Modern Slavery

Questo articolo presenta un'analisi storica e antropologica di alcune dinamiche socio-politiche legate alla produzione del cotone nella Repubblica dell'Uzbeki-stan. L'intento ultimo è di riflettere su come lo sfruttamento del lavoro e, in particolare, dei lavoratori della terra, sia fortemente intrecciato a politiche di centralizzazione del potere, nonché direttamente legittimato dall'autorità dello Stato, tanto da poter parlare di sfruttamento istituzionalizzato o sfruttamento produttivo (Viti 2007, p. 256). L'articolo mostrerà come tale sfruttamento sia necessariamente connesso a pratiche di depauperazione ambientale. L'industria cotoniera è il mezzo tramite cui precise dinamiche di asservimento sono ripro-dotte attraverso l'uso del diritto e del potere esecutivo, il controllo sulla terra e sui prezzi di mercato, la costruzione della propaganda di Stato, la limitazione e il controllo delle libertà individuali.

As Australian consumers step out of their loungewear post-lockdown, many might be looking to buy new clothes for themselves or as gifts. Whether you re buying sweatpants or sequins, online or in-store, ethical fashion shopping can be confusing. There are so many terms, certifications, and accreditation systems-not to mention the marketing spin and corporate greenwashing-to navigate. Our recent research examined the impact modern slavery laws have had on consumer awareness about ethical fashion, as part of a larger project on modern slavery. We surveyed over a hundred participants, conducting additional interviews with 22 of them via Zoom during July and August 2020. They told us that although they felt well informed about the broader issues, they struggled with knowing what was truly ethical or sustainable at the point of purchasing an item.

Migration and modern slavery are global problems which affect developed and developing nations alike. However, the magnitude of the menace varies; with less developed countries facing more of the challenges. There are many reasons responsible for the increase in the rate of migration and the attendant modern slavery which are replete in literature. Today, some 30 million people worldwide live in slavery and yet slavery is strictly prohibited by both Nigerian and international laws (Global slavery index, 2016). Why is there such a gap between law and practice? What can be done to improve the contribution of national law and criminal justice norms and institution towards the eradication of modern slavery? Unfortunately, little or no work has been done to indicate the relevance of law and criminal justice as disposing factors in migration and modern slavery in Nigeria. These are some of the key issues which this paper seeks to address. The study revealed that not only was the public unaware of the existing laws against modern slavery, they were also unanimous in their views that even if these laws existed, they were not effective, as the criminal justice system has not impacted positively on the issue under study. Consequently, the study suggests that the government, non-governmental organizations and media outfits should collaborate in ensuring that the existence of the law on modern slavery is made known to the general public. In addition, the law and the criminal justice should be strengthened in order to make it more effective.

This collection brings together five years worth of research into how the legacies of 19th-century enslavement interact with contemporary bondage and exploitation. Download the pdf at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-7ETObmmI0MVbdCt2AXtMuOKQQVhbtOo/view

This book consist of a research about forced labour and labour exploitation in Poland (publication is in Polish).

Celem tej publikacji jest stworzenie kryminologicznego obrazu zjawiska pracy przymusowej w Polsce, poprzez odwołanie się do jego etiologii i fenomenologii, ale także poprzez wskazanie i poddanie analizie czynników makrospołecznych, które kształtują ten obraz w skali świata. Z drugiej strony obszernie rozważam zagadnienia prawnej reakcji na obecność pracy przymusowej w życiu społecznym, korzystając w tym zakresie  z bogatych możliwości metody prawno-dogmatycznej. Starałem się jednak ocenić na ile przepisy prawa międzynarodowego i prawa krajowego gwarantują skuteczną ochronę przed zmuszaniem do pracy.

