Influence

The world has undergone dramatic changes over the past two years. The “tech wreck”, the effects of September 11 and other terrorist attacks, the threat of war, the collapse of major corporations around the globe…all these events have impacted and accelerated a global economic downturn, and have shaken investor confidence. The direct consequence has been reduced travel, increased telecommuting, the tightening of corporate purse strings, significant job losses and project reprior itisation, particularly in an already-reeling IT sector. Yet these changes are not new at all; rather they are part of a larger economic cycle. What has changed is the rapid advancement of technology, which has brought with it an increasingly globalised workforce and the emergence of the information age (also referred to as the digital or knowledge economy, or the network age). This event has changed the nature of work and competition. New partnerships between competitors, radical supply chain efficiencies an...

On trouvera ici réunies les trente-quatre contributions présentées à la Sorbonne, au cours de quatre journées d'études organisées par le Centre d'histoire des systèmes de pensée moderne de l'université Paris I et le Centre d'études en rhétorique, philosophie et histoire des idées (École normale supérieure de Lyon). Le volume présenté illustre la force de décomposition et de recomposition de la philosophie de Spinoza, qui n'a cessé d'être présente durant tout le XIXe siècle - et particulièrement en ses points hauts. Spinoza, par le truchement de spinozismes plus ou moins fidèles, s'est constitué en agent de transmutation d'une toujours nouvelle puissance de penser et d'agir, en réponse aux défis des temps et des conjonctures. I. Spinoza au XIXe siècle : l'Allemagne Éditions de Spinoza au XIXe siècle (Piet Steenbakkers). - Sur le Spinoza du Pantheismusstreit (Pierre-Henri Tavoillot, Myriam Bienenstock). - L'idéalisme allemand et Spinoza (Jean-Marie Vaysse, Thomas Kisser, Klaus Hammacher, Wolfgang Bartuschat). - Thèmes spinozistes dans la gauche hégélienne (Gérard Bensussan). - Spinoza, Marx, marxisme (André Tosel, Jean Salem). - Spinoza à l'ombre du nihilisme (Christophe Bouriau, Bernard Rousset, Patrice Choulet). II. Spinoza en France, en Italie, en Russie et ailleurs Spinoza en France (Jacques Moutaux, Pierre-François Moreau, Jean-Pierre Cotten, Chantai Jaquet, Pierre Macherey, Christian Lazzeri, André Comte-Sponville, Jean-Michel Le Lannou, Alexandre Matheron). - Spinoza et l'Italie (Alessandro Savorelli, Roberto Bordoli, Jean-François Braunstein, Cristina Santinelli).- Spinoza et la Russie (Vladimir Metlov, François Zourabichvili). - Spinoza en Espagne et dans l'Europe du Nord (Hélène Politis, Fokke Akkerman.Wiep Van Bunge, Atilano Dominguez).- Politiques de Spinoza (Manfred Walther, ElhananYakira).À Olivier Bloc

