learning and deep learning, across the vulnerability management lifecycle, spanning identification, prioritization, remediation, and predictive modeling. Furthermore, this paper elucidates the inherent challenges and prospective trajectories of AI-driven vulnerability management, underscoring its capacity to substantially augment cybersecurity posture in the face of the dynamic threat landscape.

Laboratorio dell'ISPF, XXI, 2024 1. I linguaggi specialistici e i referenti Nella società globale la rapidità della comunicazione e la reversibilità fra i testi codificati nei canali scritto e parlato (da scrittura a oralità e viceversa, anche attraverso lingue differenti) hanno fatto implodere categorie linguistiche che rispondevano alle esigenze di un universo comunicativo più lento e stabile dell'odierno mondo globalizzato 1 . Comode come vecchie scarpe un po' logore, le varietà diamesiche tradizionali si sono rivelate inadeguate a decifrare il caleidoscopio dei testi fluttuanti attraverso canali e codici differenti e intercomunicanti, le veloci metamorfosi dei generi testuali e il dinamismo che pervade gli scambi comunicativi odierni 2 . Tuttavia, mutato ciò che ha da essere mutato, anche nel passato pre-industriale o proto-industriale si intercettano modalità comunicative che intrecciano variamente l'oralità e la scrittura 3 . La letteratura specialistica, in particolare di àmbito scientifico e tecnico, documenta varie forme di commistione «mediale» 4 , alcune effimere, altre più durature, che hanno dato luogo a tradizioni testuali nuove e formalizzatesi nel tempo. 1 Cui fa da corollario la banale considerazione che anche nell'età neolitica la società umana (e non solo) era globalizzata (l'ossidiana di Lipari arrivava fino in Lombardia e nella Francia meridionale: F.

Diante de mercados mais dinâmicos estreitam-se os ganhos marginais de publico consumidor entre empresas concorrentes. Este cenario incentiva estudos sobre estrategias inovadoras para ganhos de lideranca. Desse modo, uma vez que a gestao de projetos gradativamente se enraiza no ambiente empresarial, pode-se explorar o gerenciamento do escopo como uma ferramenta para ganho de competitividade. Assim, o objetivo do estudo e descrever como o gerenciamento do escopo tem capacidade de alavancagem na vantagem competitiva. Para tal, foi realizado o estudo de multicasos, com 5 empresas de diferentes segmentos. A metodologia qualitativa comprovou o papel importante do controle do escopo ao longo do desenvolvimento de um projeto, destacando sua importância estrategica no ganho de competitividade, alem do Know-How para tomadas de decisao e adaptacoes mercadologicas futuras.

Em um cenario global, as empresas estao encontrando a necessidade de serem cada vez mais ageis e organizadas, buscando a formalizacao e aprimoramento na conducao de seus projetos. Este artigo tem como objetivo, investigar as contribuicoes para a implantacao do PMO na Gestao Hospitalar atraves de uma abordagem estrategica. A metodologia adotada foi desenvolvida a partir do estudo de multicasos, mediante uma pesquisa exploratoria. Sob analise, muitos beneficios foram identificados agregando uma visao sistemica de todos os processos taticos da gestao.

Bu makale “sandviç nesli” diye adlandırılan literatürü gözden geçirir, ilgili teorileri ve araştırmayı kapsar. Çalışmada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ nde yaşayan göçmen ailelerinden oluşan orta erişkin dönemdeki belli bir grup içindeki eşitsizlik ve rol sorumluluğu konuları incelenmiştir. Yaşlı ebeveynlerin bakımıyla ilgili kardeşler arasındaki iş bölümünde eşitsizlikler ortaya çıktığında çatışmalar yaşanabilmektedir. Çalışmada, birinci nesil göçmenlerin anneleriyle olan ilişkilerini anlayabilmek için kalitatif gözlemler kullanılmıştır. Kardeşler arasındaki iş bölümü araştırmanın birinci ve öncelikli odak noktası olmuştur. Çalışma kardeşler arasında ebeveynlerin bakım sorumluluklarının konuşulduğu beş ufak odak görüşme grubunun katılımcıları üzerine oturmaktadır. Bulgular kültürel değişmelere ve içinde bulunulan kültürün davranış biçimlerinin benimsenmiş olmasına rağmen tutum, davranış ve beklentilerin değişmediğini göstermiştir.

