Cow Dung

The study creates awareness among farmers and common man towards clean environment in their 9 surroundings through decomposition of organic waste in to valuable manure using Eisenia fetida. The investigation was destined to produce vermicompost from neem leaves litter and cow dung in plastic tubs kept in screen house. The nutrient status of vermicompost was evaluated on initial, 45th and 90th day. Total organic carbon (3.76%), carbon/nitrogen ratio (2.73%) decreased whereas nitrogen (1.38%), phosphorus (0.27%) and potassium (0.21%) content increased on 90th days. The organic waste like neem leaves litter can be used for sustainable agriculture by converting them in to vermicompost.

The modern-day paper industry is highly capital-intensive industries in the core sector. Though there are several uses of paper for currency, packaging, education, information, communication, trade and hygiene, the flip side of this industry is the impact on the forest resources and other ecosystems which leads to increasing pollution in water and air, influencing several local communities. In the present paper, the authors have tried to explore potential and alternate source of industrial pulp through ruminant animal dung, which is widely available as a rural resource in India. Three types of undigested animal dung fibers from Indigenous cow (IDF), Jersey cow (JDF), and Buffalo (BDF) were taken. Wheat straw (WS) was the main diet of all animals. The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content for all animal dung samples were found in a range of (29–31.50%), (21–23.50%), and (11–13%), respectively. The abundant holocellulose and low lignin contents are suitable for handmade pulp and...

Organic matter is an important chemical parameter to check the stability and maturity of compost prepared by municipal solid waste. This study was designed to determine the percentage of organic matter that must be below 30% after 3 months of composting process. The higher value of organic matter indicates the less stable and immature compost. The organic waste was treated with inoculum and it was concluded that the windrows give stable and mature compost in terms of organic matter analysis because the results showed the organic matter content 30 and below in all windrows.

A study of the biogas production potential of paper waste (PW-A) and its blend with cow dung (PW: CD) in the ratio 1:1 was investigated. The two variants were charged into 50L metal prototype biodigesters in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste. They were subjected to anaerobic digestion under a 45 day retention period and mesophilic temperature range of 26 o C-43 o C. The physicochemical parameters of the wastes were determined including microbial analysis. Results obtained showed that PW had a cumulative gas yield of 6.23 ±0.07dm 3 /kg of slurry with the flash point on the 2 nd day even though gas production reduced drastically while the flammability discontinued and resumed after 14 days. Blending increased the cumulative gas yield to 9.34±0.11dm 3 /kg.slurry representing more than 50% increase. The onset of gas flammability took place on the 6 th day and was sustained throughout the retention period. The study showed that paper waste which abounds everywhere and is either burnt of...

Biogas can be a solution to South Africa energy needs especially to rural areas of Eastern Cape Province that have plenty of biogas substrates from cattle, donkeys, goats, sheep and chicken. The effectiveness of cow dung for biogas production was investigated using a field batch biogas digester. The cow dung was collected from University of Fort Hare Dairy farm and was analyzed for total solids, volatile solids, total alkalinity, calorific value, total alkalinity, pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonium Nitrogen. The biogas composition was analysed using a Gas Analyzer. In the experiment, it was observed that the biogas production from the cow dung increased exponentially with time and ceased after certain days of degradation. The alkalinity values were within the normal range, above the threshold alkalinity of 500 mg/L for anaerobic digestion and stable ammonium-nitrogen levels in cow dung improved anaerobic digestion process. The study revealed that cow dung produced biogas yield ...

The over-dependence on fossil fuels as primary energy source has led to various problems such as greenhouse effect, human health problems and degradation of environment (climate change). Due to recent rise in oil and natural gas prices, renewable sources of energy are gaining more importance and leading the way is methane gas obtained from biomass waste fermentation. This study investigates the possibility of producing biogas from water hyacinth in co-digestion with sugarcane bagasse and cow dung – replacing firewood as a source of fuel. In this work, different proportion of water hyacinth and sugarcane bagasse are used keeping the amount of cow dung constant for anaerobic digestion and analysed for biogas yield after 15th, 20th and 25th day of inoculation.

The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of water hyacinth (WH) spiked with cow dung (CD) into vermicompost. Five vermireactors containing WH and CD in different ratios, were run under laboratory conditions for 147 days. The maximum worm growth was recorded in CD alone. Worms grew and reproduced favourably in 25% WH + 75% CD feed mixture. Greater proportion of WH in feed mixture significantly affected the biomass gain, hatchling numbers and numbers of cocoons produced during experiments. In all the vermireactors, there was significant decrease in pH, TOC and C:N ratio, but increase in TKN, TK and TAP at the end. The heavy metals content in the vermicomposts was lower than initial feed mixtures. The results indicated that WH could be potentially useful as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with up to 25% in cow dung (on dry weight basis).

