Medical History

This paper looks at the journey of eleven counsellors in marital counselling centres in French-speaking Belgium, from the creation of the centres in 1953, to the 1970s, when contraception became legal, and abortion became a public issue. At the time of Humanae Vitae, groups of volunteers, working within Catholic organisations where counselling took place, began to structure their activity around Carl Rogers’s ethics of client-centred therapy, placing their religious ideology in a secondary position to focus on the problems experienced by the couples and women they were receiving in the centres. These were often challenges they were experiencing themselves in their own lives. The reiteration of the Catholic orthodox view on contraception through Humanae Vitae marked a gap between the counsellors and the Church. This contribution questions the identity-related tension of Catholics working in conjugal counselling centres and the type of commitments they made to both the conjugal centre...

After beginning his historical work in Switzerland in the 1950s and then continuing it in the United States at the Menninger Foundation, Henri Ellenberger (1905–1993) became the leading historian of " dynamic psychiatry ". This expression commonly denotes mental medicine that draws from psychotherapeutic practices and psychological theories to improve our understanding of mental diseases and to cure them. Although still used today, usually in juxtaposition to 19th century alienism or to biological psychiatry, the origin and meaning of this expression are unclear. An unpublished lecture (1956) by Ellenberger on this subject, accompanied by an explanatory introduction, is reproduced here to shed light on Ellenberger's interpretation of that term. This article additionally aims to draw certain parallels and distinctions between Ellenberger, Michel Foucault and George Devereux's teaching in the 1950s. Considering that the history of psychiatry is now a well-established speciality in the academic world, Ellenberger's lecture is also an original document which enables us to trace the professionalization of psychiatric historiography as an academic discipline back to its beginnings after World War II.

Özet
Bu çalışmada; Hekimbaşı Mustafa Behçet Efendi tarafından İtalyanca aslından Türkçeye “Tercüme-i Fisiologica”
ismiyle tercüme edilen ve Esin Kâhya’nın günümüz Türkçesine aktarımı olan “Mustafa Behçet Efendi ve Türkçe İlk
Fizyoloji Kitabı” isimli eser ele alınarak, uyku ve uyanıklık bölümü günümüz bilgileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Mustafa
Behçet Efendi (1774-1834), Hekimbaşı olarak görev yapmış ve ilk Türkçe fizyoloji kitabını (Tercüme-i Fisiologica)
İtalyan bilim adamı Caldani (1725–1813)’nin Fisiologica adlı eserinden tercüme etmiştir. Mustafa Behçet Efendi Tercüme-
i Fisiologica’da uyanıklığı beş duyu ve görünmeyen hislerin faal halde olması durumu olarak tarif etmektedir.
Uykusuzluk halinde yorgunluk baş gösterir ve sağlıklı kişi 16-18 saat uykusuz kalabilmektedir. Bu durumda nabzın
hareketi daha gergin olur ve solunum hızı da artar. Uykusuzluk daha uzun sürerse, vücutta gevşeme, kavrama kabiliyetinde
düşüş, solunumda yavaşlama ve göz kapaklarının kapandığı gözlemlenir. Uykunun normal vakti yakın
olduğunda vücut hisseder, genel olarak uyuşukluk his olunur ve özellikle uzun kaslarda çok daha fazla hissedilip
kavrama kabiliyeti kaybolur. Uykuyu getiren şeyler arasında; kan kaybı, serinletici ilaçlar, afyon, baş ve ayağa su
uygulanması, çok yemek yemek, sıcak ilaçlar, sindirimi güç besinler, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kuvvetsizlik veren
her şey tabii olmayan bir uykuya sebep olur. Uykuda, istemli kaslar istirahate çekilir. Uykuda solunum hafifler,
nabız yavaşlar, sindirimde besinlerin emilimi hızlanır, sinir sisteminde hissizlik oluşur. Uyku vakti geçip, uyanıklık
yaklaştıkça insan ya isteyerek uyanır yahut duyuların bazısının hareketleri vasıtasıyla uyanma olur. Uyanıklığın
uzun sürmesinden dolayı kuvvetten düşmeyle ilgili olarak hastalıklar ortaya çıkar. Rüya tam olan uykuda görülmeyip,
muhtemelen iyi uyuyamayıp, uykusuzluğa yakın bir halde, yan tarafa yatmış ve sırt üstü yatanlarda görülür. Uyku
ve uykusuzluğun fazlası daima kötü belirtilerdendir. Uzun uykusuzluk; hezeyan, delilik ve spazm meydana getirir ve
şiddetli hastalıklardan yorgunluk ve takatsizliğe sebep olan uyku tehlikelidir. Rahat ve huzur veren iyi uykudur ve sıhhat
verir ve hezeyan ve deliliğin şiddetini yatıştıran uyku iyi belirtilerdendir. Mustafa Behçet Efendi’nin geleneksel tıp
bilgilerini de aktararak yazdığı fizyoloji kitabında çoğu bilimsel önermenin doğruluğunun zamanla ispatlanmış olması
dikkate değerdir. Özellikle uykudan uyanmada duyuların rolünü, uykuya meyilde inhibitör alanların hâkimiyetini,
istemli kasların REM uykusundaki atoni halini ve uyku-uykusuzluğun etkilerini çok güzel açıklamıştır. Dönemindeki
bilgi birikimi ve teknolojik imkânlarla yazılan bu kitapta uyku fizyolojisine ayrıca yer verilmesi de bir başka önemli
noktadır.

