Sociology of Risk

Mer kataritza-Zuzenbideko komisioa trafiko juridiko ekonomikoan erabili ohi den oinarrizko instituzio eredugarria dugu. Negozio juridiko hori gauzatzeko komisioemailearen enkargua komisio-hartzaileak hirugarren batekin egin behar duela agintzen du Legeak. Negozioa ezin du bere izenean edo berarentzat egikaritu. Hau da, ezin du autoentrada (self-dealing) delakoaz gauzatu. Baina merkataritzako eta ekonomiaren hainbat arlotan eta baldintzatan, ikerketa lan honetan agerian azaltzen den bezala, hobe da autoentradak bi alderdiren artean sor dezakeen interes gatazka minimizatzea eta onartzea negozioa galaraztea baino.

Шемякина, О. Д. Микробиологическая опасность и социальные инициативы: чума в Москве 1770-1772 гг / О. Д. Шемякина // Вестник Университета Дмитрия Пожарского. – 2021. – № 1(21). – С. 115-125

Статья посвящена влиянию патогенной микробиологической среды на социальные процессы. Автор рассматривает события, связанные с чумой 1770-1772 гг. в Москве, в контексте появления патерналистских моделей управления, формирования практик всеподнадзорности, обращает внимание на адаптационные возможности старообрядцев федосеевского согласия и на реанимирование архаичных практик выражения политической воли горожан.

The article is devoted to the influence of the pathogenic microbiological environment on social processes. The author examines the events associated with the plague of 1770-1772 in Moscow in the context of the introduction of paternalistic models of governance, the formation of surveillance practices, draws attention to the adaptive capacity of Old Believers of the fedoseyan creed and reanimation of archaic practices of political expression of citizens.

Research on violence against journalists in Mexico has highlighted characteristics that increase the risk of attacks. Nevertheless, there are gaps that need attention. Through surveys of journalists in Mexico and analyzing 18 types of aggressions, this study reveals the most common attacks, their relationship with the organizational conditions of the media outlets they work for, and the organizational variables with the greatest impact on aggression.

The surrounding reality brings all kinds of threats and situations in which we ask ourselves questions about the success of projects or whether the plans developed will be able to be implemented. This reality is treated as a security environment and is characterized by very high instability. The author describes a man understood as a security subject who undertakes his actions in order to achieve his goals and represents his interests, while taking into account the risk of success or failure of these
projects and the conditions of uncertainty. Particular attention was paid to the need to shape the security culture of entities that take independent actions and cooperate with other entities. In this context, it is also important to perceive risk through the prism of the values represented by the entity, its knowledge and experience as well as the professed values, which are, among others, the pillars of shaping and improving the safety culture.

The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles into fixed-income investing has gained momentum, yet investors remain hesitant due to behavioral biases, regulatory uncertainties, liquidity constraints, and market accessibility concerns. This paper examines the role of loss aversion in discouraging ESG bond adoption, highlighting how investors perceive these instruments as riskier than conventional fixed-income securities despite evidence of comparable financial performance. The study explores the impact of liquidity challenges, including high transaction costs, limited secondary market activity, and price volatility, which contribute to investor reluctance. Regulatory uncertainty and inconsistent ESG reporting standards further exacerbate hesitancy, as investors struggle with greenwashing concerns and a lack of standardized evaluation metrics. The paper also discusses how reframing ESG bonds as risk mitigation tools, rather than purely ethical investments, can shift investor perceptions. The role of financial advisors, institutional investors, and policymakers in altering the investment narrative is analyzed, alongside behavioral finance strategies such as nudging, incentives, and enhanced transparency to counteract psychological biases. Additionally, potential market mechanisms and policy interventions aimed at improving ESG bond liquidity, reducing transaction costs, and fostering regulatory clarity are explored. Technological advancements, including blockchain and artificial intelligence, are identified as tools to enhance transparency and credibility within ESG fixed-income markets. The findings suggest that overcoming behavioral barriers and structural inefficiencies is essential for increasing investor confidence and accelerating ESG bond market growth. By aligning sustainability objectives with financial risk management, ESG bonds can serve as both an effective investment vehicle and a driver of global sustainable development.

A la suite d'une catastrophe, les populations victimes, sont les premiers maillons de secours et de solidarité, notamment à travers les volontaires spontanés. L'objectif de cet article est d'éclaircir les modalités de prise en compte des populations par les acteurs de secours lors des catastrophes.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Cet article prend pour point de départ les généalogies de l’enfance de Michel Foucault
disséminées dans son œuvre et complexifiées par les études foucaldiennes
contemporaines, en particulier les recherches féministes de Silvia Federici (et ses
généalogies des femmes) et les études postcoloniales d’Ann Laura Stoler (et ses
généalogies des colonisés). Foucault passant sous silences l’histoire des femmes et des
colonies, ce détour par des généalogies féministes et postcoloniales nous permettra de
nous inscrire dans les débats sur l’intersectionnalité. En effet, depuis les années 1990, cette
perspective méthodologique a été pensée de multiples manières (comme articulation,
matrice, assemblage etc.), il s’agira donc de voir comment penser l’intersectionnalité en
référence aux cadres d’analyse foucaldiens et à leurs critiques. Plus précisément, en
réunissant ces auteurs et leurs généalogies, cet article tentera de se situer dans les débats
contemporains sur l’intersection du Childism et du mouvement décolonial. Alors que
certains auteurs considèrent que la production de l’enfance/de l’âge précède la
production de la colonialité/de la race, d’autres voient le contraire. Pour entrer dans ces
débats, nous reprendrons à Bacchetta (2015) l’idée de coformations et de coproductions
des rapports coloniaux et âgistes dans l’histoire longue des métropoles et des colonies. Ce
faisant, nous tenterons de décrire et d’analyser les relations d’assujettissement (de genre,
de classe, de race ou d’âge), d’une part comme un effet de multiplicité selon des
conjonctures spécifiques, et d’autre part comme la cristallisation de relations de pouvoir
qui s’étendent sur de larges espace-temps.