Kolejnym celem moich badań było ustalenie tego, jak państwo przeciwdziała zjawisku pracy przymusowej. Po pierwsze, jaka jest reakcja państwa wobec tego problemu. Czy podejmowane są jakiekolwiek działania mające na celu eliminowanie pracy przymusowej,
a jeśli w ogóle, to jakie przynoszą efekty? Po drugie, czy określone instytucje i organizacje, takie jak inspekcja pracy, organy ścigania, wymiar sprawiedliwości, ale także organizacje pozarządowe, są przygotowane do eliminowania tego zjawiska w Polsce?

The aim of this chapter is to consider how and why ‘corruption’ facilitates the trafficking of humans into licit and illicit markets in the UK. Research and policy suggest that corrupt practices are central to the trafficking enterprise but there has been little consideration of how this occurs. We review empirical evidence on the dynamics between corruption (specifically bribery) and key trafficking processes (recruitment, transportation and exploitation) to identify likely ‘opportunity structures’ and their facilitative conditions. We argue that by focusing on points of potential interaction in the trafficking process at which bribery can occur, it is possible to identify how and where opportunities for bribery emerge; how these opportunities are realised by actors and where opportunities for intervention arise.

The Christian antislavery movement began in the eighteenth century and secured the abolition of slavery but now modern slavery has emerged and changed the context of the battle to abolish slavery again. This dissertation explores the nuances between the eighteenth century abolitionism and the twenty-first century antislavery movement, in light of current mission theology, and modern slavery studies, in order to understand how the Church can best respond to the issue. A biblical contextualisation and application of scripture is included.

This book consist of a research about forced labour and labour exploitation in Poland (publication is in Polish).
Celem tej publikacji jest stworzenie kryminologicznego obrazu zjawiska pracy przymusowej w Polsce, poprzez odwołanie się do jego etiologii i fenomenologii, ale także poprzez wskazanie i poddanie analizie czynników makrospołecznych, które kształtują ten obraz w skali świata. Z drugiej strony obszernie rozważam zagadnienia prawnej reakcji na obecność pracy przymusowej w życiu społecznym, korzystając w tym zakresie z bogatych możliwości metody prawno-dogmatycznej. Starałem się jednak ocenić na ile przepisy prawa międzynarodowego i prawa krajowego gwarantują skuteczną ochronę przed zmuszaniem do pracy. Kolejnym celem moich badań było ustalenie tego, jak państwo przeciwdziała zjawisku pracy przymusowej. Po pierwsze, jaka jest reakcja państwa wobec tego problemu. Czy podejmowane są jakiekolwiek działania mające na celu eliminowanie pracy przymusowej, a jeśli w ogóle, to jakie przynoszą efekty? Po drugie, czy określone instytucje i organizacje, takie jak inspekcja pracy, organy ścigania, wymiar sprawiedliwości, ale także organizacje pozarządowe, są przygotowane do eliminowania tego zjawiska w Polsce?

Central and South Asian brick kilns have long attracted the attention of both humanitarian agencies and scholars as sites of slavery-like forms of labor exploitation. They represent both an important case study for investigating the systems of dependence and debt-relationships that characterize Southern Asian capitalism, and a big challenge to creating sustainable, international standards for human labor. One aspect largely overlooked in the literature concerns the ideas of freedom that emerge in situations of bondage. Based on ethnographic research conducted in brick kilns in the areas of Gujrat, Islamabad and Rawalpindi in 2015 and 2016, my analysis focuses on workers' narratives and their perceptions of freedom and its absence. Keywords debt bondage – Pakistan – brick kilns – freedom – dependence

