Hosts

During spring 2009, lavender plants (Lavandula stoechas L.) showing a bright yellow mosaic of calico type and light stunting were observed in a commercial nursery in Liguria Province in northern Italy. Of 300 plants inspected, ~2% were symptomatic. Preliminary observations of leaf sap with the transmission electron microscope revealed bacilliform virus-like particles in three symptomatic plants, whereas no virus-like particles were observed in asymptomatic plants. The same symptomatic plants were tested by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA with polyclonal antisera against Cucumber mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Tobacco mosaic virus, and Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). All three plants reacted positively against AMV antibodies, but not the other antibodies. A crude sap extract obtained from a single symptomatic plant, hereafter referred to as the Lst isolate, was prepared by macerating 1 g of fresh leaves in 4 ml of sodium phosphate 0.03 M, containing 0.2% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, 75 m...

Purpose. Accommodation sharing is a major trend shaping the hospitality industry, and Airbnb is the most prominent sharing platform driving this growth. While price convenience is reported as one of the main strengths of Airbnb accommodations, only a few studies have examined price determinants. In particular, it is unclear whether hosts dynamically adjust prices for shared accommodation based on their experience with price management and on the level of market demand. This paper intends to fill this gap by suggesting and testing a comprehensive hedonic pricing model.
Methodology. Data from all 1,056 Airbnb listings for accommodations available in the city of Verona (Italy) on four booking dates in 2016 are collected and analysed through regression analysis.
Findings. The results highlight that price is significantly related to the level of the host’s accumulated experience and to the level of market demand on a specific booking date. The findings provide support for the ability of hosts to dynamically adjust prices for their accommodations.
Practical implications. Drawing on the innovator’s dilemma theory, this study suggests some strategies that traditional hotels may adopt to react to the disruptive nature of Airbnb.
Originality/value. This is one of the few studies to address hosts’ pricing strategies and to specifically consider price adjustments owing to variations in host experience and market demand.

Fascioliasis, caused by liver fluke species of the genus Fasciola, has always been well recognized because of its high veterinary impact but it has been among the most neglected diseases for decades with regard to human infection. However, the increasing importance of human fascioliasis worldwide has re-launched interest in fascioliasis. From the 1990s, many new concepts have been developed regarding human fascioliasis and these have furnished a new baseline for the human disease that is very different to a simple extrapolation from fascioliasis in livestock. Studies have shown that human fascioliasis presents marked heterogeneity, including different epidemiological situations and transmission patterns in different endemic areas. This heterogeneity, added to the present emergence/re-emergence of the disease both in humans and animals in many regions, confirms a worrying global scenario. The huge negative impact of fascioliasis on human communities demands rapid action. When analyzi...

ABSTRACT
The pathogens transmitted by ticks to human beings are a motive of public health concern around the world, such is the case of Lyme disease in the northern hemisphere, Encephalitis virus in Europe, the recurrent fevers and the Rocky Mountains spotted fever, better known in Colombia as “Tobia Fever”. People of all economic and social conditions are prone to develop a zoonotic agent transmitted by these vectors, which could be infected by several pathogens through co-infection mechanisms. The epidemiology and prevalence of these diseases are affected by ecological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. All these factors, affect in a different manner the enzootic cycle between pathogens, ticks and wild hosts. Current molecular diagnostic tools have allowed to progress in pathogen identification, previously unknown or undetermined. The government intervention capacity of each country, and the multidisciplinary professional cooperation, especially from physicians and veterinarians, is fundamental in order to strategically implement control and prevention plans that can deal with this problematic. The present article aims to make a thorough review of the factors which are favoring the transmission of zoonotic agents by ticks, contextualizing the most important aspects that determine their prevalence, and the most relevant control and prevention measures.