In high-motorisation, car-dependent countries, transport affordability is intimately linked to the price of oil derived motor fuels, which may become increasingly volatile in the future due to global oil price movements and environmental taxation. The negative impacts of fuel price spikes in terms of increased household expenditure and economic stress are unevenly spatially and socially distributed. Previous research has found that vulnerability to fuel price increases is higher in peripheral, peri-urban and rural areas, and that low income tends to be co-located with high car dependence and low vehicle fuel efficiency, with a compounding effect on vulnerability. The goal of this article is to test these hypotheses for England, providing new evidence on spatial patterns of vulnerability to fuel price increases at the small-area level. We propose a composite vulnerability indicator combining data on income, accessibility, vehicle inspection and vehicle registration for 2011. Within English city-regions, we find little evidence of the socially regressive patterns previously identified in the literature. This is explained by the persistent concentration of poverty in urban cores, as well as by the poor fuel economy of the vehicle fleet in wealthier areas, due to the prevalence of powerful vehicles there. On the other hand, our analysis suggests that the impacts of fuel price increases would be very unequal between city-regions, as the least sensitive metropolitan area (Greater London) is also characterised by high levels of adaptive capacity. We conclude by setting out an agenda for future research on spatial vulnerability to fuel price increases.

Livestock holders experience increased food insecurity because of climate change. We argue that development programs, public health specialists, and practitioners must critically examine gendered impacts of climate change to improve food security of livestock producers. This review illustrates the differential experiences of men and women and how vulnerability, adaptive capacity, exposure and sensitivity to climatic stimuli are gendered in distinct ways between and among livestock holding communities. We propose a gendered conceptual framework for understanding the impact of climate change on food security among livestock holders, which highlights potential pathways of vulnerability and points of intervention to consider in global health strategies for improving household food security.