This book consist of a research about forced labour and labour exploitation in Poland (publication is in Polish).
Celem tej publikacji jest stworzenie kryminologicznego obrazu zjawiska pracy przymusowej w Polsce, poprzez odwołanie się do jego etiologii i fenomenologii, ale także poprzez wskazanie i poddanie analizie czynników makrospołecznych, które kształtują ten obraz w skali świata. Z drugiej strony obszernie rozważam zagadnienia prawnej reakcji na obecność pracy przymusowej w życiu społecznym, korzystając w tym zakresie z bogatych możliwości metody prawno-dogmatycznej. Starałem się jednak ocenić na ile przepisy prawa międzynarodowego i prawa krajowego gwarantują skuteczną ochronę przed zmuszaniem do pracy. Kolejnym celem moich badań było ustalenie tego, jak państwo przeciwdziała zjawisku pracy przymusowej. Po pierwsze, jaka jest reakcja państwa wobec tego problemu. Czy podejmowane są jakiekolwiek działania mające na celu eliminowanie pracy przymusowej, a jeśli w ogóle, to jakie przynoszą efekty? Po drugie, czy określone instytucje i organizacje, takie jak inspekcja pracy, organy ścigania, wymiar sprawiedliwości, ale także organizacje pozarządowe, są przygotowane do eliminowania tego zjawiska w Polsce?

La industria de la moda, si bien contribuye a fortalecer nuestra identidad, al mismo tiempo acrecienta la desigualdad de los trabajadores y sus derechos, que son violentados de modo sutil por grandes firmas multinacionales como Inditex y que, ocasionan que el ser humano se vuelva esclavo de la industria y por ende, del sistema económico transnacional; cuyo mayor contribuyente es el mundo de la moda. El presente escrito abordará el tema de la esclavitud moderna y su relación con el periodo histórico conocido como Globalización, un problema del pasado que tiene repercusiones en la actualidad y que, es visto a través de los ojos de la moda; en concreto, a través de la multinacional española propiedad de Amancio Ortega: Inditex.

Recibido: 13 de marzo de 2018 / Aceptado: 5 de julio de 2018 Resumen. El texto parte de la necesidad de elaborar normas vinculantes a nivel internacional sobre empresas transnacionales y derechos humanos con la finalidad de poner fin a la impunidad de la que gozan cuando, directamente o a lo largo de los distintos eslabones de su cadena de suministro, provocan violaciones de estos derechos, así como asegurar la reparación de las víctimas y posibles secuelas. Existen distintas iniciativas en el plano internacional, tanto en el ámbito de Naciones Unidas (Principios Rectores) como en el ámbito de las propias corporaciones y sus relaciones con los sindicatos (Acuerdos Marco Internacionales), orientadas a impulsar a las empresas transnacionales hacia comportamientos respetuosos con los derechos mencionados. Sin embargo, y esta es la tesis fundamental del artículo, estas iniciativas continúan siendo insuficientes, ya sea por su falta de obligatoriedad ya sea por su carácter parcial y dependiente de la voluntariedad de estos actores económicos transnacionales. Por añadidura, la relación entre ambos conjuntos normativos, Principios Rectores y Acuerdos Marco, presenta problemas que un futuro Instrumento Jurídicamente Vinculante sobre Empresas Transnacionales y Derechos Humanos debería solventar. Al estudio de esta cuestión se dirige el objetivo fundamental de este artículo.

Sažetak: Tema rada je Aristotelovo poimanje građanina i roba u antičkom kontekstu u od-nosu na njegovo recipiranje u teoriji modernog američko–robovlasničkog perioda. Identitet ovog pojma u Antici je oblikovan kroz višeslojno istorijsko iskustvo Aristotela. Njegova višeznačnost određena je Aristotelovim poimanjem čoveka kao političkog i logosnog bića, ali i pojma prirode. Sa Aristotelovim definisanjem građanina u neraskidivoj su vezi pojmovi: slobodnjaka, gospo-dara, varvara, robova, žena, dece, zanatlija, stranaca, životinja, vlasništva, domaćinstva i polisa. To podrazumeva živu višedimenzionalnu relaciju ovih pojmova s pojmom građanina kroz pre-sek, preplitanje i protivrečnosti u samoj Aristotelovoj filozofiji, bez kojih je nemoguće bliže odrediti ovaj pojam i vice versa. Iako je Aristotel zadužio savremenu filozofiju dragocenim fi-lozofskim stavovima, takođe je u amanet ostavio i učenje o gospodstvu i ropstvu koje je uteme-ljio u antički shvaćenom prirodnom pravu. Ovo nasleđe igraće značajnu društveno–političku ulogu od 17. do 19. veka, prvenstveno u južnjačkom robovlasničkom delu Sjedinjenih Država. Aristotelova ideja prirodne hijerarhije pružala je legitimitet postojećoj hijerarhiji i obračunu sa modernom idejom prirodnog prava koju su zastupali abolicionisti. Iako moderni robovlasnički sistem poseduje kapitalističku dimenziju i vremenski pripada Moderni, on ontološki pripada pred–modernom svetu. Takođe, njegovu osobenost čini to što sopstvenu hijerarhiju supstancija-lizuje u pojmu rasne razlike. Sa tim u vezi biće preispitane osobenosti ove recepcije Aristotela, kao i to da li Aristotelovo učenje o gospodaru i robu postavlja fundus za rasizam.