The paper describes a set of integrated exercises developed by the author for use in an undergraduate course in consumer behavior. To help bridge the gap between concept and application, students were required to select either a single brand or a retail establishment. Students individually completed ten research assignments focusing on the brand or retailer, with each assignment paralleling course material as the class progressed. This approach allowed students to “personalize” theories and core concepts and thus develop a better appreciation for the usefulness of what they learned about consumer behavior. Completion of the overall assignments required that students employ a variety of research methods ranging from personal observation, interviews with managers and consumers, content analysis of advertisements, to secondary research from articles in the business press. This range of methods helped students gain a better grasp of how consumer research is conducted, reinforcing material presented throughout the course. In addition to promoting student awareness of behavioral research methods, the integrated assignments compelled students to apply key consumer behavior concepts to the selected business. Activities included: 1) demographic study of consumers of the selected brand or retailer; 2) analyses of cultural values as they related to shopping and consuming; 3) perceptual mapping of the business and its competitors; 4) critical examination of perceptual influences either in-store or in promotional pieces; 5) study of target markets according to household decision making and stages in the household life cycle; and 6) PRIZM lifestyle analysis of customers. A final course requirement was an end-of-term oral presentation from teams of students who had selected the same business for focus throughout the semester. This let students to share their various perspectives and collaborate on what they had learned. This approach to teaching consumer behavior was beneficial in several respects. First, concentration on a single brand or business allowed participants to gain a deeper knowledge of how businesses operate and how they make use of consumer information. This helped students see the real-world value of the course material, as well as the interconnected nature of marketing activities. Secondly, the assignments became the basis for class discussion with students jumping in to share their observations and experiences on each assignment. This promoted class involvement and seemed to heighten student interest in the course. Thirdly, by having assignments completed over time and in smaller “chunks,” students had more time to absorb and connect individual course concepts than would be the case with a single term project. Finally, because they had to complete a series of individual assignments before working as a team on a final presentation, students were more likely to develop a sense of personal expertise and ownership of knowledge. As a consequence, the instructor experienced surprisingly few group issues due to “slacking off.

Target setting has over the years become a very crucial part of Human Resource Management in organizations and its benefits all over the world cannot be over-emphasized. It is an integrative process involving objective evaluation of employee’s competencies, contributions, improvement opportunities, and potential for future growth in line with organizational objectives. In Kenya, technical training institutes have started carrying out target settings to their employees with the aim of measuring institutional performance from January 2016 as per the requirements of Teacher’s Service Commission to enhance performance of the technical training institutes. The study objective was to establish the influence of target setting on the performance of Technical Training Institutes in Meru County. This study was carried out in the four technical training institutes in Meru County. These are Meru National Polytechnic, Nkabune TTI, Kiirua TTI and Mukiria TTI. All the management employees of the t...

Emotional states play an important role in memory. Emotions can be triggered by external cues that stimulate our senses. Research has shown that some of the strongest memories can be triggered by scents. Despite olfactory neurons decay in 60 days, the memory is able to remember associated experiences long afterwards. Of the senses, smell takes the longest for the body to form a reaction. Strong emotional responses, such as fear, happiness, and sexual arousal have been shown to increase memory. In an effort to increase memory retention of in-class learning, as measured through performance on exams, attempts to collective influence the emotional responses of students were tested. The emotional state of any group of individuals initially coming into a setting, such as a classroom will be varied. Two different methods were used to stimulate a positive disposition at the beginning of the class period. Some students were exposed to pleasing scents in the classroom. In separate classes students were encouraged to smile using a happiness scale to indicate their mood. For each baselines of student performance were established as a point of comparison. Two hypotheses were tested related to the different circumstances. H1: Students exposed to pleasing scents during in-class learning will perform better on performance measures (exams) than students not exposed to pleasing scents. And, H2: Students that indicate they are in a positive mood while in class will perform better on performance measures (exams) than students that do not indicate having a positive mood in the same class. In the first experiment using scent, through the first exam the students were not exposed to scents. The same exams given in a previous semester of the same course was given for comparison of anomalies that might exist in the delivery of the course across and within semesters. For the class periods between the first exam and the fourth exam, students were exposed to a subtle, pleasant scent in the classroom. For the fourth, the last exam of the semester, the scent was not present in the classroom. The average grade for the first and the fourth exams, when scents were not present, were comparable to previous semester’s averages. The average grades for the second and third exams, when scents were present, were 8.5% higher on average than the other exams. This would indicate that the scent exposure did make a difference. In the second experiment attempts to positively influence mood were used through suggestive language and action. The first day of class students completed a short survey using established scales to quantify their general happiness. Students were asked at the beginning and ending of each session to indicate the “Happiness” using a five point happiness scale. This provided a daily indicator of mood and any change of mood across the 90 minute class. Students who were the least happy at the end of the class on average were the students who had the least positive change in their mood from the beginning of the class to the end of the class each day. These students also performed better on average across the four exams. These experiments would indicate that the use of pleasant scents have a positive effect on students’ abilities to retain information, as measured by test performance. Unexpectantly, students whose moods were least positive and whose moods were least changed during class exceeded their peers in test performance