L'intensificaton des mouvements de population et le dtveloppement des moyens de transport rapides ont fait du sida une maladie pandemique (Gallo 1987). Dire que le sida se propage au rythme accdlCr6 des deplacements humains est donc une evidence. Cependant ce constat classique dissimule, en d6pit de sa simplicitk, une relation entre Ia migration et le sida B la fois complexe et mCconnue. Pour certains auteurs, la migration ne se cantonne pas i~ son rôle de vChicule de la maladie, mais participe B un processus de changements profonds des comportements sexuels qui favorisent la contraction du VIH par le migrant (Hunt 1989 et 1996 ; Packard et Epstein 1992 ; Arnafi 1993). En somme, la relation entre la migration et le sida s'exprime sous une dynamique double, la fois distincte et sCquentielle, soit celles de la contraction et de la diffusion de la maladie. L'objet central de cette r6flexion est de proposer un cadre analytique pour l'&de, dans le contexte ouest-africain, des mkanismes causaux qui associent la migration aux risques de contraction du sida. Notre modtSle de la contraction s'appuie sur les diffdrents 616ments thbriques contenus dans la litterature et prolonge l'analyse amorcte par Anarfi (1993). Selon notre lecture, les explications appoees B l'association entre la migration et le sida expriment trois pefspectives d'analyse distinctes. L a premikre considhre les facteurs de vulnCrabilit6 engendres par la migration c o m m e responsables d'un recours frequent B des comportements sexuels ii risque : c'est l'approche sociale. La deuxikme analyse, d'inspiration plus mgdicale, suppose une prkvalence &lev& de la skropositivid chez les migrants en raison de leur mauvais &at de sant6 g6n6ral. Enfin la troisieme perspective, issue des prdoccupations lides aux programmes d'intervention, met l'accent sur la moindre receptivite des migrants aux campagnes de sensibilisation. Toutes ces analyses insistent sur les caractdristiques individuelles du migrant et ignorent les influences du menage et de la communautd d'accueil. Ces niveaux d'analyse et leurs interrelations constituent la structure du cadre conceptuel propos&. C e questionnement trouve une rksonance particdikre en Afrique de l'Ouest. Sur le thème de la migration internationale, les recherches nornbreuses des historiens, des gdographes comme des anthropologues et des sociologues soulignent toutes le haut niveau de mobilit6 des Africains de l'Ouest B la fois vers Les pays de Ia sous-rdgion et en direction des pays du Nord. M C m e si la mobilite internationale des ouest-africains s'exprime par une multitude de deplacements rCalists B des titres commerciaux, familiaux ou encore pour les ttudes, la migration de travail reste une forme tr6s importante de migration internationale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Sur le plan dpidCmiologique enfin, l'Afrique de l'Ouest apparaît aujourd'hui c o m m e une r6gion africaine fortement towhee par le VIH-1 et constitue le foyer du VIH-2. Avant de prhenter en d6tail le cadre analytique, nous considererons en premier lieu les grandes caracteristiques migratoires des Ouest-africains, afin d'en ddgager les risques de Cette recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre du '' Projet migrmts "' du Programme de Lutte contre le Sida plaçC sous la responsabilitd. du Centre de Cooptkation en Sant6 et Ddveloppement de l'Universit4 Laval (Qutbec) et financt! par l'Agence Canadienne p u r le Developpement International Colloque International " Sciences sociales et sida en Afrique. Bilan et perspectives" situation les plus favorables B la contraction du sida. Nous envisagerons ensuite comment diffdrents murants de recherche ont interprdtd le role de fa migration dans la contraction du sida. En conclusion, nous illustrerons la pertinence de notre cadre analytique B partir d'une ktude exploratoire mende en Cbte-d'Ivoire. LA MOBILITB C O M M E FACTEUR DE RISQUE EN AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST L'Afrique de l'Ouest est une des regions du monde oh la liaison entre la migration internationale et le sida est sans doute la plus forte et la plus claire 2. L'intensitb des mouvements de population, les caractdristiques des migrants et les hauts niveaux de stroprevalence en sont les raisons les plus immddiates. Plus qu'ailleurs en Afrique sub-saharienne, l'Afrique de l'Ouest se caractdrise par une tris grande mobilitd et par des migrations polymorphes et multidirectionnelles (Cordell, Gregory et Pichd 1996). M ê m e si les donndes usuelles ne donnent souvent qu'une mesure simplifiee et partielle des migrations internationales, on peut n&"oins estimer qu'b la fin des annCes 1980, un peu plus de 80 millions de personnes rksidaient en dehors de leur pays de naissance (Ricca 1990 ; Stalker 1995). Parmi ceux-ci, environ 35 B 40 millions se trouvaient en Afrique subsaharienne. Bien que l'on ne puisse donner d'dvaluation chiffrde precise, il est admis que l'Afrique de l'Ouest prdsente une des plus fortes concentrations de migrants du continent (Russell 1993) 3. Signalons enfin que pour certains auteurs, la crise konomique et les contraintes juridico-politiques en matihe de migration favoriseraient actuellement une intensification de la circularitd des migrants et un elargissement de leurs espaces migratoires (Lalou 1996). Assez peu de certitudes sur les configurations migratoires et sur la composition des migrants ressortent de la litterature. Les auteurs s'entendent n h m o i n s pour dire que l'Afrique de l'Ouest est dominke par une migration de travail, temporaire ou circulaire, de plus ou moins longue dur&. La migration internationale de travail peut être tout B la fois ruralerurale et rurale urbaine (Ricca 1990 ; Adepoju 1990 ; Russell et al. 1990 ; Russell 1993). Elle implique surtout des hommes, d'origine rurale, jeunes (15-34 ans), cdlibataires ou migrant seuls (i.e. sans leur conjoint), faiblement scolarisds, et vivant parfois dans des baraques fournies par les employeurs ou dans des concessions avec d'autres migrants. D'ores et dejja, nous pouvons donc noter que la migration de travail ddfinit des caract6ristiques qui facilitent l'adoption de comportements sexuels B risque et qui, par consequent, favorisent la contraction puis la diffusion du VIH. A u dela de ces quelques caractCristiques communes, les mouvements ouest-africains prdsentent le visage de la diversitd. Ils sont aussi bien trans-frontaliers, intra-rdgionaux et intracontinentaux. Les migrations intra-rdgionales sont les plus importantes. Mais ces migrations s'articulent fortement avec les autres syst&mes migratoires orientds vers l'Afrique Centrale et Australe et vers les pays du Nord (notamment de 1'IJnion Europ6enne). La mobilitd IBgendaire des Ouest-africains ne tient pas seulement aux migrants de travail, elle s'exprime aussi par une multitude de dkplacements internationaux. Parmi les personnes qui se ddplacent au sein de Ia rdgion, on trouve tout B la fois des nomades, des commerçants, des Ctudiants, des travailleurs actifs et des migrantes passives (les femmes qui accompagnent leur mari). Ces migrations sont individuelles ou familiales, temporaires et quelquefois ddfinitives. Elles sont difficiles B chiffrer, mais elles revêtent une importance majeure du point de vue * Des recherches rbcentes sur l'Asie du Sud-Est, et notamment sur la Thailande. ilrdiquent aussi une liaison importante entre la migration et le sida (Singhanetra-Renard, 1994). Pour souligner l'importance de ces mouvements de population, rappelons que la migration internationale est devenue pour un grand nombre des pays de cette partie du monde un ClBment-cld de leurs Bconomies. On peut signaler a ce titre, que depuis ddjh plusieurs annbes, le Burkina Faso et ie Cap-Vert parviennent kquilibrer leur balance des paiements avec l'argent des bmigrds. Pour etude (le cas ddtaillte sur le Burkina Faso voir l'ouvrage Ct: Cordell, Gregory et Piche (19%).