Prison data collection is a labyrinthine infrastructure. This article engages with debates around the political potentials and limitations of transparency as a form of "accountability," specifically as it relates to carceral management and data gathering. We examine the use of OASys, a widely used risk assessment tool in the British prison system, in order to demonstrate how transparency operates as a means of legitimating prison data collection and ensuing penal management. Prisoner options to resist their file, or "data double," in this context are considered and the decisive role of OASys as an immediately operationalized technical structure is outlined. We demonstrate that the political and managerial logics that underpin OASys heavily shape and structurally limit the terrain on which any individual might challenge their carceral administration. Ultimately, we argue that, in this context, transparency itself forecloses broader notions of radical and systemic change by inviting individuals into the creation of their own data double, and thus the legitimation of their own penal management and the forms of procedural justice offered by the prison estate. Finally, implications from this case for broader debates about transparency-as-accountability are explored.

Wir fühlen, dass selbst, wenn alle möglichen wissenschaftlichen Fragen beantwortet sind, unsere Lebensprobleme noch gar nicht berührt sind. Freilich bleibt dann eben keine Frage mehr; und eben dies ist die Antwort". (L Wittgenstein: Tractatus logico-philosophicus. 6.52). ("Sentimos que, aún cuando todas las posibles preguntas científicas hayan obtenido una respuesta, nuestros problemas vitales ni siquiera se han tocado. Desde luego, entonces ya no queda pregunta alguna; y esto es precisamente la respuesta". Trad. del Tractatus en Tecnos, Madrid, de L.M. Valdés).

Aide suisse contre le sida. Lausanne : Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive (Raisons de santé, 142) Remerciements : Nous tenons à remercier vivement tous les établissements (liste en annexe) dans lesquels l'enquête s'est déroulée, ainsi que le comité d'organisation de la gay pride 08, pour leur accueil et leur collaboration active lors de l'enquête d'évaluation. Egalement pour leur collaboration, nous remercions les équipes de Dialogai-checkpoint (Genève), de Checkpoint-Zurich (notamment Benedikt Zahno), Thomas Bucher, responsable de la campagne « Mission : Possible » à l'Aide suisse contre le sida et Martin Gebhardt, épidémiologiste à l'Office fédéral de la santé publique. Nos sincères remerciements vont enfin à Urs Wittwer pour la mise en oeuvre de l'enquête à Zurich, l'Aide suisse contre le sida, Myriam et Zénaïde (secrétariat) et aux enquêteurs qui ont très efficacement oeuvré à la récolte des données.

Artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC-BY 4.0). / Open access article under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). Resumen: En los últimos años, ha resurgido con fuerza el debate sobre la gobernanza y regulación de tecnologías emergentes, especialmente en relación con la inteligencia artificial, vehículos sin conductor y desarrollos del campo de la biología aplicada. En este marco, el presente trabajo se centra en la biología sintética, analizando, desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los sistemas sociales de Niklas Luhmann, los desafíos que se presentan en América Latina para su gobernanza. Se concluye que la realidad de América Latina presenta obstáculos adicionales para la gobernanza de la biología sintética, entre los que destacan, la consolidación del campo científico, las condiciones del sistema político y la dificultad para la coordinación con organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Palabras clave: biología sintética; gobernanza; tecnologías emergentes; teoría de sistemas sociales; América Latina.

estu honetan, lehenbizi, Nazioarteko Harremanetan nagusi den segurtasunari buruzko ikuspegiaren ezaugarri nagusiak aurkeztuko ditut, laburki. Ikuspegi hori errealismoak —hau da, diziplina horretako joera nagusiak (mainstream)— defendatu duen segurtasunaren interpretazioarekin bat dator. Ondoren, kontzeptu horren historia aztertuko dut, lehen mundu gerra amaitu (1919) eta diziplina sortu zenetik 1960ko hamarkadara arte, orduan hasi baitziren diziplina horretako beste joera batzuk —hain zuzen, liberalismoa eta estrukturalismoak— ordura arte nagusi izandako segurtasunari buruzko ikuspegi errealista hura zalantzan jartzen.