In present days the studies on the kitchen waste become the good potential for generating biogas by anaerobic digestion due to the richness in the yield of methane gas through proper procedures. Emerging economic countries like India where kitchen waste is an important concern showcasing both positive as well as negative impact on environmental and especially addressing soil, water, air etc. Anaerobic digestion could become the possible solution to urban and rural environment in multiple folds by the reducing rising garbage problems and at the same time decreasing the input energy requirement. Due to the overpopulation the demand for refinery products like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is increasing day by day that leads to the risk of global warming and a shortage of fossil fuels. This stresses our resource system and demands a great development of sustainable and advanced plans for eco-friendly environment. The present paperaims to utilizethe kitchen waste in the GMRIT hostel and cow dung to produce biogas. Experiments were conducted in a 20 litre container with kitchen waste was varied with decreasing from 100% to 60% whereas cow dung was varied with increasing from 0% to 40%. For better digestion, the digester is maintained at room temperature to ensure mesophilic condition and digestion time was around 43200 seconds. Experimental results are finally optimized using MINI TAB software. The optimum value obtained for thekitchen waste was at 60 % and cow dung at 40 % for the maximum production of biogas and the digestion time was 28800 seconds. The optimum values obtained through MINI TAB are purely suitable for GMRIT environment and other premises where cow dung and kitchen waste are abundantly available. This method will best suits for biogas production and for the best utilization of kitchen waste.

Article history: Received 03 May 2019 Revised 11 May 2019 Accepted 15 May 2019 Available online 12 June 2019 Soil quality has been known to have a strong effect on cocoa tree growth and the interactions of plant and microbe in the rhizosphere influence plant health, productivity and soil fertility. In this study, the rhizospheres of cocoa seedlings were analyzed for bacterial density population after soil amendment. Cocoa seedlings were self-grown in nursery located at the Orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin and Amelonado variety Tc1-Tc8 pods were used. The seeds were prepared, pre-germinated and planted in bags containing 5 kg top soil. Organic fertilizers (compost poultry manure and cow dung) and inorganic fertilizer was applied to the soil surrounding the seedlings at one month after planting. The sowing soil and the rhizosphere of the cocoa seedlings at one month to four month were collected and analyzed. Serial dilution method was used for culturing and b...

This report builds on an earlier review of the Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF) portfolio with regard to community benefits and their contribution to broader socioeconomic and environmentally sustainable development. It highlights the diverse contributions of CDCF projects in enhancing rural and poor community livelihoods, and aims to identify broad features and insights on delivering development plus carbon based on concrete experience from the CDCF portfolio to date. The assessment also infers a number of key lessons to enhance the effectiveness of delivering community benefits: a) the effectiveness of CDCF projects is maximized when community benefits are intrinsic to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project itself. In projects with indirect benefits, effectiveness is maximized when Community Benefit Plan (CBP) are integrated within the social corporate responsibility arm of the project sponsor or the broader local development initiatives; b) CBPs establish a clear &...

Soil enzymes activities have been proposed to evaluate the sustainability and economic effects of agricultural practices, and even to diagnose the soil categories. In this study, the effect of soil amendment on the activities of urease and dehyrogenase in the rhizospheres of cocoa seedlings were analyzed. Cocoa seedlings were self-grown in nursery located at the Orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin and Amelonado variety Tc1-Tc8 pods were used. The seeds were prepared, pre-germinated and planted in bags containing 5 kg top soil. Organic fertilizers (compost poultry manure and cow dung) and inorganic fertilizer was applied to the soil surrounding the seedlings at one month after planting. The sowing soil and the rhizosphere of the cocoa seedlings at one month to four month were collected and analyzed. The physical and chemical analysis of the sowing soil and the organic contents of the organic fertilizers were investigated and the activities of the enzymes: dehydrogenase and urease were assayed using standard procedures. It was observed that the Nitrogen: Phosphorus:Potassium (NPK) content of the poultry manure (4.11:33.43:6.00) was higher than that of the cow dung (1.75:0.84:5.52). The enzymatic assay showed soil amended with poultry manure having the highest dehydrogenase (11.58-12.34) and urease (15.80-16.90) activities; while that of NPK (10.46-10.53) and (14.32-14.52) recorded the least enzymatic activity respectively.