This study explores power dynamics in peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation by examining how they manifest in the host-guest relationship. In so doing, it advances understanding on the role of hosts in the P2P practice and contributes insights on the factors conditioning the reciprocity of the P2P exchange. Drawing from power theories, the study uncovers how the interdependencies among hosts, guests and platforms influence power constellations emanating from P2P accommodation growth and reflexively redefine host practice. Specifically, the study illustrates how hosts are attempting to resist power imbalances characterising the exchange and how the dynamic environment of P2P accommodation leads to distinct representations of host types. The study makes explicit a conceptual framework that captures the power shifts noticeable in P2P accommodation that may be of theoretical and practical value to academics and policymakers alike.

Dominica, “the Nature Island of the Caribbean” as unknown for the Western countries, is rich in the natural and cultural resources without any industrialization and for its moderate economic sector, is prepared to diversify its economy with the Tourism Sector now.
The Island had been affected by the Hurricane Maria in 2017, and prior to that the tropical storm Erika in 2015. After facing the subsequent tragedies, the Island could save only 70 thousand inhabitants through the recoveries done.
With a well-planned mid-range level hospitality service, this destination is keen to compete with the neighbor Caribbean Islands. Mass tourism and a strong market position in the world of travel market for the famous Caribbean Islands are supposed to prevent the assets, and therefore a compatible political framework of the Island is bound to develop.
The major benefit of Dominica is considered to be its profound yet ultimate change of Travel Industry from the masses to personalized tourism-related products and avenues. Such are the opportunities which Dominica is geared up to avail by developing and practicing the digitally integrated environmental, social and economically sustainable Tourism avenues.
Furthermore, the holistic nature and social environment untouched by the commercialized tourism sector is a perfect match for the tourists, hybrid customers and or digital nomads as the ultimate facilitators.
The idea to develop a sustainable strategy for Dominica by using Airbnb came after discovering more than 400 listings. The Hotel Industry, with only 42 certified Hotels, is overturned by the largest peer to peer accommodation provider in the world. Having to stay that 50% of the certified Hotels are listing their rooms on Airbnb itself. The sharing economy platform with the transnational strategy and customer centricity which owes its market dominance by offering web and mobile friendly online community marketplace for the Hosts and Guests, and with the transparent dual charging and rating systems, the present cannot ignore anymore.
For local micro-entrepreneurs to the drifters, business travelers, as Guests and Hosts, for the hybrid consumers, and indigenous minorities and much more, no other system makes it easier to travel, operate and meet the like-minded individuals at the same level.
Airbnb can thereby be a factual threat for the traditional Hotel Industry and governance, but contemporarily it offers numerous opportunities for sustainable development. The search had had a very real effect and positive impact for the Discover Dominica Authority and the country through the signing of a contract between Airbnb and Dominica.
This research investigates the usability of Airbnb in Dominica and its positive impact on the economic prosperity and a link to the global Tourism Sector. The process should contribute to a better understanding of Airbnb as a sharing economy. In the end, strategies should assist in developing a suitable solution to enhance a cooperative agreement between Dominica and Airbnb.

Several techniques can make the size of the routing table manageable and a couple of these will be briefly considered in this paper. Next-hop: routing technique reduces the contents of the routing table, the table holds only the information that leads to the next hop instead of holding information about the complete route. Network specific routing technique reduces the routing table and simplifies the searching process. Instead of having an entry for every host connected to the same physical network, only one entry is used to define the address of the network itself. All hosts connected to the same network are treated as one entity. In this paper three types of routing protocols were simulated, Network Addressing Translation (NAT), Port Address Translation (PAT) and Inter-VLAN routing.

This research note examines the perspectives of women with regard to
their motives for engaging in peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation and
their practices in mitigating perceived risk. In so doing, semi-structured
interviews with 12 female hosts and 18 female guests on Airbnb were
performed. Findings reveal that gendered risk is not exclusive to solo
female travellers but extends to female hosts who are left more
vulnerable to risk as a result of Airbnb’s anti-discriminatory policy.
Within this context, the study identifies several tactics that are
undertaken by female hosts and guests in mitigating risk, thus
highlighting the importance of gender in determining the host-guest
relationship within P2P accommodation. In acknowledging that
gendered risk is heightened in P2P accommodation settings due to the
intimacy of the transaction and the lack of regulatory framework, this
research note contributes to the impetus to bring women’s voice in the
evolving, dynamic landscape of tourism research.