xii Les causes en sont potentiellement multiples et, sur ce point, la psychologie sociale a produit un grand nombre de résultats passionnants, notamment à partir de l'étude de petits groupes qui montrent à quelles conditions la fidélité au groupe peut se maintenir. C'est par exemple le cas des travaux de Kanter, qui propose une typologie des éléments propres à susciter l'attachement (commitment). Selon elle le maintien de l'attachement repose sur les deux mécanismes du sacrifice et de l'investissement : plus il a fallu faire de sacrifice pour entrer dans un groupe et s'y maintenir, plus le coût de la défection est élevé. Le coût de l'activisme en détermine en quelque sorte le prix. De même que chez Hirschman, Kanter s'inspire ici du concept de dissonance cognitive pour souligner la dimension psychique du coût : plus les efforts ont été intenses, plus il est difficile de reconnaître la futilité de ces efforts. La notion d'investissement, quant à elle, renvoie à l'existence d'alternatives. Plus les individus sont pris dans un système qui est le seul à distribuer les récompenses et les coûts, plus ils restent engagés : « when individuals invest their resources in one system rather than in other potential paths, they tie their rewards and the future usefuleness of their resources, in effect, to the success of the system, burning other bridges, cuting themselves off other ways to, allocate resources » 30 . On trouve par ailleurs une illustration frappante de la dépendance à l'organisation dans les travaux de Bernard Pudal qui montre bien comment ceux qui doivent tout au Parti communiste, cadres autodidactes et intellectuels d'organisation, sont pris dans une dépendance à la fois d'ordre psychologique (le sentiment de tout devoir à l'organisation) et matérielle (les ressources accumulées ne sont pas forcément convertibles ailleurs). Réseaux sociaux et identités : La socialisation au sein des organisations passe également par une redistribution plus ou moins profonde des réseaux de relation dans lesquels les militants sont pris, dans la sphère militante comme dans les autres sous-mondes sociaux. L'adhésion génère un sentiment d'appartenance et un entre soi, pour déboucher in fine sur une transformation identitaire. Là encore les travaux de psychologie sociale sont précieux pour comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels la cohésion d'un groupe est assurée. Cette notion désigne les liens affectifs entre les individus et l'attachement émotionnel. Deux mécanismes jouent ici : la renonciation et la communion. La renonciation désigne le retrait de toute relation sociale en dehors du groupe, dans le but d'assurer un maximum de cohésion interne. On retrouve là les remarques d'Egon Bittner sur les groupes radicaux, et de Lewis Coser sur 30 Rosabeth M.Kanter, Commitment and Community, op. cit., p. 506. Parler d'espace social, c'est considérer, à la suite de Pinell et. al., qu'il faut « étudier la structure et la dynamique des relations qu'entretiennent des agents engagés dans des luttes de concurrence autour d'un objectif commun », cet objectif commun étant la lutte contre le sida 3 . C'est dire que, selon ces auteurs, l'histoire de l'espace associatif est liée aux rapports d'interdépendance qu'il entretient avec le processus de médicalisation du sida (les représentations sociales de la maladie dépendant, dans une large mesure, du savoir sur la maladie et, en retour, les associations pesant sur les orientations des stratégies médicales), à l'espace associatif homosexuel (les homosexuels jouant, on le sait, un rôle prépondérant dans la lutte contre l'épidémie) et aux politiques de lutte contre le sida mises en oeuvre par les pouvoirs publics. Ces trois axes, ayant fait l'objet d'études dans de nombreux pays, demeurent en revanche peu explorés et systématisés dans les études helvétiques sur le sujet. En outre, et contrairement à d'autres pays, peu d'intérêt a été porté aux activistes des diverses associations. En ce qui concerne l'espace associatif homosexuel, la littérature souligne les liens plus ou moins ténus qui relient les associations et les pouvoirs publics face au sida, que ce soit aux Etats-Unis 4 , en France 5 , ou de manière comparée dans plusieurs pays, du Canada à l'Allemagne en passant par le Japon 6 . Dans le cas des Etats-Unis, Altman a ainsi montré que la longue tradition de volontariat dans le domaine de la maladie et des risques sociaux, de même que la faible coordination des pouvoirs publics dans les problèmes de santé, avaient favorisé l'implantation des organisations homosexuelles 7 , ces dernières ayant fortement contribué à la visibilisation et à la prévention de 3

Peter Illner'in Felaketler ve Toplumsal Yeniden Üretim (2020) adlı, yüz altmış sayfalık kitabında kriz anında yapılan müdahalelerin nasıl planlandığını ve bu süreçte değersizleştirilen yaşamların kırılganlıklarını ele aldığı analiz, kapitalizmin "felaket kârı" ve "felaket yardımı" kavramları etrafında şekillenir. Illner, analizinde dört vaka incelemesi ve devletin aşama aşama kriz müdahalelerinden çekilmesini göstererek, marksist-feministlerin kadının toplumsal yeniden üretimdeki görünmeyen emeği ile felaketlerin yol açtığı kırılganlıklar karşısında güçlenen kolektif dayanışmanın ödenmeyen ve gönüllü emeğine odaklanır. Kitap, kriz dönemlerinde sınıfsal konumların nasıl normalleştirildiğine ve kimin "direnebildiği" ya da "direnemediği" üzerine eleştirel bir inceleme sunmakta ve bu yönüyle literatürde

Existing research on how international insurance demand varies with income is largely driven by cross-sectional variation post-1970. Drawing on newly collected historical long-run data on life insurance premiums starting as early as 1850 to 2020 for 20 OECD countries, we evaluate the ‘S-Curve’ predicting insurance demand as each country transitions through different income levels. In contrast to predictions in the literature, we reject the ‘S-curve’, but identify a two-bump curve with two high-elasticity episodes, one driven by a massive expansion of life insurance con-
tracts at the end of the 19th century to ensure mortality risks and the other in the late 20th century driven by a shift to savings products. This could imply that the longitudinal catching-up process of countries with low insurance density may be steeper than what the cross-sectional ‘S-Curve’ would suggest.