Soil quality has been known to have a strong effect on cocoa tree growth
and the interactions of plant and microbe in the rhizosphere influence
plant health, productivity and soil fertility. In this study, the rhizospheres
of cocoa seedlings were analyzed for bacterial density population after
soil amendment. Cocoa seedlings were self-grown in nursery located at
the Orchard of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin and
Amelonado variety Tc1-Tc8 pods were used. The seeds were prepared,
pre-germinated and planted in bags containing 5 kg top soil. Organic
fertilizers (compost poultry manure and cow dung) and inorganic
fertilizer was applied to the soil surrounding the seedlings at one month
after planting. The sowing soil and the rhizosphere of the cocoa seedlings
at one month to four month were collected and analyzed. Serial dilution
method was used for culturing and bacterial isolates were identified by
Gram staining and various biochemical methods. The isolates were
further characterized by DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing. All
isolates belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, save one which belongs to the
phylum Firmicutes; all of which are predominately found in the soil. The
result revealed that the rhizosphere of seedlings amended with inorganic
fertilizer recorded the least bacterial activity (2.35 x 105
– 3.05 x 105
cfu/g), while that of poultry manure recorded the highest (8.20 x 105
–
1.17 x 106
). The application of poultry manure showed a significant
difference in the bacterial population.

This research was aimed to determine the combination of tofu waste and cow dung as well as the difference in the amount of earthworms in the composting process to increase the nutrient elements of nitrogen produced and the effect of vermicompost on the growth of pakcoy plants. Vermicomposting process is done for approximately 40 days. Total vermicompost and soil of N content were analyzed using the Kjeldahl method and N total tissue using wet digestion with concentrated sulfuric acid and peroxide acid. The results of this research showed that the combination of tofu waste and cow manure significantly affected pH, DHL, water content, C-organic, N-total, ammonium, nitrate and C/N ratio, while treatment of different amount of earthworms only significant effect on DHL parameters, Corganic, N-total, ammonium, nitrate and C/N ratio. The effect of vermicompost application on soil chemical characteristic has only a significant effect on N-total soil parameters, while agronomic parameters only have significant effect on leaf number, weight fresh, dry weight and N uptake in plants. The combination of organic matter sources and the number of earthworms based on the chemical characteristic of the vermicompost and its effect on soil chemical characteristic and agronomic parameters showed that the average treatment of P5C2 (100% cow dung and 10 earthworms) is the best combination in producing nutrient N vermicompost and the heaviest plant weight and increasing N in the soil.

This empirical study aimed to find out the soil condition to achieve maximum plant growth using cow dung manure and to compare it with soil without any manure. The experiment was done in an area of 4.5m2 divided into six plots of 0.75m2. Five plots were with varied percentages of cow dung manure. Plots 1,2,3,4 and 5 were conditioned with 100,50,40,30, and 20 percent of cow dung manure with that of the soil proportion, respectively. However, plot 6 was with no manure. Measurement of the plant’s height, leaf’s length and width, number of nodes, and branches in all the plots were measured periodically. The researchers identified and measured the different proportion of cow dung manure and its direct impact on the plant growth comparing with the plot with no manure. Results in the plots with 50 and 40 percent of cow dung manure produced healthy and large leaves, growth of the plants were supported with sufficient nutrients and micro-organisms compared to plots 1, 4, and 5. The plot with...

We present ethnographical infomation particularly from the Jbala region in northern Marocco in order to offer archaeologists and archaeobotanists new data that may help in the questions and hypothesis we address to the archaeological record. We deal with these subjects: 1) the cultivation of einkorn (Triticum monococcum), agrarian practices and processing; 2) Conservation and storage of plant foods; 3) Use of Cow dung as fuel, tempering of floors and walls and for recipient making; 4) fuelwood: use, collection, leaf-foddering residues and woodland conservation.

Biogas is a renewable, alternative and sustainable form of energy from the action of bacteria when waste vegetable matter, organic waste and some industrial waste are fermented in the absence of oxygen. This study was conducted to find the effect of cow dung variety on biogas generation. Some samples of fresh cow dung (2 Kg for each breed of cow) of cows which were not exposed to treatment with anti-biotics for some weeks, were collected from Sobere Farms and mixed with water in ratio of 1:1 volume and the mixture was loaded into a bio-reactor to ferment. The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was 9 to 14 days. The reduction in retention time was achieved by adding human excreta and urine into the digester to increase micro-organism and pathogenic activities. The biogas obtained after 11 days was gathered and analyzed in a 250-Gas Chromatograph and Integrator. The results showed the percentages and calculated energies (calorific values) of biogas from the cow dung of four (4) selected v...