The licensing of provincial surgeons and physicians in the post-Restoration period has proved an awkward subject for medical historians. It has divided writers between those who regard the possession of a local licence as a mark of professionalism or proficiency, those who see the existence of diocesan licences as a mark of an essentially unregulated and decentralized trade, and those who discount the distinction of licensing in assessing medical expertise availability in a given region. Such a diversity of interpretations has meant that the very descriptors by which practitioners were known to their contemporaries (and are referred to by historians) have become fragmented and difficult to use without a specific context. As David Harley has pointed out in his study of licensed physicians in the north-west of England, “historians often define eighteenth-century physicians as men with medical degrees, thus ignoring … the many licensed physicians throughout the country”. One could simi...

Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major public health problem by some governments and health care providers. Despite significant progress in knowledge about osteoporosis, public awareness is required for effective management if precautions are to be taken. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational status of osteoporotic individuals, and their awareness about the disease and sources of information. We also aimed to compare the variables between the geographical regions of the country, since significant differences exist in socioeconomic status and lifestyle within the same cultural context. This multicenter study was carried out in eight cities located in six different geographical regions between September 2001 and January 2002. To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter study in Turkey evaluating the relationship between awareness of osteoporotic patients and other variables such as educational level and economic factors. Ten centers took part in this ...

As the Blair government launches a new campaign against poverty, the notion of “the deserving and undeserving poor” raises it head again in the media. The Poor Law, particularly the Old/New Poor Law at the junction of the 18th and 19th centuries in ...

In the early Renaissance, some illustrations appeared in medical manuscripts, depicting constellations of the Zodiac associated with the human body. Nowadays, these images are called the “Zodiac-Man” or the “Homo Signorum”. Later, similar images emerged in Persia, which had no counterpart in the Islamic world. Being very few in number, researches on the Persian zodiac-man have nothing much of interest, but a succinct and imperfect description. Thus, it is necessary to justify the abrupt emergence of the Persian one. For this purpose, social circumstances, court patronage, arts, and sciences should be investigated alongside an explanation for the theoretical and pictorial backgrounds of the zodiac-man. In addition to pointing out these theoretical origins from the ancient Greek to the Islamic period, this paper investigates the idea of zodiac-man during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Moreover, it indicates that despite the earlier background of the theory of zodiac-man in Persia, its visual representation was produced in imitation of the European version. Finally, by delving into the social, cultural, and political history of Persia, it is demonstrated that the portrayal of zodiac-man is likely to be a transitory experience, which took place in the 2nd century of the Safavid sovereignty.

Az írás a XIX. században élt Kátai Gábor (1831-1878) életét és munkásságát dolgozza fel a helyi anyakönyvi adatok és a korábban írt, kevésbé kifejtett életrajzok segítségével, illetve kitér a Magyar Orvosok és Természetvizsgálók Gyűléseire is.
A dolgozat kihangsúlyozza az orvosdoktor szerepét a XIX. századi magyar orvostársadalomban, amely mellett kitűnnek jelentőségteljes tevékenységei a Nagykunságban, ezen belül Karcagon.

Aim-To determine the gender using mental foramen as landmark on a panoramic radiographs in selected North Gujarat population. Objective-1. To evaluate and compare the superior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(S-L) and inferior border of mental foramen to lower border of mandible(I-L) value in males and females bilaterally. 2. To compare the S-L and I-L between right and left side in males and female 3. To utilize above measurements for gender determination. Materials and Method-Sixty panoramic radiographs were selected for the analysis of mental foramen. Tangents were drawn through the superior and inferior borders of the foramen (S-L and I-L respectively) and perpendicular from the tangents to the lower border of the mandible bilaterally. Digital verniar caliper was used for the distance measurement from S-L and I-L. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Result-The analyzed data of study showed that the mean values of comparison of S-L as well as I-L in males and females were significantly higher in males as compared to females. The comparison of SL and IL on right and left side in the same patient was without any significant difference. Conclusion-The results of present study concluded a definite sexual dimorphism in the position of the mental foramen from the base of the mandible; this method can applied in mass disaster where the fragments of mandible are available.

2017 pamphlet that takes the reader, and walker, on a tour of the buildings that once stood on the Aurora Psychiatric Hospital grounds in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin.  These buildings may have been lost to time and progress, but they are still a part of the institutional memory of this hospital which has been at this location for over 125 years. Pictures of the lost buildings are shown on the pamphlet along with their past locations in reference to current structures.