Bu çalışma, bir ilişki türü olarak uluslararası ilişkilerde (Uİ) sınırlar ve sınır duvarlarını Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) disiplininin belki de en bilindik kuramı Realizm çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Sınır Çalışmaları (SÇ), Uİ’ye nazaran oldukça genç ve bakir disiplin olarak, ortaya çıkışında daha çok Coğrafya ve Tarih disiplinlerinde ele alınırken üretilen çalışmalar da baskın bir şekilde jeopolitik temelli olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, sınırların zamanla artan önemi, sınır çalışmalarını da çok disiplinli (multidiscilinary) ve disiplinler arası (interdisciplinary) bir boyuta taşımıştır. Yine de SÇ’ye bünyesinde daha çok yer veren disiplinlerden birisi de Uİ olmuştur. Sınırlar, devlet merkezli odağıyla özellikle Realist paradigmanın başrolü kapmasını sağlamıştır. Nitekim sınırlar, devlet inşasında ve sürdürülmesindeki hayati konumları gereği güvenlik ve egemenlik kavramları merkezi öneme sahiptir. Realist teoriye göre, devletler anarşik uluslararası sistemde güçlerini maksimize etmeye çalışırken sınırlar da devletlerin güvenlik politikalarının kilit unsurlarıdır. Bu çalışma, Realizm perspektifinden sınırlara ve sınır duvarlarına bakışı giriş niteliğinde derleme olarak ele almaktadır. Çalışma, Realizmin devlet merkezli ön kabulünden hareketle sınırların merkezi rolünü vurguladığı gibi Uİ açısından kritik bir araştırma alanı olarak daha da önem kazanacağını öngörmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınır, Sınır Çalışmaları, Sınır Duvarları, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Realizm

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa (CIVETS) have shaped their foreign economic policies in line with the Washington Consensus and have implemented strategies to attract foreign investment as a possible way out of the current nancial crisis. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the WTO, these countries revised their domestic trade policies in order to cope with both the organisational principles and the international investment standards promoted by international nancial institutions. Despite the fact that transnational economic groups have been focussing their attention on these 'new investment miracles' since the coining of the term CIVETS in 2009, the CIVETS governments have shown no interest in coordinating their foreign economic policies on investment issues. In this paper we argue that the emerging economies of CIVETS exemplify a case of unintended foreign economic policy convergence, facilitated by systemic causes. ese include their common need to overcome historic processes of adverse economic transition while getting inserted successfully into world trade; as well as domestic variables like the similar ideas of CIVETS policy makers.

The authoritarian regime in Iran has invested heavily in digital surveillance to identify and silence voices of dissent. Key institutions have emerged to develop new legal precedence, new technologies and new mechanisms of detection to capture cyber activists. Iranian authorities have learned from other digital authoritarian regimes, such as China, and have improved related technologies to exercise control over the internet and attempt to build a firewall around internet users in Iran. While dissident voices continue to be heard, the ruling regime has intensified its campaign of control in cyberspace. The battle over Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is the latest episode in this digital authoritarian drive for control. The ruling regime's policies on cyberspace demonstrates its significance in the eyes of the authorities for the longevity of authoritarianism.

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa (CIVETS) have shaped their foreign economic policies in line with the Washington Consensus and have implemented strategies to attract foreign investment as a possible way out of the current nancial crisis. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the WTO, these countries revised their domestic trade policies in order to cope with both the organisational principles and the international investment standards promoted by international nancial institutions. Despite the fact that transnational economic groups have been focussing their attention on these 'new investment miracles' since the coining of the term CIVETS in 2009, the CIVETS governments have shown no interest in coordinating their foreign economic policies on investment issues. In this paper we argue that the emerging economies of CIVETS exemplify a case of unintended foreign economic policy convergence, facilitated by systemic causes. ese include their common need to overcome historic processes of adverse economic transition while getting inserted successfully into world trade; as well as domestic variables like the similar ideas of CIVETS policy makers. Keywords: Foreign economic policies, CIVETS, convergence, emerging economies, foreign direct investment (FDI), negotiating strategies, free trade agreements (FTAs), bilateral investment treaties (BITs).

In the 1960s, Gela, located in southern Sicily, became the home of a petrochemical plant, which created a new sense of modernity, and triggered a process of urbanization. Nevertheless, the resulting pollution and deregulated urban expansion led to the city being stigmatized. The decommissioning of the plant added a condition of economic and identity uncertainty. Drawing from an fieldwork research, this article explores how the process of ruination has affected Gela inhabitants’ sense of place. It points to local sentimental connections with urban ruins – abandoned buildings, incomplete projects and constructions– showing how these become objects of ephemeral micro-practices of concealment while also creating a sphere of intimacy. It analyses the emergence of a new collective imaginary based on archeological and natural heritage, fuelling nostalgia for an imagined pre-industrial past. Although differing from the modernist imaginary associated with oil, this collective rhetoric reproduces the former’s sense of grandeur triggered by the industry.

In the 1960s, Gela, located in southern Sicily, became the home of a petrochemical plant, which created a new sense of modernity, and triggered a process of urbanization. Nevertheless, the resulting pollution and deregulated urban expansion led to the city being stigmatized. The decommissioning of the plant added a condition of economic and identity uncertainty. Drawing from an fieldwork research, this article explores how the process of ruination has affected Gela inhabitants’ sense of place. It points to local sentimental connections with urban ruins – abandoned buildings, incomplete projects and constructions– showing how these become objects of ephemeral micro-practices of concealment while also creating a sphere of intimacy. It analyses the emergence of a new collective imaginary based on archeological and natural heritage, fuelling nostalgia for an imagined pre-industrial past. Although differing from the modernist imaginary associated with oil, this collective rhetoric reproduces the former’s sense of grandeur triggered by the industry.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las resistencias abiertas y encubiertas de las y los periodistas. A partir de la tipología de la resistencia de Hollander y Einwohner (2004), así como trabajo de campo en una de las capitales del periodismo mexicano, Tijuana, se examinan cuatro tipos de resistencias: 1) a las relaciones de deferencia, 2) al bloqueo de información, 3) a las cargas de trabajo, y 4) a la censura editorial. Estas estrategias se intercalan y permiten lo que las estructuras organizacionales con frecuencia impiden: un periodismo de investigación e impacto social.