Cet article prend pour point de départ les généalogies de l’enfance de Michel Foucault
disséminées dans son œuvre et complexifiées par les études foucaldiennes
contemporaines, en particulier les recherches féministes de Silvia Federici (et ses
généalogies des femmes) et les études postcoloniales d’Ann Laura Stoler (et ses
généalogies des colonisés). Foucault passant sous silences l’histoire des femmes et des
colonies, ce détour par des généalogies féministes et postcoloniales nous permettra de
nous inscrire dans les débats sur l’intersectionnalité. En effet, depuis les années 1990, cette
perspective méthodologique a été pensée de multiples manières (comme articulation,
matrice, assemblage etc.), il s’agira donc de voir comment penser l’intersectionnalité en
référence aux cadres d’analyse foucaldiens et à leurs critiques. Plus précisément, en
réunissant ces auteurs et leurs généalogies, cet article tentera de se situer dans les débats
contemporains sur l’intersection du Childism et du mouvement décolonial. Alors que
certains auteurs considèrent que la production de l’enfance/de l’âge précède la
production de la colonialité/de la race, d’autres voient le contraire. Pour entrer dans ces
débats, nous reprendrons à Bacchetta (2015) l’idée de coformations et de coproductions
des rapports coloniaux et âgistes dans l’histoire longue des métropoles et des colonies. Ce
faisant, nous tenterons de décrire et d’analyser les relations d’assujettissement (de genre,
de classe, de race ou d’âge), d’une part comme un effet de multiplicité selon des
conjonctures spécifiques, et d’autre part comme la cristallisation de relations de pouvoir
qui s’étendent sur de larges espace-temps.

Se presenta un marco analítico del espacio interseccional entre tecnociencias y humanidades a partir de la crítica del arco moderno iluminista racionalista de la filosofía de la ciencia y un método de observación de conversaciones entre pares adyacentes de humanistas y tecnólogos, que señalan tanto convergencias como divergencias
relevantes en la conceptualización del mundo desde sus parcelas, pero sobre todo, la emergencia de la ética multivocista como ingrediente humanizador fundamental de la hermenéutica analógica ante el avance social deshumanizado de la tecnociencia.