This paper is an effort to study about the Mughal military culture and socio-economic importance of horses during the Mughal period. It explores the military and economic significance of the horses and its importance in the cavalry that was the mainstay of the Mughal army.It was the Mughal army that was the vanguard of the Mughal expansion. The most crucial feature of the Mughal army was its cavalry. The centrality of the horses in the cavalry regiment helped in the centralisation of the Mughal Empire. 1 The Mughal cavalry was admixture of „Turco-Mongol‟, Central Asian, Middle East Asian and Indian warriors, especially the horsemen. Apart from the military man power, the geographical fringes of the above mentioned also procured/supplied the best quality of the Arabian, Persian, Turki, Tuzuki, Qabuli, Qandhari and Janglah Horses to the Mughals. 2 The good horses were imported to the Mughal state from Arabia, Iran, Turan, Turkey, Turkestan, Badakhshan, Shirwan, Qirghiz, Tibbet, Kashmi...

-----ÖZET: Bugün, farklı farmasötik sınıflardan çeşitli antidepresif ajanlar klinik depresyon tedavisinde başarıyla kullanılmaktadır. Ne var ki Türkçe tıp literatüründe bu ilaçların güncel klinik kullanım ve sonuçlarına dair bol miktarda yayın bulunmasına karşın, bunların tarihi klinik gelişim sürecini kökenlere inerek, teferruatla bildiren çalışmalar çok azdır. Bu araştırmada, literatürdeki bu boşluğun dolduruluşuna katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, antidepresif ajanların kısmen etki mekanizmalarına kısmen de kimyasal yapılarına göre düzenlenmiş olan klasik tasnifi izlenmiştir. PubMed ve ScienceDirect gibi veri tabanlarının ve çeşitli bilimsel dergilerin arşivlerinin retrospektif taranışı ile her bir farmasötik alt sınıfın başlangıcını teşkil eden prototipik antidepresanın keşfi; tarihi olay örgüsüne, ilgili tıbbi figürlere ve orijinal klinik araştırma sonuçlarına dair ilk elden bilimsel yayınlar üzerinden işlenmiştir. Antidepresif psikofarmakoterapi tarihindeki dönüm noktaları üzerinde durulmuş, başlıca ilaç sınıfları (monoamin oksidaz inhibitörleri, trisiklik ve tetrasiklik ajanlar ve monoaminerjik geri alım inhibitörleri) arasında bağlantılar kurulmuş ve yerine göre analojiler yapılmış ya da farklılıklar vurgulanmıştır. Varılan başlıca bir sonuç, antidepresif psikofarmakoterapi tarihinde tesadüfi gözlem eseri ("ilk kuşak/klasik") ajanlardan rasyonel dizaynla ilaç üretimine ("ikinci kuşak" antidepresanlara) geçişin interdisipliner iş birliğine borçlu olunan gelişmelerle mümkün olmuş olduğudur: Çeşitli bilimsel branşlardan kişilerce monoaminerjik konsantrasyon hipotezinin ortaya atılışı, monoamin oksidaz-A ve-B enzimlerinin keşfi, floresans mikroskopiye dayanan histokimyasal görüntüleme yönteminin geliştirilişi, antidepresif ajanların etki mekanizmalarının sistematik in vitro ve in vivo tetkikatla aydınlatılışı ve de antihistaminikler gibi mevcut kimyasalların ya da yeni maddelerin klinik çalışmalarla antidepresif potansiyelleri bakımından sınanışı gibi aşamalardan geçilerek, sonunda bugün majör depresif bozukluk tedavisinde başvurulan birincil ilaçlar olan monoaminerjik geri alım inhibitörlerine ulaşılmıştır.

-----ABSTRACT: Various antidepressive agents from different pharmaceutical classes are used successfully to treat depression today. Despite their well-documented clinical use and outcomes, however, the Turkish medical literature appears to lack studies dilating upon their historical development with reference to the origins and key events. Aimed at contributing to filling this gap, this study was built on the classical classification of antidepres-sive agents based partly on mechanism of action and chemical structure. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and various journal archives were reviewed retrospectively concerning the discovery of each agent that prototyped the pharmaceutical subclass investigated, with a focus on the timeline events, medical figures, and original clinical research results. The milestones in the history of antidepressive psychopharmacotherapy were highlighted, with connection and comparison between the main drug classes (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics and tetracyclics, and monoaminergic reuptake inhibitors) through analogies and distinctions identified when appropriate. A main conclusion was that the consequential transition from the serendipitously obtained ("first-generation/classical") agents to rationally designed drug production (the "second-generation" antidepressants) was achieved by developments brought about by interdisciplinary collaboration. Production of the MRIs, pharmaceutics used primarily in treating major depressive disorder today, was processed through various stages by various scientific contributors propounding the monoaminergic concentration hypothesis, discovering the monoamine oxidase-A and-B enzymes, developing the histochemical visualization methodology by fluorescence microscopy, elucidating mechanisms of action of antidepressive agents through in vitro and in vivo investigation, and testing the existing chemicals such as antihistamines or new derivatives in clinical studies for their antidepressive potentials.