I am very happy to present this book to the world readers. For the cause of peace and well-being of humanity in the world, IFLAC, under the strong and able leadership of Prof. Ada Aharoni, is involved in many kinds of global activities. One of them is publishing books on relevant themes. It has been our strong endeavour to address different evils of global concern and suggest the measures to eradicate them from our planet in order to create an environment of happiness, safety, mutual love, trust, and peaceful coexistence.

Our successful endeavour has already resulted in bringing out two well received and admired books: Anti-War and Peace: IFLAC Anthology (2018) and Anti-Terror and Peace: IFLAC Anthology (2016). These books have fragrances of all cultures. This year the theme of our book is: “Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery,” to raise the issues which are not touched enough, and have remained far away from the major concerns of the governments and the large public. It is our attempt to be the voice of the voiceless, and to bring this major calamity to the forefront, so that it can be dealt with and erased from our world.

Human trafficking is a method of slavery in the modern age for the sole purpose of financial benefits. Global networks work behind it in which both children and adults are trapped by force or by deception for sexual exploitation and bonded labour. There are also various cases in which the victims’ legs or hands are chopped, as we see in India, and they are sent to different cities for begging alms for their owners. Debt bondage is also common in South Asia where the victims are forced to work in brick kilns, hotels, shops, and also as domestic servants. There are numerous wrongful activities for which the victims are enslaved and they lead hellish lives. One of the recent activities of modern slavery was exposed by Anti-Slavery International, London, about the girls and young women who work for international brands of fabric and garment manufacturing industries in India. All these inhuman practices are done in the day light. The involvement of government officials has made this evil trade to continue because most of the victims are helpless, and come from the poor backgrounds and downtrodden classes. In India, most of them come from the lowest castes called Dalits. The fact that there is still caste system in India in the 21st century, differentiating between people already at their birth, is also a calamity that should be removed by now!

Discrimination caused by fundamentalism and religious nationalism supports the system of human trafficking and modern slavery. In most of the illegal activities the so called upper class people are involved. “To bed women of the lower section of society but not to wed them” is an acceptable traditional concept for them. They use it to connect all their malicious and nefarious activities with their rights as members of the upper class. The practice of sex-slavery by radical and fanatic groups was widely exposed by reporters who interviewed the victims who were rescued from their slavery. This Anthology has an excellent article on this subject, by Free Pen.

The COVID-19 gave rise to the heinous crimes of human trafficking. This pandemic brought great misfortune to various people: many children lost their parents, and many young women lost their husbands. This situation helped Human Traffickers to entrap their victims. When the whole world was silenced by this pandemic, these people could not get help from any corner. The economic crisis affected them worst, and they became the easiest victims of human trafficking and modern slavery.

To keep dignified humanity on earth, sustained freedom from all kinds of bondage and slavery is essential. For this, the Call for our present IFLAC Anthology (2021) attracted many excellent original contributions in forms of articles, stories, poems, interviews, haikus and paintings from 19 countries: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Eduador, France, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, Norway, Philippines, Romania, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

We believe, this much needed book will be warmly welcomed by the lovers of humanity and will wake up the governments as well as UNESCO and the UN, from their deep slumber. They should work together with NGOs, related Institutions and conscientious citizens, and take strong and honest steps towards releasing the victims from human trafficking and modern slavery, and eradicating this vilest evil from the world.