In rural Bangladesh, Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) is dangerously high for poor households dependent on biomass cooking fuels. Based on earlier World Bank research, controlled, scientifically monitored experiments were conducted in Burumdi village, Narayanganj district, to test the effects of structural arrangements and ventilation practices on IAP. Findings suggest optimal structural choices and village-level measures to reduce IAP exposure.

Some Culicoides species of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are biological virus vectors worldwide and have indeed been associated with outbreaks of important epizoonoses in recent years, such as bluetongue and Schmallenberg disease in northern Europe. These diseases, which affect domestic and wild ruminants, have caused considerable economic losses. Knowledge of substrates suitable for Culicoides larval development is important, particularly for the main vector temperate species. This study, realized during two years, aimed to highlight the larval development sites of these biting midge species in the immediate surroundings of ten Belgian cattle farms. Moreover, spatial distribution of the coprophilic Culicoides larvae (C. chiopterus and C. dewulfi) within pastures was studied with increasing distance from farms along linear transects (farm-pasture-woodland). A total of 4347 adult specimens belonging to 13 Culicoides species were obtained by incubation of 2131 soil samples ...

This paper provides information about the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) fauna collected from cow dung of farming terraces in Aspat (Strobilos) ancient city and its territorium, Bodrum, Muğla, Western Turkey, during the years of 2008-2009. As a result of this study, nineteen species were identified. Among them Anotylus inustus (Gravenhorst, 1806), A. tetracarinatus (Block, 1799) and Philonthus concinnus (Gravenhorst, 1802) were the most abundant species. Twelve species were recorded for the first time from Muğla province of Turkey.

This paper provides information about the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) fauna collected from cow dung of farming terraces in Aspat (Strobilos) ancient city and its territorium, Bodrum, Muğla, Western Turkey, during the years of 2008-2009. As a result of this study, nineteen species were identified. Among them Anotylus inustus (Gravenhorst, 1806), A. tetracarinatus (Block, 1799) and Philonthus concinnus (Gravenhorst, 1802) were the most abundant species. Twelve species were recorded for the first time from Muğla province of Turkey.

The world energy need is increasing everyday due to rapid increase in population. The non renewable energy demand has decrease drastically over the years due to negative effect associated with their use. Many develop and developing countries in the world are now putting effort in renewable energy. This work studied production of biogas for domestic energy use using cow dung as feedstock in the biogas plant. The volume of the biogas plant is 60 litres and the Inoculum used was sewage sludge. The feedstock to water ratio is 1:2. The experiment was conducted at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The volume of biogas, atmospheric temperature and digester temperature were monitored everyday. The maximum digester temperature recorded was 43°C and maximum volume of biogas produced during the experiment was 14.6 litres.

Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) is one of the world’s worst weeds causing major problems to the global aquatic habitat particularly in the tropics. This paper presents the findings of a research that was carried out to determine the effect of adding cow dung to water hyacinth on the biogas yield. Two drums, 100 litre capacity each were used as digesters in the laboratory experiment. Digester A was loaded with 8kg of water hyacinth and 40kg of water, this gave a ratio of 1:5 and the gas yield was measured daily for 9 weeks. Digester B was loaded with water hyacinth, cow dung and water in the ratio 1:1:10 which gave a ratio of the feedstock to water at 1:5. Results from this study showed that addition of cow dung to water hyacinth increased biogas yield as compared to single substrate feedstock. -----------------------------------------------------------------------* Corresponding author. Tel.: 234-8037273836. E-mail address: mkcsridhar3@gmail.com.

Abstract: Now a day biogas production is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Ethiopia. Anaerobic digestion is one of the effective ways of generating biogas. It is also a reliable method for treating food wastes such as cafeteria wastes, vegetable wastes etc. and cow dung and the digested slurry can be used as fertilizer to enhance the fertility of the soil. Co-digestion of food waste with cow dung or other feed stocks with low carbon content can improve process stability and methane production. Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with cow dung is needed to enhance biogas production and very useful to treat these wastes. This review paper looks at the possibility of producing biogas from co-digestion of food waste with cow manure by optimizing the parameters that affect biogas production. Most literatures confirmed that the Co-digestion strategy substantially increased the biogas yields by 20-50 % over the control.