Generation X, Y, Z and Alpha

Our spoken and written language is changing – and it is our
younger people, the “digital natives”, who are leading the way.
Many Australians knock young people for the unorthodox ways in
which they use language and communicate. However, generations Y
and Z are a product of our technological age, and their language simply
reflects this. Unlike older generations, they have learned to adapt their
spoken and written styles to technology.
Technology isn’t the only force shaping language today. American
culture, multiculturalism and globalisation continue to have a major
impact (to be analysed in the second chapter).
The lexicon at the back of the book contains youth slang in current
use by generations Y and Z. If you are a Baby Boomer (born 1946–1964)
or a member of Generation X (1965–1979), you will notice some words
spawned by your own generation that you probably used as a young
person (and perhaps still use), that have been adopted by gens Y and Z.
You will also notice that the spelling, pronunciation and even meanings
of many of these words have changed or evolved with the younger
generations. To compile this lexicon we surveyed generations Y and Z
and asked them for the key words they use – and the meanings. Our
research showed that not all under 30s use all these words, ho

More so now than ever, the commonalities of today’s
generations cut through global, cultural and socioeconomic
boundaries. Due to globalisation, largely made possible
through the various technologies of today, the youth in
Australia, the USA, the UK, Germany and Japan are shaped
by the same events, trends and developments: they are avid
users of social media and online technologies, are witnessing
an unprecedented ageing in their populations, and are
more financially endowed and formally educated than any
generation preceding them.
Even beyond these developed countries young people
are logged on and linked up. From Beijing to Bangalore,
from Buenos Aires to Brisbane, we have a generation accessing
the same websites, watching the same movies, downloading
the same songs and being influenced by the same
brands. Today we have the world’s first global generation.
Therefore we define a generation as a group of people born
in the same era, shaped by the same times and influenced by
Generations defined | 3
the same social markers – in other words, a cohort united
by age and life stage, conditions and technology, events and
experiences.
Generational characteristics:
not a passing fad
Some may argue that such attributes as the limited attention
span of Gen Y, Australia’s current adolescent and
young adult population, is a trait of all young people
regardless of the time they were born into, or a passing fad
and not a generational trait that they will carry through
to mid-life and old age. However, generational characteristics
are not merely a factor of life stage, or a fad that
they will outgrow. While people of various ages are living
through the same events, the age at which one is exposed
to a political shift, technological change or social marker
determines how embedded it becomes in one’s psyche and
worldview.
National statistics further demonstrate that generational
diversity is not just a matter of life stage. For example, the
average age at first marriage for Gen Y today is 28 for a
female and 30 years for a male.3 In 1982, when the youngest
of the Boomers were in their early 20s, the average age at
marriage was 22 for females and 24 for males.4 Among the
factors deemed responsible for Generation Y’s unwillingness
to commit to binding relationships are relaxed moral
codes and high divorce rates. As is evidenced by these statistics,
delaying the markers of adulthood (such as marriage,
having children, getting a mortgage and a steady career) is
characteristic of the Y-ers, just as loyalty – to spouse, boss,
brand and country – is characteristic of the Builders. The
4 | The ABC of XYZ
old Jesuit saying holds true: ‘Give me a child until he is
seven, and I will show you the man.’5
Of course, youth of all eras demonstrate some similar
characteristics such as an experimental lifestyle, questioning
the status quo, idealism and pushing the boundaries. However,
you would not say that those growing up in the 1970s
were the same as those who came of age in the 1990s and
those who are coming of age today. While age influences
behaviour and attitudes, greater impacts are made by the
culture in which one lives out one’s youth, as well as social
markers – significant events during one’s formative years.
There is an ancient saying that bears much truth: ‘People
resemble their times more than they resemble their parents.’