1. Introduction
The investigation of land cover and land use changes has been important since ancient eras and these changes mainly occur in two ways: the first types of these changes take place by the means of natural factors such as erosion, tectonic forces and floods and the second types take place by human factors. In recent years in many parts of the world, human oriented activities were the most effective factors in changing land use, land cover and urban development. Nowadays population growth,on one hand and limites resources,on the other hand, result in changing of the application of lands. Land use changes in agricultural areas neighboring the cities is an important factor which has a vital role in supplying food and maintaining food security as well as earning money for urban population which have rapid growth. Vicinity of agricultural and horticultural areas with cities of Iran as ecological reserves, has increased the necessity of conducting this study. The present study aims to minimize the extent of use changes and lessen challenge of ecological destruction via development scenarios.
2. Methodology
In this study logistic regression model has been used, which is a special kind of multiple regressions and in which the dependent variable is discrete. Contrary to other linear models, the least square method was used in logistic regression. Maximum probability method was used for estimation of characteristics and factors of each independentvariable. Therefore,the logistic regression equation is as follows:
{ }+{ }+{ }+….{ }
Different data and softwares were used toward implementing the regression model. The soft wares used are:Ecognition،Idrisiselva and Arc GIS. Images were received through satellite Landsat 5 in 1986 and Landsat 8 in 2014 from USGS site (United State Geological Site). Regarding the location of Mahabad which is situated in pass 168 and rows 34 and 35, we received two frames each year. Pre-process operations including image mosaic, subset and radiometric correction were implemented on images before classification operation by Flaash method in ENVI environment. For increasing accuracy of multi-spectral images of Landsat 8 bands which have low local resolution and high spectral resolution fusion operations were implemented combined with 15 meters panchromatic band. Classification was conducted through the Fuzzy method in the Ecognition environment. Then, classified images were transformed into ASCII format in Arc GIS environment for entering the software environment of Idrisiselva, and their format were changed into RST format in IDRISI environment software for preparing variables. Logistic regression command was used for modeling in the software Idrisi environment. To do this, we entered the amount of change in urban development from 1986 to 2014 into the model environment as a dependent variable and other involved factors in urban development as independent variables, respectively. We used Fuzzy method for scenario building and zoning of developed areas, in which developed areas were categorized into four classes: very proper, proper, improper and very improper.
3. Results
The investigation of land use changes from 1986 to 2014 determined that land uses decreased with urban development every year. Land use changes are as follow: building lands increased from 989.86 ha to 2000.02 ha. Water resources (dikes and rivers) had decreasing trend from 841.85 ha to 564.16ha. Irrigated arable lands decreased from 2889.17 ha to 1195.378 ha in 1986, and also rocky lands decreased from 10045.42 ha to 7572.78 ha. In this study, investigation of urban development from 1986 to 2041 shows that land use change will be increased in proportion with population growth.

4. Conclusion
Results of the study showed that in the city of Mahabad, land use changes doubled with the twofold growth of the population in the mentioned period. Development in the third period was lower than twofold. Generally, changing land use could be predicted for future years through using different models of forecasting and through using geographical information system techniques and remote sensing as well, and allowing controlling and management of urban development trends, considering ecological and risk factors, and prohibit from entering residential areas into risky areas. These bestow help and information to urban managers to solve the problems. By introducing solutions urban development can be managed and controlled in a desired way. Considering urban development and reducing arable lands by making urban belt prohibits urban development in agricultural lands and prohibits approaching to natural risks areas, stabilizes land use in a programmed form and prevents hasty urban development. On the other hand, for identifying areas prone to urban development, and for preventing unlawful building by making barrier in the way of rushed urban development,we should establish an exact plan from an economic point of view.

This book addresses disaster and disaster risk reduction (DRR) practices, constraints and capacity in the context of coastal Bangladesh. Located in the lower riparian of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh has to face frequent disasters such as floods, cyclones, river erosion, salinity intrusion as well as drought. Drawing together a range of multidisciplinary perspectives, Coastal Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh explores the connection between climate change and DRR issues in this region. The editors reorganize disaster studies around social and physical changes that can reduce these risks and put at risk populations on a stronger footing by making risk reduction the focus. These include measures to improve disaster preparedness, to boost recovery by creating better disaster planning and programs, and physical and social initiatives to improve disaster resilience. Also, analyzing the gender perspective, the volume also utilizes the local knowledge framework to consider whether these populations have resilient knowledge that needs to be incorporated into initiatives based on advanced technology and perspectives. This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, students, policymakers and practitioners in the field of disaster, DRR and governance, climate change, climate change adaptation (CCA) and the environment.