Influence and persuasion are gaining increased attention in warfare, but often social psychology approaches remain underused or neglected while this academic field has provided useful insights into this approach, especially as a non-kinetic capability. To effectively influence and persuade, we need to understand the adversary and the specific frame of reference of the relevant audience, which can be determined through Actor and Audience Analysis (AAA), a relatively new tool that has shown promising results. Based on the results of AAA, the communicator’s characteristics and persuasion techniques must be tailored to the specific audience. This chapter will use delegitimisation of the adversary, specifically in the context of extremism and terrorism, as an example to demonstrate how influence and persuasion can be applied in a military context.

Target setting has over the years become a very crucial part of Human Resource Management in organizations and its benefits all over the world cannot be over-emphasized. It is an integrative process involving objective evaluation of employee’s competencies, contributions, improvement opportunities, and potential for future growth in line with organizational objectives. In Kenya, technical training institutes have started carrying out target settings to their employees with the aim of measuring institutional performance from January 2016 as per the requirements of Teacher’s Service Commission to enhance performance of the technical training institutes. The study objective was to establish the influence of target setting on the performance of Technical Training Institutes in Meru County. This study was carried out in the four technical training institutes in Meru County. These are Meru National Polytechnic, Nkabune TTI, Kiirua TTI and Mukiria TTI. All the management employees of the t...

With the growing importance of agencies in the EU executive space (i.e., agencification), civil society organisations (CSOs) have increasingly direct their advocacy efforts towards EU agencies. Currently, CSOs are represented in several consultative bodies of EU agencies (e.g., FRA, EASO, and Frontex). In general, the role of these bodies and platforms is to “merely” assist EU agencies on fundamental rights matters. However, access to EU agencies gives CSOs a privileged position to push their claims forward. Frontex (or European Coast and Border Guard) is peculiar among EU agencies for its operative competences, and growing resources. Moreover, Frontex has repeatedly raised concerns on its accountability on fundamental rights matters at the EU borders. Therefore, in 2011, Frontex revised Regulation introduced a Fundamental Rights Strategy, and two new bodies: the Fundamental Rights Officer and the Consultative Forum on fundamental rights (CF). Aim of this research is to establish wh...

The objective of Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCO’s) is members’ empowerment through savings mobilization, disbursement of credit and ensuring long-term sustainability through prudent financial practices. However, SACCO’s encounter challenges in promoting quality financial management practices in Kenya such as limited capital, sources of funds, credit risks management and negative cash liquidity, poor governance and very low credit accessibility. There has been a continuous decline in access to credit in SACCO’s for three consecutive years. The objective of this study is to find out the influence of products range on credit accessibility in SACCO’s in Imenti North Sub-County, Kenya. The study targeted management level employees of SACCO’s as the respondents. Descriptive research design and a census sample design were used in this study. The findings of this study revealed that credit accessibility in SACCO’S is positively influenced by product range. These findings w...

The research in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) has nowadays extended its attention to the study of persuasive technologies. Following this line of research, in this paper we focus on websites and mobile applications in the e-commerce domain. In particular, we take them as an evident example of persuasive technologies. Starting from the hypothesis that there is a strong connection between

Entre des communicants aux moyens conséquents, déployés pour influencer les professionnels de l’information en leur faveur, et des rédactions en situation de sous-effectif et de sous-investissement dans un journalisme de qualité, le journaliste se trouve moteur « de la circulation circulaire de l’information ». En décortiquant les mécanismes de contact et d’influence des communicants du secteur pharmaceutique au Maroc, l’objectif est de comprendre les stratégies opposées d’acteurs appartenant au monde des médias. Chaque acteur tente d’imposer son agenda et ses priorités. Malgré ces contraintes, externes et internes, les journalistes disposent de marges de manœuvre qu’ils utilisent pour échapper au façonnage de l’information par les communicants.