Our hope is well expressed in the following lines of “Ode to the West Wind” by P. B. Shelley:         
            Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
            Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
            Be through my lips to unawakened earth
            The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
            If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Lines 66-70)

                                                                                                                  - Dr. Vijay Kumar Roy

This volume collects papers given at the 42nd conference of the GIREA, held in September 2019 at the University of Wrocław. It is modestly intended to continue the research in which two recent works have already engaged: Hermenéutica de la esclavitud and Revisiter l’esclavage d’hier à aujourd’hui. Its focus is on the latest developments in the servile panorama as well as on the latest trends in studies related to the topic of slavery at large, approached from a new historical, comparative and epistemological perspective. One also takes advantage of refreshing insights in the field of sociology, anthropology, political science, economics or epigraphic methods.

In response to the European Directive 2011/36/EU (2011), pressure from national and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and coinciding with the recommendations of the US State Departments 2012 Anti-trafficking report, in 2013 Ireland's Criminal Law (Human Trafficking) Bill 2008 was amended to include provision to criminalise instances of forced labour and exploitation, by defining the phenomenon in Irish government statute. This dissertation examines the Irish policy framework to interrogate to what extent the inclusion of the ILO definition within current national policy could potentially aid or hinder the efforts of those dealing with the issue of forced labour, those individuals subjected to it and those who inflict it upon others. By doing so, it simultaneously works to assess the implications of the current legislative policy as a whole for addressing the issue of forced labour in Ireland more generally. Using interview data from key actors in the area, the research highlights that not only does the Irish law have to ensure a comprehensive framework allowing successful prosecution of those responsible for forced labour, but it also needs to address the very real needs of the victims to it: needs such as protection measures, immigration status, restitution, protection from further victimisation and persecution, as well as the basic human rights afforded to every individual. Maybe more importantly, and certainly as a first step proceeding any treatment of victims or perpetrators of forced labour, is the issue of identification. Until this is realised as a major obstacle in the development of the eradication of forced labour, those who are trapped within instances of forced labour and severe exploitation occurring in the Irish State will continue to be so.

This article analyses a recent policy shift in the UK towards criminalising corporate failures to prevent serious and organised crimes that occur within their organisational structures and business operations. More specifically, through legal and normative compulsion (variously persuasive), the state has sought to change the behaviour of otherwise non-criminal, commercial enterprises by requiring the implementation of internal procedures and systems considered adequate, or reasonable, enough to prevent serious crimes. In this article we focus on the three phenomena that have emerged most prominently in relation to this policy shift: (i) corporate bribery in international business, (ii) the facilitation of (transnational) tax noncompliance and (iii) modern slavery in supply networks. In relation to these three major social issues, we foreground the failures of corporations, their policies, procedures, cultures and structures, to prevent their employees, subsidiaries and associated pe...

Climate change and human trafficking are two pervasive global threats in the contemporary world. This dissertation analyses the linkages between these two phenomena, highlighting how, on the one hand, the effects of climate change affect vulnerability factors to human trafficking and, on the other hand, how human trafficking practices further aggravate climate change. This two-way nexus triggers a dramatic vicious circle: environmental pressures associated with climate change exacerbate inequalities that make individuals susceptible to human trafficking, while human trafficking practices contribute to environmental degradation and further fuel climate change. The analysis of the climate change-human trafficking nexus is developed within a human rights framework that allows to highlight how both these phenomena are consequences of an unbridled global quest for profits that privileges unlimited growth and wealth over wellbeing, human rights, and sustainability. In this perspective, it is argued that International Human Rights Law offers concrete responses to combat the vicious circle. In the spirit of providing a common ground on which policymakers and researchers can cooperate, the dissertation proposes some measures that states could implement in accordance with their positive obligations under IHRL to address the two issues in an interconnected manner so as to curb the vicious circle.

