Land Use

L’histoire de la vallée de l’Euphrate, dans la région comprise entre Deir ez Zor et Abu Kemal, est encore mal connue. Quelques coups de projecteur, dus en grande partie aux résultats de fouilles, ont apporté un éclairage particulier sur certaines périodes, parfois de façon précise, comme c’est notamment le cas pour le début du XVIIIe s. av. J.-C. à Mari, à l’époque du roi Zimri-Lim. Certaines tranches d’histoire sont en revanche quasi inconnues, si ce n’est par quelques mentions de sites dans des textes d’auteurs grecs et latins. Ces informations, diffuses, ne fournissent qu’imparfaitement les éléments permettant de reconstituer continûment l’histoire de cette région. Nous tenterons ci-dessous d’évoquer, dans la mesure du possible, et par grandes périodes, les principaux événements qui ont marqué la région et de retracer l’évolution de l’occupation du sol et de la mise en valeur depuis les premières installations sédentaires, au Néolithique, jusqu’à l’avènement de l’islam.

A genetic algorithm and a simulated annealing approach is presented for the guidance of a cellular automaton toward optimal configurations. The algorithm is applied to a problem of groundwater allocation in a rectangular area consisting of adjacent land blocks and modeled as a cellular automaton. The new algorithm is compared to a more conventional genetic algorithm and its efficiency is clearly demonstrated. Also, comparison is made to a simulated annealing scheme. Finally, the proposed genetic algorithm is combined with simulated annealing to yield a new hybrid. The presented cell - based algorithm is different from related algorithms of the literature, as it relies on local interactions among land blocks. Moreover, it offers a framework for application to more general and detailed problems.

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AS A FUNCTION OF LAND USES
ABSTRACT - Organic matter is one of the most sensitive attributes of the soil
triggered by changes in management systems. This study aimed to assess the
distribution and carbon stocks depending on the land use and soil depth. There were
collected soil samples from native forests, pastures and crops in ten locations, where
the three land uses are found in adjacent areas in four depths (0-10 cm, 10-20, 20-40
and 40-60 cm ). The experimental design was a Split-Plot having land uses as main
treatments and depths as secondary treatments. The highest concentration of total
soil organic carbon (SOC) was obtained in the 0 to 10 cm layer. The variation
between the mean SOC had the following order: forest (18.02 g dm-3)> grassland
(15.80 g dm-3)> agriculture (12.45 g dm-3). Between forest and pasture there was no
difference between the mean values of SOC. There was difference between soils
under forest and agriculture with a decrease of 30.91%. The concentration of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) presented the following order between types of land
use: forest (236.42 mg dm-3)> grassland (151.41 mg dm-3)> agriculture (86.76 mg
dm-3), and showed a difference of 35.95% between forest and grassland, and
42.70% between grassland and agriculture. The highest levels of DOC were found in
the 0 to 10 cm layer and the order between types of land use was: forest> pasture>
agriculture. Same effect was obtained in the layer 10 to 20 cm and, in the layer 20 to
40 cm, difference was observed between soils under forest and soils under
agriculture, higher in the first one. There was no difference in the levels of DOC
between types of land use in the layer 40 to 60 cm. The average stock of SOC did
not differ between land uses when it was considered the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-
40, 40-60 and 0-60 cm. The average stock of SCO considered when the layer 0-20
cm showed a difference of 23.14% between soils under grassland (48.62 Mg ha-1)
and in agriculture (37.37 Mg ha-1). Positive correlation was found between SOC and
DOC. There was also a positive correlation between SOC and clay content. It was
concluded that the conversion of forest to pasture or crops caused decrease in SOC
and DOC. The decrease of SOC in the soil profile is less pronounced in soils under
pasture. Soils under agriculture had the lowest SOC. The superficial layers presented
the highest concentration of SOC.
Keywords: carbon stock, land use, organic matter

Acquiring knowledge about land use effect on soil properties is essential for maintenance and increase of soil fertility and productivity in sustainable agriculture. In the present study, soil physical, chemical and mineralogical properties in southern Ahar area as affected by crop (wheat) and orchard (apple) land use were studied. Two profiles on the crop land use and two profiles on the orchard land use were selected to classify according to keys to soil taxonomy 2010. Profiles located on the orchard land use showed higher rate of leaching. It can be related to the irrigation water on the orchard and dry farming of crop land use, and also deeper root of orchard in comparison with crop. Changes of cation exchange capacity in orchard were higher than crop, while electrical conductivity and total calcium carbonate percentage increased in crop land use. The maximum changes in soil carbonates were shown in orchard land use. With increase of soil depth, in spite of increase of pH in soils on the both land use, organic carbon decreased in these soils. Mineralogical analysis using XRD spectrums showed that chlorite, montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite and quartz were dominant clay minerals in soils of the study area, and detected clay minerals were not affected by different land use.

Land is a livelihood land for everyone to achieve prosperity in various fields; besides that, the land is also the essential capital in the development of a nation, and its benefits must be exploited as well as possible. There are still many lands affected by the procurement of development for the public interest that are detrimental to the community, including compensation and land that an appraisal has not appraised. This research method uses normative juridical research with the approach of laws and concepts and collects primary legal materials in existing regulations in both countries. Data collection techniques consist of literature study, observation, interviews, and use of questionnaires. The results of this study found that both Indonesia and Malaysia regulate compensation arrangements in the Act. Although both of them depart from different legal systems, where Indonesia is subject to the civil law system and Malaysia is subject to the common law system, both have the same. In Indonesia, it has not explicitly regulated reappraisal in its law, in the future, it is necessary to consider the pattern of reappraisal carried out by Malaysia, because this pattern according to the author, with the current legal vacuum, it is necessary to have a fast track process to provide justice and legal certainty.