A little over a year ago The Chronicle of Higher Education published a piece titled" Creating Your Web Presence: A Primer for Academics." We were excited to see some of the strategies Miriam Posner recommended for academics wanting to create and maintain a web presence. We had been doing many of the things Posner recommended, as well as a number of others. Thus, in many ways this article builds on Posner's piece but argues that faculty should be taking even more steps to build, maintain, and ensure that others can ...

El artículo se centra en determinar el nivel de influencia ejercido por los denominados actores no tradicionales en el proceso de toma de decisiones de la Política Exterior Argentina durante las gestiones de Néstor Kirchner y Cristina Fernández. Para ello estudia dos casos: la construcción de fábricas pasteras a la vera del Río Uruguay y la mina binacional Pascua Lama.

The study examines the cost of milk production, profitability per litre of milk and factors influencing the profit in milk through different breeds/ species of milch animals namely Murrah buffaloes, local buffaloes, local cows and crossbree cows maintained in Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh. It was observed that fixed and variable cost per litre of milk had significant negative impact and price of milk had significant positive influence on profit per litre of milk in all the breeds/ species of milch animals. The study showed a reduction in fixed cost to have maximum influence on increase in profit.

I reply to Stephen White’s criticisms of my Influence View. First, I
reply to his worry that my Appraisal Account of responsibility cannot make sense of doxastic responsibility. Then, I discuss in detail his stolen painting case and argue that the Influence View can make sense of it. Next, I discuss various other cases that are meant to show that acting in accordance with one’s beliefs does not render one blameless. I argue that in these cases, even though the subjects act in accordance with their own beliefs, there is plenty of reason to think that at some previous point in time they violated certain intellectual obligations that led to them to hold those beliefs. Even on a radically subjective account of responsibility, then,
we can perfectly well hold these people responsible for their beliefs. I go on to defend the idea that reasons-responsiveness will not do for doxastic responsibility: we need influence on our beliefs as well. Thus, doxastic compatibilism or rationalism is untenable. Subsequently, I defend my earlier claim that there is a crucial difference between beliefs and actions in that actions are often subject to the will, whereas beliefs are not. Finally, I respond to White’s worry that if one has a subjective epistemic obligation just because one believes that certain actions are epistemically bad, some people will have a wide range of absurd epistemic obligations, such as the obligation to listen to Infowars.

Electromyography (EMG) signals are often described as electrical manifestation of neuromuscular activation associated with the muscles. These signals are commonly utilized as principal input signals to control several prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arm, lower limbs, and exoskeleton robots as well as in designing of rehabilitation and assistive devices. It is well proven that EMG signals vary among subjects and gender is one of the major factors that play a significant role in this variation. This study detects the possible gender differences by measuring changes in the EMG activity during different phases of human walking by acquiring the surface EMG signals from Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (biceps femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus muscles of the leg with the healthy subjects walking barefoot at two paces-normal and fast. The statistical analysis of the results showed no gender differences at normal speed of walking but when speed of walking changed; it showed clear differences in the behavior of these muscles. The results from this study would aid in designing closed loop control strategy for designing a smart functional electrical stimulator (FES) which is the larger goal of this research.

For years we believed there was more - a potential successor to Transformational Leadership. It is NOT that there is necessarily a successor; rather, it seems that Transformational Leadership can be divided into two distinct parts and we now have a new leadership style called Transcendental.