//



The objective of this article is to analyze journalists’ overt and covert resistances. Drawing on the typology of resistance of Hollander and Einwohner (2004), as well as fieldwork in  one  Mexican  journalism’s  capitals,  Tijuana,  four  types  of  resistance  are  examined: 1) to relations of deference, 2) to information blocking, 3) to workloads, and 4) to editorial  censorship.  These  strategies  are  intermingled  and  allow  what  organizational  structures often prevent: a socially relevant investigative journalism.

Were one to trust the experts of "the risk soci ety," and the count less vol umes that take risk as their object, one might con clude that we have lost sight of dan ger. How secure is the dis tinc tion? This essay reg is ters the dis cur sive pro lif er a tion that has surrounded risk, as opposed to the pov erty of the o ri za tions of dan ger. Since Mary Douglas's famous 1966 con tri bu tion, it is as if the two terms were syn on y mous. Yet lin guis tic usage, along with other coun ter ex am ples, sig nal that we might learn from attend ing to dan ger in its spec i fic ity. The essay then turns to Sigmund Freud, that lit tle-rec og nized thinker of dan ger. It was Freud who located loss-and the mother-at the cen ter of what he strik ingly called the "dan gersit u a tion." keywords dan ger, loss, Freud, dan ger-sit u a tion, mother Loss is every where today, yet not every thing is lost. We are, you might say, in dan ger. And the dan ger is clearly-it is a clear and pres ent dan ger-that we might lose every thing. To the extent that there is such a thing ("every thing"), it is already marked as lost. Everything is at risk. At risk or in dan ger? Were we to trust the experts of "the risk soci ety" and the count less vol umes scru ti niz ing the growth of "secu rity" (as con cept, con cern, or value; in indus try, finance, or the home land), we might con clude that we have lost sight of dan ger. How secure is this dis tinc tion? 1 Sociologists and anthro pol o gists, who, not long ago, might have laid the stron gest claim to the ter ri to ries of dan ger, have now noto ri ously foregrounded risk and given it pride of place, as have jurists, med i cal pro fes sion als, seis mol o gists, and real estate devel op ers. Historians, too, have writ ten his to ries of risk. 2 Security experts, crim i nol o gists, and rac ists of all sorts (let us main tain the dis tinc tions among these for now) have cared for and whipped up fears and anx i eties-these mag i cal, med i cat ing, and sus tain able words-and cer tainly played a prominent part in the dis cur sive pro lif er a tion of risk. 3

The unequal balance of power between women and men, which has its roots in gender norms, contributes to both male and female vulnerability to HIVand sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Yet most HIVprevention activities target only women. There are, however, a range of civil society organisations that are currently working to promote gender equity and HIVprevention among men in South Africa. Evaluations have shown the benefit of this approach in changing men's attitudes towards women. However, they have offered limited understanding about what it is that specifically encourages men to participate in these programmes One such project, in Soweto is the Imbizo Men's Health Project (an HIV/AIDS prevention inifiative of HIVSA.The project isdesigned to encourage and educate men about importance of testing for HIV/AIDS.The objective of the project is to enable men to embrace/ adopt VCTas an entry to care, treatment, support and healthy lifestyles. Thisresearch aimed to explore w...

Face aux risques sanitaires et aux réponses institutionnelles qui leur sont apportées, nous voyons se développer une mise en question de l'expertise scientifique et une revendication de la participation des citoyens aux décisions qui concernent leur santé. La conjonction entre traitement politique et solutions techniques -univoques, rationnelles, faisant autorité -s'estompe. En effet, les citoyens contestent les décisions prises loin d'eux, ou en dehors d'eux, dans des cénacles hermétiques. Ils tendent à revendiquer la prise en compte de leur point de vue (Callon, Lascoumes et Barthe 2001). Le traitement politique des problèmes en général, et de ceux ayant trait à la santé, procède de la définition d'un « cadre » qui va déterminer les actions mises en oeuvre. Mais avant d'aborder la question de son cadrage 1 , il importe qu'un problème soit reconnu comme tel. Ce qui advient dans un processus hautement sélectif (Blumer 1971) car tous les problèmes possibles n'émergent pas dans l'agenda politique, les problèmes potentiels étant très nombreux. Nombre d'entre eux ne seront jamais traités, en premier lieu parce qu'ils ne sont même pas reconnus comme problèmes. Parmi les problèmes reconnus comme tels, il existe ce qu'on pourrait appeler une « compétition » et un nombre restreint d'entre eux fera l'objet d'un traitement politique . Il faut souligner que 1. La notion de cadre et de cadrage renvoie à celles de frame et de framing, et à la littérature nord-américaine qui s'y rapporte (Céfaï, Trom 2001).

Journée d'étude internationale organisée par Cour de France.fr en collaboration avec la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Paris Nord et le programme interuniversitaire « Formes du savoir de 1400 à 1750 » (Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Aquitaine).