This issue of the Anti-Trafficking Review is concerned with some of the histories that created, and that continue to shape, both the present-day phenomena discussed under the rubric of trafficking, and the contemporary discourse of trafficking itself. One such history is that of transatlantic slavery. Since the millennium, numerous NGOs have been founded in the US, Australia and Europe with a mission to end what they call ‘modern slavery’. Their campaigns have overlapped with, and played a significant role in shaping, the development of media, NGO, policy and political discourse on human trafficking, which is, according to the antislavery NGO Free the Slaves, ‘the modern day slave trade—the process of enslaving a person’.1 In this discourse, the history of transatlantic slavery is invoked by means of visual as well as textual references in order to emphasise the severity of trafficking (and other phenomena included under the umbrella of ‘modern slavery’) as a human rights violation. The message has been communicated so effectively that although in international law slavery is held to be only one of several possible outcomes of trafficking, in the anti-trafficking rhetoric emanating from national and international policy agencies, as well as NGOs, trafficking is now frequently said to be ‘modern slavery’.

The CSJ’s seminal new report, It Happens Here: Equipping the United Kingdom to fight modern slavery highlights the horrific reality of human trafficking and modern slavery in the UK. Adults and children from the UK and abroad are enslaved in the sex industry, in forced labour and criminality, and behind closed doors as domestic servants. The report makes evidence-led recommendations for the UK to radically improve its approach to this appalling crime. The report contains shocking findings of the woefully low awareness of the problem of modern slavery amongst frontline agencies such as the police, social services and the UK Border Agency, and recommends effective and sustainable training for those whose responsibility it is to identify and protect victims of modern slavery.

The report calls for the appointment of an Anti-Slavery Commissioner to bring the essential leadership and accountability that is currently lacking. It also calls for a major new Modern Slavery Act to bring clarity to modern slavery offences and ensure that victims are more effectively identified and are not prosecuted for crimes they may be forced to commit as a result of being enslaved. The report contains shocking evidence of victims of modern slavery who have been wrongfully imprisoned or detained. Highlighting the critical role of the private sector in tackling modern slavery the report calls for businesses to make public the efforts they are making to develop more transparent supply chains, and to recognise their responsibility in stamping out this crime.

Referring to labour markets as ‘modern slavery’ creates a confused historical timeline that obscures the direct predecessor of what is today called human trafficking and people smuggling—the turbulent and transformative colonial period. Looking at the colonial history of Fernando Po in Spanish Guinea and south-eastern Nigeria, it becomes clear that the new techniques of ‘modern slavery’, varied from deception and entrapment of unsuspecting migrants in a new territory to harshly enforced debt bondage and penal sanctions for non-fulfilment of contracts and other local legislation such as vagrancy laws. It is equally clear that such techniques were intricately created by the legal and economic conditions of colonialism and were not in any way a persistence of slavery and the slave trade.

Since the date it was founded to the present day, International Labour Organization (ILO) has been working on developing policy proposals about the problematic areas emerging in working life. Though unemployment is regarded across the world as the source of major problematic areas of economies, the thought of the need for taking the new 'invisible' work types into the spotlight also as problematic areas is considered significant. This chapter acknowledges this need and is about the fight against modern slavery; in this context, the chapter takes the assessments and reports of ILO on forced labor. Thus, the purpose is to put forth the necessity and importance of fighting against the modern forms of slave labor, expanding on the efforts of the Organization which can cause significant pressure on the government/ state level.
Key words: International Labour Organization (ILO), modern slavery, forced labour, compulsory labour

Slavery is a concept that which it’s history lenghten to the beginning of the mankind. Despite the slavery has been banned with theological approachs and legislative regulations on historical process, it has never disappeared in fact. There are
a lot discussions about slavery has assumed a new structure during neo-liberal globalization process nowadays. “Modern slavery” is the key concept of these discussions. The aim of this study, tendering a theoretical framework for the concept
of modern slavery and interpreting this concept with the datas which have
been published by International Labour Organization, Human Rights Watch and Walk Free Foundation.