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of aetiology and metapsychology. Aetiology is the branch of philosophy and logic devoted to the study of causality (the cause-effect relation) in all its forms; and metapsychology is the study of the basic concepts common to all psychological discourse, most of which are causal.
Volition (or free will) is to be distinguished from causation and natural spontaneity. The latter categories, i.e. deterministic causality and its negation, have been treated in a separate work, The Logic of Causation. Volition may be characterized as personal causality, a relation between an agent (the self or soul) and his actions (acts of will). Unlike causation, this relation cannot be entirely defined using conditional (if–then) propositions. Although we can say that the agent is a sine qua non of his actions, we cannot say that the agent is invariably (in all or specific circumstances) followed by his actions. It appears that both an act of will and its negation remain possible to a soul in any given set of circumstances. This defines freedom of the will, and implies the responsibility of the agent for his actions. Introspection provides knowledge of particular acts of will.
The existence of freewill implies a distinction between necessary causation (determinism independent of volition) and inertial causation (determinism, except when some contrary will interferes). An act of will occurs on a spiritual plane. It may have natural (mental or physical) consequences; those that inevitably follow it may be regarded as directly willed, whereas those that vary according to circumstances must be considered indirectly willed. Volition presupposes some degree of consciousness. So-called involuntary acts of will involve a minimum of attention, whereas mindful acts are fully conscious. Even pure whim involves intention. Most volitions moreover involve valuation, some sort of projection of goals, deliberation on means, choice and decision. To judge responsibility, various distinctions are called for, like that between intentional, incidental and accidental consequences.
Volitional action can be affected through the terms and conditions of the world surrounding its agent, but also more intimately through the influence of concrete or abstract aspects of that world that the subject has cognized. The causal concept of influence, and its implication of cognition (of inner or outer information, including emotions), are crucial to measuring the effort involved in volition. Influences make willing easier or harder, yet do not curtail its essential freedom. All the causal concepts used in psychological explanation – affections, appetites, instincts, habits, obsessions, compulsions, urges and impulses – can be elucidated thanks to this important finding. Much of human (and animal) behavior can thus be both acknowledged as volitional and as variously influenced.
Volition and Allied Causal Concepts is a work of ambitious scope, intent on finally resolving philosophical and logical issues that have always impeded progress in psychology. It clarifies the structure and workings of the psyche, facilitating hygienic and therapeutic endeavors. The relation between volition and physical laws is discussed, as is the place of volition in biology. Concepts used in biology, analogous to that of purpose, are incidentally analyzed. Theological issues are also dealt with, as are some topics in ethics and law.

A report of the world’s characteristics today, as concurred by experts in academia, business, the Arts, and religion.

-Ever-increasing selfishness
-Ever-eroding civility
-Almost complete abolishment of chivalry (from the actions of both males and females)
-Lack of holistic vision, which allows one to see his/her problems, relationships, education, business, and self (his/her entire world) properly (thoroughly, deeply, and properly)

To see the evidences and the truth behind this report of the world, one need not look far as it is seen across countries, industries, and languages, some examples being:

-Need for the creation of the word “ghost” as a verb for consciously choosing to ignore others in order to disappear from them
-Ubiquitous programming of nonsense and socially-eroding characteristics via media (YouTube, TV, books, and music)
-Lack of civility displayed by people sitting on the outside seat of a two-seated row on buses and trains so the inside seat is unavailable for others to sit (e.g. elderly, pregnant, and female passengers)
-Social mindset of the acceptability, status quo, of ignoring people’s emails, text messages, and phone calls
-Establishment of the recently-established record number of no-shows and “ghosting” by job candidates for interviews with companies after the candidates applied for those jobs themselves
-Likes, shares, and view counts of millions for posts and videos that stem from nonsense, idiocy, and even hatred and violence across social media platforms

The past few weeks in this Boston summer have enjoyed the exceptional William Shakespeare play “Richard III”, conducted by the Commonwealth Shakespeare Company, and directed by Steven Maler. This led to an inspirational gathering of conversation with my academic and business colleagues across the world in theatre, global management, futurology, and history – the conversation having led to our creation of this piece’s title, albeit a play on not “Richard III”, but another Shakespeare play, “As You Like It”.