1. Introduction
The main aim of this research is to study the relationship between the variable of land price and building density in the first zone of Tabriz megalopolis so that a proper understanding of the study of building density, recognizing the potentials of development, height increase and determining the final potential of the neighborhood and areas of the first zone of Tabriz municipality and the most important point of building density, that is economical facet with land is acquired The hypothesis was that having in mind that there is a relationship between building density with the most important subject of density, that is economical facet with land price, it seems that there is a direct and positive relationship between land price and building density in the studied area.
In the principles of the research, the concepts of building density and land property have been studied. Building density is one of the most important subjects in urban planning, in such a way that, in every work done on urban management, we can see a hint on density. Building density is the ratio of the building foundation to the area of the land.
Land and housing as an asset. Or in some instances as an investing asset, are heavily influences by the economical characteristics of a city and the influences of the different factors affecting the city economics are reflected in land and housing prices.
2. Methodology
The research is functional regarding the aim and is analytical, explorative and based on field study regarding the essence. Secondary data has been acquired using library methods and primary data has been acquired from real estate agents. The research equipment is based on Pierson method. After gathering data from library and field methods, these data will be organized using a GIS base and will be classified according to the need and byusing these bases, the map of the area will be produced and for drawing the tables Excel.13 software has been used.
3. Results
The results showed that there is a significant and direct positive correlation between price and building density in every time and place. This coefficient is .697 for the first period (2006-2011) and .724 for the second one (2011-2015). So, the increase of land price in the areas studied will increase the height of buildings and will also boost buildinf sky-scrapers.
If we look at the review of the related literature, in spite of the fact that the researchers have not had grappled with this subject directly, all the results of them are quite the same and they show that there is a direct relationship between land price and building density. That is, the higher the price of the land, the more the building density will be. Of course, it is possible to have a reversal relationship in other areas which is need of comparative study.
According to the studies and collected information in this study, the lack of balanced urban facilities among the neighborhoods in the first region of Tabriz is visible, which causes a large difference in land prices and housing between the neighborhoods of this area. This is contrary to urban justice.
In Tabriz, as one of the metropolises in Iran, the cost of buying land or so-called dilapidated has been close to 50% of the whole cost of building housing, which means that land is considered as the main building component. According to this, the average price per square meter of land in Tabriz 1, especially in the eastern part, reaches 7 million tomans, while the share of land price in construction and per square meter of residential construction is almost equal With one million USD; Therefore, Taking into account the level of land occupancy in each building, the level of density in each building construction and the fact that the price of the land is calculated based on all the foundation, the price of per square meter of land reaches about one fifth in each square meter of residential construction. This fact clearly indicates the full correlation between land prices and construction density even when the cost of land price is prorated in the number of construction floors.
4. Conclusion
According to Researchers of the current research approved the hypothesis but because of the probability of inverse conclusions in other areas, we are in need of further comparative research. Some suggestions, in two areas, are proposed for the use of urban managers and academics:
• It is a necessity that urban facilities and services be distributed in an equal and balanced way so that sharp increase in land and house price can be prohibited.
• -Forming of a commission for setting land and house price in each area to prevent sharp increase in land price in some of the neighborhoods.
• Urban organizations’, like municipality, monitoring on land transactions and building construction for preventing land dealing.
• -Proposing a functional method in calculating the maximum building density and at the same time, respecting the characteristics of housing blocks.
• Studying comparatively the relationship between the variable of land price and building density in other areas.