Background: This study explores how cannabis has been accommodated over the last 18 years in the social world of an online forum in Poland. It considers users who operate in the context of unhurried normalization and restrictive policy that has barely changed over the last two decades. Simultaneously, these users refer to global cannabis cultures and follow progressive policy developments worldwide. Methods: Cannabis-related threads were scrapped from the biggest Polish forum, posted in the years 2006-2023, and divided into three periods marked by minor relaxation of the punitive law in 2011 and the introduction of medical cannabis in 2019. The threads were thematically analyzed to track changes in the perceived access to cannabis and shifts in the reasons users praise it. Results: The shifts indicate the interaction of the normalization processes on both sides of the cannabis social world in Poland: among users and in society. The praise becomes less unconditional, and nuanced goals, or reflexivity of use emerges. Conclusion: We have recognized a consensus among forum users that there are problems associated with use. Instead of harm being neutralized as it used to be when stigmatization mattered more, it is now discussed among users who are becoming better informed, reflexive, and likely to engage with bottom-up harm reduction efforts.

Le cadrage des problèmes sanitaires Face aux risques sanitaires et aux réponses institutionnelles qui leur sont apportées, nous voyons se développer une mise en question de l'expertise scientifique et une revendication de la participation des citoyens aux décisions qui concernent leur santé. La conjonction entre traitement politique et solutions techniques-univoques, rationnelles, faisant autorité-s'estompe. En effet, les citoyens contestent les décisions prises loin d'eux, ou en dehors d'eux, dans des cénacles hermétiques. Ils tendent à revendiquer la prise en compte de leur point de vue (Callon, Lascoumes et Barthe 2001). Le traitement politique des problèmes en général, et de ceux ayant trait à la santé, procède de la définition d'un « cadre » qui va déterminer les actions mises en oeuvre. Mais avant d'aborder la question de son cadrage 1 , il importe qu'un problème soit reconnu comme tel. Ce qui advient dans un processus hautement sélectif (Blumer 1971) car tous les problèmes possibles n'émergent pas dans l'agenda politique, les problèmes potentiels étant très nombreux. Nombre d'entre eux ne seront jamais traités, en premier lieu parce qu'ils ne sont même pas reconnus comme problèmes. Parmi les problèmes reconnus comme tels, il existe ce qu'on pourrait appeler une « compétition » et un nombre restreint d'entre eux fera l'objet d'un traitement politique (Hilgartner, Bosk 1988). Il faut souligner que

Ze względu na powszechność i wielorakość zastosowań wykorzystuje się wiele definicji ryzyka, przy czym problemy z definiowaniem ryzyka w zarządzaniu wynikają zarówno z uwarunkowań ogólnych, jak i specyficznych. Jednocześnie można zaobserwować, że traktowanie ryzyka jako "mierzalnej części niepewności" staje się nieadekwatne do wymagań współczesnej teorii i praktyki. W artykule przyjęto podstawowe założenie epistemologiczne i metodologiczne, że konstruktywizm obejmuje również modelowanie matematyczne jako element narracji. Celem pracy jest dokonanie wstępnej interpretacji ryzyka w zarządzaniu jako konstrukcji społecznej. Artykuł stanowi wprowadzenie do pogłębionych badań dotyczących zarządzania ryzykiem w poszczególnych obszarach działalności przedsiębiorstwa.

Egun, hainbat zientzialarik diote Lurra muga estratigrafiko berri bat zeharkatzen ari dela. Arroketan arrasto bereizgarria utz dezaketen eraldaketa sakonak gertatzen ari dira, eta, oraingoan, besteetan ez bezala, gizakia da aldaketa horien eragilea. Geologo eta biologo ...

Abstract. The paper is devoted to the issues of using new criminological and criminology-like terms. The analysis of research publications allowed the authors to select and systematize a number of concepts described in recent criminological research.
They include the following expressions: itumology, criminal sexology, hacktivism,
criminogenic (criminal) potential, criminal echo, Asef’s syndrome, Pontius Pilatus syndrome, etc.
The paper analyses the most common ways in which new terms can enter research
vocabulary. Firstly, they can be invented or constructed by the author. Secondly, some
terms are the result of borrowing (this happens with various internationalisms, e.g.
killer, stalker, phone scatology, mobbing, etc.). Thirdly, the already used terms can be
specified or amended (when a concept is reconsidered for criminological needs or
when the meaning of the existing terms is widened, e.g.: anti-national crime, criminal
self-actualization, legal anti-culture, political criminology, etc.).
The paper also examines the most disputable aspects of the usage of newly introduced concepts. A special feature of this paper is a concise dictionary of some
newest terms and their interpretations that the authors compiled using recent
research publications. Besides, they analyzed how the above-mentioned terms
correspond to basic linguistic requirements for new terminology. These requirements include brevity and preciseness; single meaning; motivatedness; simplicity; agreement with other existing terms in the terminology system, i.e. systemic
character; preference for already existing and Russian terms over new and foreign
ones. The authors conclude that not all the newly introduced terms correspond
to these requirements.