Keywords: slavery, modern slavery, forced labour, human trafficking

No abstract - but extract
Slavery occupies a prominent place on the political
agenda today. Home Secretary Theresa May’s Modern
Slavery Bill was announced in the Queen’s Speech in
June 2014; in the United States, President Barack Obama
proclaimed January 2014 as National Slavery and Human
Trafficking Prevention Month. This interlacing of the
terms ‘trafficking’ and ‘modern slavery’ produces an
extremely broad appeal to humanitarian feeling. Those
involved in campaigns against trafficking and modern
slavery include politicians from across the political
spectrum, and religious leaders from across the faiths.
Trades unions are there, but so too are big businesses.
The Global Business Coalition Against Human
Trafficking (gBCAT), includes Coca-Cola, ExxonMobil,
Ford, Microsoft and ManpowerGroup amongst its
members. As its co-founder David Arkless put it, ‘When
you get involved in something like this your employees
will love it, the public will love it and your shareholders
will love it.’3 Famous actors and rock stars are also there
‘lovin’ it’, contributing to what Dina Haynes terms, ‘the
celebrification of human trafficking’,4 and lending their
support to the many NGOs that exhort ‘ordinary’ folk,
especially the young, to join the struggle against modern
slavery.

This article looks at human trafficking from a perspective influenced by the ‘vulnerability theory’ developed by Martha Fineman and her associates. It draws particularly on empirical studies of human trafficking from Albania to the UK and elsewhere. It suggests that Fineman’s approach needs to be modified to see the state not only as ameliorating vul-nerability, or failing to do so, but as actively creating and using vulnerability to control or exploit its population. The fact that people are placed, for political, social and economic reasons, in situations of heightened vulnerability does not of itself deprive them of agency or responsibility. People should, however, be understood as ‘vulnerable subjects’ whose capacity for autonomy may be lost when they are deprived of supportive social relation-ships. The implications of this view for the criminal responsibility of trafficking victims are explored.

The effective utilization of available resources is a pivotal factor for production levels in modern business environments. However, when resources are limited or in excess, this effects organizational success, as well as the labor market.

The Handbook of Research on Unemployment and Labor Market Sustainability in the Era of Globalization is a comprehensive reference source for the latest scholarly research on the socio-economic dynamics of unemployment and the development of new policies to assist in regulating the global labor market. Highlighting innovative approaches and relevant perspectives, such as outsourcing, trade openness, and employment protection, this publication is ideally designed for policy makers, professionals, practitioners, graduate students, and academics interested in emerging trends for labor market development.

While blockchain was designed as a ledger for cryptocurrency transactions, it can record transactions of anything of value. Blockchain is increasingly used to prove the integrity of commodities, tracing their supply chain journey from the source to the end user. Yet, transferring this technology from a cryptocurrency context to a supply chain setting is not without difficulties. This article explores the implications for multinational and transnational companies in using blockchain as a means to address modern slavery. The research identifies five challenges: verification, inclusion, trust, privacy, and normativity.

This paper analyses child trafficking and slavery in relation to media coverage of West African children, international law and academic research within geography and development studies. The meaning and practice of child trafficking is examined in the context of related debates about child labour, exploitation and uneven development. The analysis highlights key differences between trafficking and slavery, thereby illuminating the varying forms of exploitation at work in different relations of power.