This article analyzes how the earthquake predictions of the Austrian Rudolf Falb (1838–1903) circulated in South America. Specifically, it focuses on the repercussions that he had on the Ecuadorian scientific circuit, an aspect that until now has not been studied and where the Jesuits played an important role in the public discussion of these theories. Through an analysis of the press and the main booklets and conferences between 1869 and 1887 it was determined that many religious scientists of the time sought to find correlations between meteorological, astronomical and seismic observations, which were considered within scientific circles, but criticized when they came out into the public sphere turned into true predictions that caused collective panic.  Este artículo analiza cómo circularon en Sudamérica las predicciones de terremotos del austriaco Rudolf Falb (1838–1903). Específicamente se enfoca en las repercusiones que tuvo en el circuito científico ecuatoriano, aspecto q...

Background Understanding the risk perception, attitude and vulnerability to Corona Virus infection among community dwellers is important in designing appropriate behavioral change communication programs necessary to stop the spread of this deadly contagious disease. The objective is to assess the risk perception, attitude and community vulnerability to COVID 19 infection among residents of Osogbo, Osun-StateMethodsIt was a cross sectional descriptive study done using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire where 1000 individuals were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was carried out using appropriate test statistics and level of significance set at P less than 0.05. ResultsThe mean age was 38.4±13.9 years with majority been females (60%), married (67.3%), tertiary educational status (59.8% ) Christians (68.1%) and civil servants (33%). Almost all the respondents (99.3%) were aware...

This dissertation deals with the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), with a focus on Public Engagement as one of its main dimensions and the roles identified within. By undertaking a broad review of the related literature as well as an empirical study, this work investigates problems of practical implementation. It describes origins and developments of Public Engagement in research and innovation and closes with options for future direction. Part 1 begins with a look back on the changing relationship of science and society as it has evolved over time (Chapter 3 -Science and Society). It shows how societal concerns have increasingly gained importance for science and research and how roles and attitudes have changed accordingly. It describes this participatory turn towards new forms of science and research governance and explains the rise of the normative concept of Responsible Research and Innovation at its present stage. Chapter 4 -The RRI Concept in Brief -introduces the theoretical concept of RRI. As there is no standard definition or understanding of the concept, the chapter shows some of the more commonly used understandings and main elements of Responsible Research and Innovation. The chapter also gives an overview of current interpretations and their connection to other concepts. Public Engagement is more than just one of the six key dimensions of the RRI concept. Chapter 5 -The Importance of Public Engagement within the RRI Concept -describes how Public Engagement can be regarded as the core dimension of RRI and how it reflects the actual trend of the democratisation of science. To be able to understand Public Engagement and its main requirements, Chapter 6 -Participation -is dedicated to describing the approach of participation in general. It gives an overview of understandings, offers concepts for classification and different theoretical backgrounds on which the idea of Public Engagement in RRI could rely on. Chapter 7 -Reflective Practices for Responsible Research and Innovation -shows how reflexivity as a requirement of modern society is embedded in the RRI concept. It explains which role Public Engagement could play to question and reflect on actual findings or trends in research and innovation and also to contribute to finding alternative approaches. Public Engagement in research and innovation can already look back at decades of experience and it has become even more For the practical theoretical and empirical work, the following questions as guidelines have been applied: -Which experiences and critiques of Public Engagement activities in research and innovation have been discussed so far and how could they be of use for Public Engagement in Research and Innovation endeavours? -What are the main gaps and difficulties to be addressed? -Which framework conditions, methods and strategies exist that enable Public Engagement processes in the field of research and innovation? -Which possibilities and limits do practitioners perceive in their work and how do they deal with these? Theoretical Part This work seeks to contribute to the current debate on Public Engagement in Responsible Research and Innovation and compile as many aspects as possible as currently available in the literature by bringing in practical points of view to the discourse. This work compiles a comprehensive literature review of relevant articles and studies in the realms of STS, RRI, participation and Public Engagement, as well as related EC documents and project reports. The review leads to a collection of perspectives and critiques to allow for a broad assessment of the field and the description of as many aspects as possible as are currently available within the discourse. There are, however, some limitations to the volume of the work and the applied methods. In particular, the desk research cannot be regarded as a comprehensive structured literature review consisting of systematically screening defined segments, sources, keywords or time frames. This work strives more towards a variety and multiperspectivity of sources, which have been collected via the snowball principle of recommendations and references. Some aspects might have been omitted in this way.