Аннотация. Настоящая статья посвящена вопросам использования новых
криминологических и близких к криминологии терминов. Анализ научной
литературы позволил отобрать и систематизировать ряд понятий, описанных
в криминологических исследованиях последних лет. Среди них такие выражения: итумология, криминосексология, хактивизм, криминогенный (криминальный) потенциал, криминальное эхо, синдром Азефа, синдром Понтия
Пилата и пр.
В статье проанализированы наиболее распространенные пути включения в
научный оборот новых терминов. Во-первых, они появляются путем создания
или конструирования автором. Во-вторых, часть терминов возникает в результате заимствования (так появляются различные интернационализмы, к примеру: киллерство, стокерство, телефонная скатология, моббинг и т.д.). В-третьих,
возможно уточнение и дополнение имеющихся терминов (когда понятия
переосмысливаются для нужд криминологии либо происходит расширение
значений существующих терминов, например: антинародное преступление,
криминальная самоактуализация, правовая антикультура, политическая криминология и т.д.).
Также в статье рассматриваются наиболее острые и дискуссионные вопросы применения вновь вводимых понятий. Особенностью статьи является то,
что авторами на основе анализа актуальной научной литературы составлен
краткий словарь некоторых новейших терминов и их толкований. Помимо
этого, осуществлен анализ соответствия вышеуказанных терминов основным
лингвистическим требованиям, предъявляемым к новой терминологии. Таких требований несколько: краткость и точность; однозначность; мотивированность; простота; согласование с другими имеющимися в терминосистеме
терминами, т.е. системность; предпочтение уже внедренных и русских терминов новым и иностранным. Авторы приходят к выводу, что далеко не все
вновь вводимые в криминологию термины соответствуют вышеуказанным
правилам.

L’elaboration du calcul des probabilites s’est effectuee en etroite liaison avec des preoccupations d’ordre juridique. Son emergence est solidaire de transformations profondes dans le champ juridique, marquees notamment par la construction de la doctrine des contrats aleatoires [Coumet 1970]. Des la fin du XVII siecle, les anglais Craig [1699] et Hooper [1699] inaugurent les etudes sur la probabilite des temoignages. Et, de Jacques Bernoulli [1713] et son neveu Nicolas [1709] a Condorcet [1785] et Laplace, cette relation entre le raisonnement probabiliste et les procedures judiciaires n’a cesse d’alimenter l’edification de la theorie des probabilites, bientot enrichie par les developpements de la statistique judiciaire, dont Poisson [1837] et Cournot [1838] tireront les consequences. Malgre les attaques dont elles furent l’objet – Joseph Bertrand, par exemple, considerait la probabilite des jugements comme « une suite de calculs steriles » [Bertrand 1889] –, les applications du calc...

Risulta estremamente difficile costruire una società complessa, fondata sulla necessità del consenso e del coinvolgimento e che rlchiede quindi lo studio dell'accettabilità sociale e delle sue dinamiche, se non partendo da riflessioni anche metodologiche che ,rendano il conceno di probabilità e di rischio patrimonio comune dell'insieme dei cinadini, sull'opinione dei quali necessariamente debbono basarsi anche le grandi scelte di sviluppo. Si tratta di un impegno che deve iniziare dall'impostazione della scuola secondaria superiore per tagliare poi orizzontalmente i diversi corsi di formlazione universitaria. Deve poter coinvolgere i media, essere parte del inguaggio e de] sistema della politica, tanto più oggi che i meccanismi di delega, conferita ai politici e agli esperti, non sono più giudicati percorribili.

In the last few decades, the worsening of the global climate crisis has constituted new challenges for environmental and social sciences, especially in the mobilization of theoretical-methodological approaches capable of explaining the socioecological complexity of the problem. The current study comprises an effort in this sense, guided by the following question: “How do climate emergencies affect the social and political order in modernity in times of climate emergency or global risk society?”. The objective is to explain how the new socioecological issues have impacted the disputes around the Agrarian Reform in the country. For this purpose, a case study was carried out in the Mário Lago settlement, Ribeirão Preto/SP, whose justification is based on defense of the environment, especially on protecting the waters of the Guarani Aquifer. In addition to that, the sociology of justifications and the sociology of metamorphoses were adopted as theoretical assumptions. For composition of the data corpuses, 16 interviews were carried out in the life report model, with actors involved in the socioecological valuation of the settlement, as well as the monitoring of disputes in local public arenas. The strategies for the production of diverse veracity evidence that provides the basis for the discourses justifying the ecological option mobilized by the MST were also analyzed. It is concluded that the socioecological principles have been consolidated as a new functionality of Agriculture, representing a significant social and political force in disputes around the Agrarian Reform, considering the case of the state of São Paulo in particular.

Jauregi eta Kapera multzoa sendotzeko prozesu konplexuak arkitekturaren, ingeniaritzaren, ondarearen eta
arkeologiaren esparruetatik arazo oso konplexuei irtenbide tekniko zehatzak emango zizkieten pertsonen
lehiaketa behar izan du. Diziplinartekotasun eraginkor horrek bermatu du bi egituren kolapso-prozesua
gelditzera bideratutako ekintzen emaitza ezin hobea.
El complicado proceso de consolidación del conjunto de la familia Urrutia ha necesitado del concurso de
personas que, desde los ámbitos de la arquitectura, ingeniería, patrimonio y arqueología dieran soluciones
técnicas precisas a problemas muy complejos. Esta multidisciplinariedad efectiva es lo que ha garantizado el
óptimo resultado de las acciones encaminadas a parar el proceso de colapso de ambas estructuras.