In this paper we present the first identification of the Tomato clack ring vi-rus isolated from zucchini with mosaic and deformation of leaves in Poland. Immunosorbent electron microscopy, ELISA test and IC-RT-PCR confirmed the identification of TBRV. RNA extracted from purified virus (size about 7.4 kb and 4.6 kb) was characteristic to this virus. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. convar giromantiina) is not popular vegetable in Poland such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) however, its production is steadily increasing mainly due to development of appropriate growing techniques, especially in the field. Diseases, especially viral ones, are main problems in the production of cucurbit plants. Symptoms of viral infection on zucchini are mosaic, yellowing, stunting, leaf chlorosis and fruit deformations. In 2005, similar symptoms were observed on zuc-chini grown in the home garden and in the field. This paper presents the identifica-tion of the virus isolated from zucchini with mosaic and sligh...

A total of 434 isolates of Rhizoctonia belonging to 10 anastomosis groups were obtained from the roots and rhizosphere soils of bean and soybean plants grown in Samsun, Turkey. AG-4 was found to be the most common group on bean and soybean plants and AG-5, AG-6, binucleate AG-A, AG-B and R. zeae were other groups isolated from the both plant species. AG-1, AG-7 and AG-K from bean and AG-E from soybean were other groups obtained in the study. The pathogenicity tests on bean and soybean seedlings showed that the highest disease severities were caused by AG-4 isolates, whereas AG-1 and AG-6 isolates were moderately pathogenic. Binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-B isolates were also moderately pathogenic, while other binucleate Rhizoctonia were found to be weakly pathogenic. Rhizoctonia zeae isolates caused moderate disease symptoms on bean, but soybean plants were slightly affected by this group of isolates. This is the first reported observation of R. solani AG-6 and AG-7 and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-B on bean, and R. solani AG-5 and AG-6 and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A, AG-B and AG-E on soybean, in Turkey.

This catalog lists species and figures of Monogenoidea parasites of fishes, amphibians and reptiles from South America. Six hundred and fifty one monogenoidean species have been recorded: 437 species from Brazil, 115 from Peru, 75 from Argentina, 44 from Venezuela, 40 from Chile, 23 from Falkland-Patagonian region, 17 from Colombia and 17 from Uruguay, 12 from Bolivia, 11 from Galapagos, 07 from Ecuador, 06 from French-Guyana, 04 from Guyana and from Paraguay each and 02 from Surinam. This survey is based on bibliographic sources and includes figures, hosts, geographical distribution and references

The Synodal legislation, the Visitation Books and the Inventories of diocesan and parish church treasures from the mid 15th to mid 16th century frequently refer to the existence of “tools for making hosts” and their state of conservation, stating that they should be replaced when inadequate and acquired when absent. The hosts were made on site, normally in the sacristies, and carefully prepared in accordance with a choicely conducted ritual, taking care with the origin and quality of the materials and utensils used as well as the conditions of those responsible for the preparation of the oblate. Based on a comparison of the aforementioned literature with the “host moulds” that have survived to the modern day and contemporary paintings, the iconography used on the Hosts will be analysed and their liturgical and symbolic meanings reflected upon.

The quality of the host plant affects the life-history traits of plant-feeding arthropods. The effect of several soybean cultivars on the fitness of Tetranychus urticae was assayed by determining developmental time and fertility life-table parameters for mites on leaf discs at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 16 : 8 light : dark photoperiod. Immature developmental time was significantly longer on LWK and Gorgan 3 than on the other cultivars, whereas total fecundity per female was higher on Gorgan 3 than the other cultivars. There were significant differences among the forms of the survival curves of mites on the cultivars. Statistical comparisons of the jackknifed intrinsic rate of natural increase, generation time, doubling time, and finite rate of increase, suggest unsuitability of the cultivars LWK and Gorgan 3 as hosts for the development of two-spotted spider mite. No significant difference was observed for the net reproductive rates among the cultivars. The lower population rate of the mite could be the result of antibiotic resistance in the cultivars LWK and Gorgan 3.