The absence of theoretical perspectives in International Relations originating in the worldviews and experiences of human geographies outside the West has elicited persistent calls in the discipline for homegrown theoretical frameworks based on indigenous practices and intellectual sensibilities. Responding to the veritable marginalization of non-Western viewpoints in the discipline belying the plurality of global experiences, a diverse range of studies on homegrown theorizing has ensued. Inasmuch as the initial step in any social theorizing is pertinent to concepts, studies of homegrown theorizing have necessarily engaged conceptual cultivation by drawing on local conceptual resources. Most of these studies, nonetheless, have evinced an analytical proclivity to forge an exclusive and immutable semantic affiliation between concepts and what they signify. Transmuting conceptual indigeneity into conceptional idiosyncrasy, this insular practice of homegrown theorizing can incur manifold degenerative shortcomings. On the other hand, in the lexicon of international relations, influence is a ubiquitous word which is yet to be rigorously conceptualized. By virtue of imparting indigenous properties, a systematic conceptual cultivation of influence is propounded in this study, which arguably transcends the prohibitive semantic inflexibility and associated shortcomings of conceptual exclusivity in homegrown theorizing.

L'année 1957 est en France l'occasion de commémorer un Baudelaire récemment réhabilité et définitivement entré dans le canon littéraire. Ce centenaire des Fleurs du Mal est cependant aussi l'occasion, pour certains poètes et écrivains, de prendre leurs distances avec une oeuvre encore souvent associée à ce que le romantisme noir a de diabolique ainsi qu'au spleen, au pessimisme, à la misanthropie et au désengagement. Le compagnonnage communiste, le surréalisme tardif mais aussi les doctrines poétiques élaborées par certains cercles comme l'Ecole de Rochefort conduisent ceux qui se chargent de commémorer le grand poète à produire des éloges ambivalents, qui sont autant d'arts poétiques antibaudelairiens. Adamov trouve dans Les Fleurs du Mal « des choses qui [le] gênent bien » ; Aragon affirme qu'il y a des années où il ne peut pas lire Baudelaire sans révolte et s'interroge, après d'autres, sur l'idéal baudelairien ; Guillevic offre au poète les fruits modestes d'un jardin tout terrestre et dont les fleurs du mal ont été bannies. Cette communication vise à mettre en évidence une lecture d'époque exprimant un inconfort collectif à l'égard d'une esthétique encore considérée de manière monolithique. La redécouverte du Spleen de Paris, pendant éthique de l'expérience esthétique des Fleurs du Mal, ne progresse en effet que lentement. Il s'agira d'analyser les discours et articles de la commémoration à la lumière de trois critères. Nous nous interrogerons d'abord sur l'hybridation du discours critique et du discours commémoratif, qui relèvent de logiques parfois contradictoires. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à la représentation de Baudelaire comme l'autre de la poésie moderne, avant de nous arrêter sur les tentatives d'adaptation, de correction et de dévoiement de l'esthétique baudelairienne par des poètes qui aimeraient pouvoir l'aimer.

L’accroissement des échanges économiques et commerciaux de la Chine avec un nombre croissant de pays d’Amérique latine va de pair avec l’imposition des normes économiques et politiques dont sa politique commerciale internationale est porteuse. Ce constat pose dès lors avec acuité la question du défi que représente cette influence normative chinoise pour la stratégie déployée par l’Union européenne (UE) envers l’Amérique latine. Afin de répondre à cette question, cet article comporte deux objectifs : (1) analyser la portée normative de la politique commerciale de la Chine en Amérique latine, afin de voir si elle est porteuse d’un projet politico-économique régional comparable au modèle d’intégration et de gouvernance régionale déployé par l’Europe communautaire dans le sous-continent latino-américain ; (2) mesurer l’influence de la production normative chinoise en Amérique latine à travers sa capacité à concurrencer les normes exportées par l’UE dans cette région du monde, en mobilisant pour ce faire le concept de « triangle Pacifique ».