The recent growth of e-commerce sector and the advent of modern technologies have led to a paradigm shift in the buying pattern of consumers from conventional shopping to online shopping. Internet accessibility has become much easier through modern equipments such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc. The past decade has led to a drastic shift towards online shopping since it facilitates faster and convenient shopping processes with larger varieties of products and services at the doorstep of consumers. The purpose of this research is to study the purchase behavior of online shoppers of Generation-"Y" with specific reference to Ahmedabad City. Generation Y is more segmented as audience grouped between 20-35 years and are very well exposed to internet facilities. The millennial are more flexible and adaptive to the new technologies with varied lifestyles. A structured questionnaire is used to collect primary data from 200 respondents selected purposively from Ahmedabad City. This study focuses on analyzing the consumers' preferences towards online shopping and identifying the major factors affecting their preferences towards various product and service categories while shopping online. It also attempts to evaluate consumers' satisfaction towards online shopping and identifying the barriers creating hesitation towards online shopping, especially for Generation-Y.

ÖZET İnsanlar doğuştan gelen bir bozukluk sebebiyle engelli olmasalar da her an doğal afetler, trafik ve iş kazaları, terör eylemleri gibi nedenler sonucunda engelli olarak hayatlarını devam ettirmek durumda kalabilirler. Engellilerin de pozitif bir ayrımcılığa tabi tutularak toplumsal hayatta aktif olarak bulunmaları son derece önemlidir. İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi ile ilk kez gündeme gelen her insanın bir ülke içerisinde özgürce seyahat etme hakkının oluşu engellileri de turizm faaliyetlerinde bulunmaya teşvik etmiştir. Gittikçe artan bir ekonomik değeri olan turizm sektöründe günümüzde farklı arayışlar içerisine girilmiştir. Bu nedenle popülaritesi zamanla artan engelli turizmi turizm pastasından daha fazla pay almak isteyen her ülke için değer arz etmeye başlamıştır. Bu nedenle turizm sektörü açısından önemli bir niş pazarı temsil eden engellilere yönelik turizm faaliyetlerinin gün geçtikçe daha fazla gelişmekte olduğu görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda yapılan bu çalışma ile X Y ve Z kuşağı dönemlerindeki engelli bireylerin turizm faaliyetlerinde aktif olarak bulunabilmeleri için yapılmış olan yasal düzenlemeler ışığında dönemsel karşılaştırılmaları ele alınmıştır. Yapılan karşılaştırma sonrasında X kuşağı döneminde engelli turizmi ile ilgili yapılan yasal düzenlemelerin yok denecek kadar az olduğu, Y kuşağı döneminde oldukça fazla olduğu Z kuşağı döneminde ise yapılan yasal düzenlemelerin etkinliğinin günümüzde de hissedildiği tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Engelli, Engelli Turizmi, X Kuşağı, Y Kuşağı, Z Kuşağı. Jel Kodları: I12, L83

A digitalizáció eredményeként az emberi kapcsolataink is átalakulóban vannak. A kommunikáció jelentős mértékben az online világ felé tolódott, ami egyrészt könnyebbé teszi a kapcsolattartást a távoli ismerőseinkkel, de tanulmányok sokasága bizonyítja, hogy egyúttal megnehezíti a társas kapcsolataink elmélyülését. Az Y generáció már a digitális világban nőtt fel, mind a munkáját, mind a kapcsolatait sikeresen menedzseli az interneten és a közösségi média világában. A Z generáció (akinek legidősebb tagjai éppen most lépnek a munkaerőpiacra) pedig már sokszor otthonosabban mozog a virtuális világban, mint az „offline” emberi kapcsolatokban. Mindez jelentős különbségeket generál a két generáció preferált kommunikációs csatornáiban, társas kapcsolataiban és motivációiban. Validált kérdőíveken alapuló, kvantitatív kutatásunk célja az Y és Z generáció közösségi média használati szokásaiban, boldogság szintjében és társas kapcsolataiban fellelhető különbségek vizsgálata volt. Feltételezésünk, mely szerint a két generáció eltérő közösségi média platformokat preferál, és azokat eltérő célból használja, megerősítést nyert. Ezen felül vizsgáltuk a közösségi média használat intenzitása és a boldogság szintje, valamint a társas elismerés és társas támogatás mértéke közötti összefüggéseket is.