This research constitutes a historical and micro-demographic approach to the subject of marriage and family. Despite the expected uniformity of many social behaviors or demographic patterns characteristic of a preindustrial society as the one studied here, the Romanian and Roma communities under scrutiny appear to still have been marked by important differences in terms of urban/rural residence, employment, residential status, social status, freedom or lack thereof, differences that had the potential to influence close ties between individuals. Social stratification in urban Wallachia offers the best examples of how domestic service, employment, and slavery can be framed from the point of view of family and private life. Even so, since the field of micro-demographics is relatively new in Romanian historiography, the goals of this paper are not centered on a particular research question. Instead, they are largely exploratory and overlap with those of my unpublished doctoral thesis. I did, however, incorporate the aforementioned contextual elements into the analysis, but as pathways of interpretation, and not starting points of discussion. I used nineteenth-century population lists to glean as much as I could on marriage, widowhood, the presence of children, and overall belonging to a nuclear family. Next, I translated the data thus gleaned into different indicators, which I then applied in analyzing different population groups, with a focus on Romanians and Roma. The sources I used are the first two general modern censuses in Romanian history, which were conducted in 1838 in Wallachia and 1859 in Moldavia.

This version is Chapter Five in: The Gypsy-American: An Ethnogeographic Study. 2002. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, pps, 67-77, but was originally published earlier as: "Gypsy Taskmasters, Gentile Slaves," in Matt T. Salo (ed.), The American Kalderas: Gypsies and the New World. Hackettstown, N.J.: Gypsy Lore Society, 1981:29-41.
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Abstract: "This chapter feature Gypsy taskmasters, and certain non-Gypsies in
subservient roles, whom I will refer to as “Gentiles” due to their marked social distance from the Gypsies. I will lump the subservient Gentiles together in this discussion as “slaves” not only for effect, but because the English Gypsy scholar Thomas Acton reports (1974:75) such people are actually called “slaves” when they are sought out and employed as blacktoppers by Irish Travelers. Paraphrasing Acton, Irish Travelers recruit their slaves from skid row flophouses. Examples of Travelers’ slaves include an ex-sailor with a speech defect, and a mental defective. Acton supposes such people are very grateful to sleep in the back of a van and usually incapable of learning the blacktopping business and becoming competitors. Travelers pay their slaves wages and tolerate their eccentricities. To summarize, Travelers’ slaves are characterized as vagrant types, misfits in Gentile society, having no social group of their own."

Note from the text: "Eric Otto Winstedt reports that these same Coppersmiths “ofte nengaged an interpreter to accompany them, paying him 2s. a day. One Bohemian youth practically lived with them, and accompanied them from Liverpool to London, Glasgow, and South America” (1912-1913:283). Winstedt also complains how he himself a physician was used by the Calderari 'in the arduous task of searching for pans to beat'.

My personal insight from reading the works of nearly all social science academics claiming field work experience among ethnic minority Gypsies and Travelers in the USA (and likely everywhere) is that they allowed -- in fact invited -- their labor to be exploited by GR&T peoples in exchange for their purchase (?) of close social and spatial proximity to -- including intimacy with -- their "objects of study."

A century and a half after the abolition of slavery in the United States, survivors of contemporary forms of enslavement from around the world have revived a powerful tool of the abolitionist movement: first-person narratives of slavery and freedom. Just as Frederick Douglass, Harriet Jacobs, and others used autobiographical testimonies in the fight to eradicate slavery, today’s new slave narrators play a crucial role in shaping an antislavery agenda. Their writings unveil the systemic underpinnings of global slavery while critiquing the precarity of their hard-fought freedom. At the same time, the demands of antislavery organizations, religious groups, and book publishers circumscribe the voices of the enslaved, coopting their narratives in support of alternative agendas.

In this pathbreaking interdisciplinary study, Laura T. Murphy argues that the slave narrative has reemerged as a twenty-first-century genre that has gained new currency in the context of the memoir boom, post-9/11 anti-Islamic sentiment, and conservative family-values politics. She analyzes a diverse range of dozens of book-length accounts of modern slavery from Africa, Asia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, examining the narrative strategies that survivors of slavery employ to make their experiences legible and to promote a reinvigorated antislavery agenda. By putting these stories into conversation with one another, The New Slave Narrative reveals an emergent survivor-centered counterdiscourse of collaboration and systemic change that offers an urgent critique of the systems that maintain contemporary slavery, as well as of the human rights industry and the antislavery movement.