Deze scriptie onderzoekt in hoeverre de Verenigde Staten invloed hadden, of probeerden te krijgen, op de planning en de uitvoering van het Strategic Hamlet Program (SHP) in Zuid-Vietnam, hoe groot deze invloed was en welke gevolgen dit had voor het plan en de uitvoering. De antwoorden op deze vraag bieden inzicht in de mogelijkheden en onmogelijkheden van een 'derde partij' om invloed uit te oefenen op een counterinsurgency in een ander land. Dit is het type gewapende strijd - door de Australische counterinsurgency-expert David Kilcullen 'expeditionary counterinsurgency' genoemd  - waarmee zowel de Verenigde Staten als Nederland in de toekomst te maken zullen krijgen.

Psychology is vital to the success of all businesses in one form or another. From how a company’s name sounds to the images and marketing tactics a business uses to create a positive brand image, strategic decisions are made based on how they will affect consumers. To get a firm understanding of how a potential decision will be viewed by customers, many Fortune 500 companies turn to psychologists and psychological strategists.

To get an inside look at how psychological strategies impact both businesses and consumers, and how business owners can utilize these strategies, I interviewed Psychological Strategist Dr. HermanSJr. Asked how psychological strategy can help business owners, Dr. HermanSJr. said, “It allows you to influence a target (employees, customers, yourself) subconsciously to attract them towards your business.”

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/using-psychological-strategy-business-interview-michael-luchies?trk=prof-post

To investigate impact of hyperlipidemia on clarithromycin
pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats, hyperlipidemia was successfully
induced by providing high fat diet (rich of cholesterol) for 6-8 weeks.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of clarithromycin in induced
hyperlipidemia and control group (non-hyperlipidemia) were
determined in rats after oral (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg) single
administration of clarithromycin. Group allocation for in-vivo study
(n=6) as follows: G1: Vehicle control, G2-G4: Non-hyperlipidemic
rats treated with clarithromycin, G5-G7: hyperlipidemic rats treated
with clarithromycin. For In-vitro study (n=4): G8: Non-hyperlipidemic rats pooled liver homogenate, G9: Hyperlipidemic rat
pooled liver homogenate for investigation of clarithromycin
metabolism. For biliary excretion  studies (n=4): G10: non-hyperlipidemic rats treated with clarithromycin and G11:
Hyperlipidemic rats treated with clarithromycin. The area under the
plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞
) and the peak plasma
concentration (C
max) of clarithromycin (non-hyperlipidemic group)
was 1.77 ± 0.33 µg. h/mL and 0.47 ± 0.06 µg/mL for 10 mg/kg; 5.63
± 1.51 µg. h/mL and 1.21 ± 0.11 µg/mL for 20 mg/kg; 58.97 ± 12.74
µg. h/mL and 12.48 ± 3.8 µg/mL for 100 mg/kg, respectively. In
hyperlipidemic group the AUC0–∞ and Cmax  of clarithromycin was
3.47 ± 0.82 µg.h/mL and 0.84 ± 0.09 ug/mL for 10 mg/kg; 12.21 ±
2.83 µg.h/mL and 2 ± 0.24 µg/mL for 20 mg/kg; 141.88 ± 54.03
µg.h/mL and 20.57 ± 7.6 µg/mL for 100  mg/kg, respectively. Over
all exposure was significantly increased in hyperlipidemic groups at
across the tested doses. The percentage remaining of clarithromycin
in hyperlipidemic rat’s liver homogenates and biliary excretion was
significantly (P<0.05) high as compared with non-hyperlipidemic
rats. The % dose excretion of clarithromycin in urine was lower as
compared with bile in hyperlipidemic rats. Conclude that the
clarithromycin was considerably affected by hyperlipidemia. The enhanced area under the curve of clarithromycin in hyperlipidemic
rats might be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP mediated
metabolism in the liver by hyperlipidemia which was reproduced
in bile and urine.