El 27 de febrero de 2010 la costa de Chile central fue afectada por terremoto Mw=8.8 el cual generó un tsunami de magnitud 4 que asoló principalmente bahías pequeñas en un tramo costero de 800 km. Unas 484 personas perdieron la vida. En la Región del Bio-Bío, murieron 199 personas ya que en este sector se localiza la segunda conurbación más importante del país. Con el propósito de analizar los efectos territoriales generados por este tsunami en la costa de la región, se iniciaron trabajos de terreno para determinar la altura y run-up de la ola, catastrar los efectos sobre la población y localizar sectores de mayor impacto. Estas actividades están posibilitando generar estudios de vulnerabilidad para diferentes localidades de la región, comparando escenarios pre y post tsunami para generar mapas de riesgo por tsunami para eventos de similares características, que sirvan posteriormente como instrumentos de gestión del riesgo. En esta contribución, se presentan los resultados de los trabajos de campo realizados en siete localidades afectadas

Exploring the problems of developing different districts, in terms of city prosperity, has been recently considered in urban planning discussions, but it is under-researched and unknown in Iran. Introducing city prosperity as a new approach in urban planning in the new era, the study investigated this concept and its different aspects. It then identified the indices and effective factors in city prosperity in terms of physical (infrastructure) aspects. Finally, using TODIM model, urban districts of Tabriz were ranked based on indices of physical prosperity. This applied study is descriptive-analytical. GIS was used for the providing the maps, AHP was used for weighting criteria effective in physical and infrastructure city prosperity, and TODIM was used for ranking physical and infrastructure city prosperity. The study showed that districts 1-8, 1-5, and 1-2 are high in terms of physical and infrastructure city prosperity and districts 2-9, 5-6, 3-7 are the lowest in this regard. The results of ranking art of the study showed the imbalance in distribution of elements of prosperity pertaining to the urban infrastructures of Tabriz.

Carabobo is located In the north central region of the country, and both its capital, the city of Valencia, and its 14 municipalities, they are very close to the tectonic fault of La Victoria, which is a fault trace from San Sebastian fault. Carabobo is the state of main industrial infrastructure, economic and population growth, and the seismic microzoning studies made by the Carabobo University they evidenced the housing infrastructure vulnerability of municipality Los Guayos, municipality Libertador, and San Jose Parish of Valencia City; where, historically, earthquakes, floods and landslides events have been registered due to rains frequency and the high freatic level , which softens the ground and speed up the wave in case of earthquake. 
 
  Investigations carry out by engineering school of the Central University of Venezuela, they have revealed the fragility of educational structures due to the occurrence of earthquakes from 4 to 7 Richter. According to information from Ministry of popular power for education there are 1671 schools at very high seismic hazard and 17.844 at low high threat, scattered throughout the national territory, with the probability that an important number of these schools where placed on Carabobo territory.
   
  While engineering  intervention Work is  being carried  out to reduce the vulnerability of schools infrastructure and  the consequent impact  of threats, we propose a contextualized education program for the prevention and mitigation of natural, technological and anthropic risks to anticipate threats, reduce social vulnerability, and respond and recover in the face of events that exceed the levels of an acceptable risk.

El trabajo que presentamos pretende reflexionar sobre diversas metodologías existentes para la desagregación de datos censales, desde las zonas de adquisición de la información a las celdas de una cuadrícula raster. La definición de un procedimiento de cálculo específico ha sido utilizada para desagregar los datos de población de las aglomeraciones urbanas de Madrid y Granada, durante los años 1981, 1991 y 2001. Dicha información demográfica georreferenciada nos ha servido de base para realizar un estudio comparativo de la evolución de la estructura residencial de ambas ciudades, respecto a los principales elementos estructuradores del territorio (centro de la metrópoli, centros secundarios, carreteras, nodos, etc.), con el objeto de medir la acomodación progresiva de su espacio geográfico al modelo urbano disperso. Palabras clave: modelo urbano disperso; desagregación espacial; Sistemas de Información Geográfica.