Waste has become urgent ecological problem in the contemporary world, and its care, concern and commitment for all countries. In accordance with economic development and increased consumption, Croatia also has recorded steady growth of municipal waste which requires the need of scientifi c interest and reasearch into its population’s behavior in regard to waste. This paper presents the results of survey conducted among the students of the Faculty of Philosophy in Split. The study was conducted with the fundamental purpose of disclosing social and environmental aspects of the problem of waste in this population, particularly the practice of recycling. Also, obtained results were compared with the results of research about citizen’s relation toward waste in city of Split. Special importance of studying the student population comes from the demographic and educational particularities of this group, as well as their expectations and responsibilities with regard to solving environmental ...

This paper examines the dispute about scientific knowledge, which surrounds the so-called Biotechnological Agrarian Model in Argentina. The most important element of this model that differs from conventional agriculture for the topic of the paper is the alteration of the main input factor from soil to knowledge. We focus on the role of knowledge in the public debate and the regulation regarding this model. Which knowledge enters in these arenas and which knowledge is considered valid as scientific knowledge? The contested denomination of knowledge as (non-)scientific is understood as a (de) legitimating mechanism. Based on a critical theory of the public sphere, we analyze three narratives regarding different contested aspects of the Biotechnological Agrarian Model in various arenas: (1) the regulation of transgenic seeds on the national level; (2) the discussion about pesticide spraying in national mass media, and (3) political conflicts regarding new municipal pesticide regulation...

A political ecology of the ecological transition. Data democracy and civic monitoring of the Recovery and Resilience National Plan The topic of the essay is the role of civic monitoring in ecological transition policies, deepening its connection with ecological distributive conflicts and procedural injustice. In particular, the essay proposes an empirical comparison between 14 civic initiatives mobilized around the request for access and the re-discussion of the data of the "Green Revolution and ecological transition", envisaged in the RRNP. From a political ecology perspective, the essay deconstructs the discourses that inspire the environmental policy paths and describes the salient elements of transparency and civic monitoring, specifying the community based monitory approach in environmental matters and in relation to citizen science. Then, a modeling of local initiatives is suggested, analysing their objectives and tools, and reflecting on the aspects of inclusiveness and politicity. The conclusion reflects on monitory democracy of the ecological transition as a form of political ecology.

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a genomic technology used to predict the chance of a foetus having a genetic condition. Despite the immediacy of this technology’s integration into clinical practice, there is a dearth of evidence outlining how both patients and professionals experience NIPT on the ground. In this article, we draw upon our collective empirical research—specifically on earlier screening technologies (BKR), Down syndrome screening (GT), genetic screening/testing (JL) and NIPT (HS)—to outline the most pressing and often controversial issues which, we argue, remain unresolved and vital to consider regarding NIPT. We begin with a brief introduction to NIPT as a prenatal technology and the bodies of literature which unpack its ‘social life’. In what follows, BKR discusses NIPT within the context of her research on ‘the tentative pregnancy’ and diagnostic testing in the USA. In the following sections, GT, HS and JL identify different, but related, concerns with respe...

Que la religión es un hecho concomitante al mundo moderno y que, lejos de desaparecer, se ha transformado y ocupado nuevos espacios sociales es una creencia de lugar común en las ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, la asunción ciega de esta afirmación no nos llevará ni a comprender cuáles son esos nuevos espacios que la religión ha adquirido en el mundo moderno, ni tampoco a comprender qué cosmovisiones están asociadas a estas contemporáneas manifestaciones de la religiosidad. La necesidad de comprender las nuevas formas, sentidos y ‘funciones’ que adquiere la religión en la sociedad contemporánea guía el presente trabajo que tratará de profundizar las diferentes manifestaciones del cambio en el hecho religioso, y con la emergencia de las nuevas espiritualidades estrechamente ligadas a la ciencia como agentes principales. En el contexto de comunión entre nuevas espiritualidades y ciencia (hechos sociales que lejos de erosionarse mutuamente incidirán unidos), y sobre los procesos de legitimación contemporáneos ahondará el trabajo de campo realizado.

In order to provide information on, and to identify factors associated with, risk-taking behaviours and adverse experience among ecstasy users, data were collected by way of focus groups involving 42 participants, all of whom had used ecstasy. While participants described a range of adverse experiences resulting from ecstasy use, they reported few major harmful outcomes from these experiences. Participants described a range of coping strategies for dealing with such experiences, which partly derived from an appreciation of the relative importance of drug, set, and setting, and the interaction between these factors. Social support networks were described as being particularly important in this respect. These strategies were applied not only during an unpleasant drug-taking episode, but also when preparing for using ecstasy, and also for 'winding down' after taking ecstasy. Participants' awareness of harm reduction principles in relation to ecstasy use was encouraging, but more worrying was the limited impact of possible long-term neurological damage on the group's behaviour and perceptions of risk. The risk reduction strategies of this group are discussed in the more general context of risk discourse, specifically to highlight participants' different subjective assessments of short-and long-term risk.

Understanding what constitutes dangerous climate change is of critical importance for future concerted action . To date separate scientific and policy discourses have proceeded with competing and somewhat arbitrary definitions of danger based on a variety of assumptions and assessments generally undertaken by 'experts'. We argue that it is not possible to make progress on defining dangerous climate change, or in developing sustainable responses to this global problem, without recognising the central role played by social or individual perceptions of danger. There are therefore at least two contrasting perspectives on dangerous climate change, what we term 'external' and 'internal' definitions of risk. External definitions are usually based on scientific risk analysis, performed by experts, of system characteristics of the physical or social world. Internal definitions of danger recognise that to be real, danger has to be either experienced or perceived -it is the individual or collective experience or perception of insecurity or lack of safety that constitutes the danger. A robust policy response must appreciate both external and internal definitions of danger.