Bu araştırma, Eskişehir İli Odunpazarı ve Tepebaşı ilçelerinde ikamet eden ve farklı kuşakları temsil ettiği kabul edilen bireylerin sosyal medya kullanım düzeyleri ve tercihlerini "süreklilik" ve "yetkinlik" boyutu açısından ele alan bir araştırmadır. Araştırmada tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Tarama modeli, çok sayıda elemanın oluşturduğu bir evrende, evren hakkında genel bir kanıya varmak amacıyla evrenin tamamı yahut ondan alınacak bir grup üzerinde yapılan tarama kodifikasyonudur (Karasar, 2012). Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu kent merkezinde yaşayan 877 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Deniz ve Tutgun-Ünal (2019) tarafından geliştirilen "Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Ölçeği" kullanılarak çevrimiçi ortamda toplanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular; (1) Kuşaklar sosyal medya ağlarına erişimde en çok akıllı telefon kullanmaktadır. (2) Baby Boomer ve X kuşağı en çok Facebook'u kullanmayı tercih ederken, Y ve Z kuşağı ise en çok İnstagram'ı kullanmaktadır. (3) Baby Boomer, Y ve Z kuşakları sosyal medyada en fazla video ve müzik içeriklerini beğenirken, X kuşağı ise en fazla haber içeriklerini beğenmektedir. (4) Kuşaklar süreklilik ve yetkinlik boyutlarında sosyal medyayı orta düzeyde kullanmaktadır. (5) Y ve Z kuşağı, Baby Boomer ve X kuşağına göre sosyal medya kullanımında süreklilik sağlamakta ve kendilerini bu konuda daha yetkin bulmaktadırlar. (6) Z kuşağı kadınları aynı kuşakta bulunan erkeklere göre sosyal medya kullanımında süreklilik sağlayan cinsiyeti temsil etmektedir.

This research is one that addresses the social media usage levels and preferences of individuals, who reside in the Odunpazarı and Tepebaşı districts of Eskişehir Province which are considered to represent different generations, in terms of "continuity" and "competence" dimension. The research used a screening model. The screening model is a screening codification on the entire population or a group to be taken from it to come to a general conclusion about the population, in a population of many elements (Karasar, 2012). The study group comprises 877 people living in the city center. Data from the research was collected online using the "social media usage scale" developed by Deniz and Tutgun-Ünal (2019). The findings of the study are that (1) the generations use smartphones the most in accessing social media networks. (2) Generation X and Baby Boomer prefer to use Facebook the most, while generation Y and Z use Instagram the most. (3) The Baby Boomer, Y, and Z generations mostly like video and music content on social media, while Generation X mostly likes news content. (4) Generations use social media moderately in the dimensions of continuity and competence. (5) Generation Y and Z have continuity in social media usage and find themselves more competent in this regard compared to Baby Boomer, and Generation X. (6) Generation Z women represent gender that provides continuity in social media use compared to men who are in the same generation.

В нижеследующем исследовании изучается уровень использования социальных сетей и предпочтение жителей Одунпазары и Тепебаши Эскишехирского региона, представителей разных поколений с точки зрения “преемственности” и “компетентности”. В исследовании использовалась модель сканирования. Сканирующая модель - это сканирующая кодификация, сделанная для популяции или цельевой группы, с целью прийти к общему мнению по поводу популяции, состоящей из многих элементов (Karasar, 2012). Цельевая группа состоит из 877 человек, проживающих в центре города. Данные исследования были собраны в Интернете с использованием “Шкалы использования социальных сетей”, разработанной Дениз и Тутгун-Юналом (2019). Выводы, полученные в ходе исследования; (1) Поколения в основном используют смартфоны для доступа к социальным сетям. (2) В то время как поколение бэби-бумеров и X предпочитает больше всего использовать Facebook, поколения Y и Z больше всего используют Instagram. (3) В то время как поколения бэби-бумеров, поколения Y и Z любят больше всего видео и музыкального контента в социальных сетях, поколение X больше всего любит новостной контент. (4) Поколения умеренно используют социальные сети с точки зрения преемственности и компетентности. (5) Поколения Y и Z сохраняют преемственность в использовании социальных сетей по сравнению с поколениями бэби-бумеров и X и они считают себя более компетентными в этом отношении. (6) Женщины поколения Z представляют пол, который обеспечивает преемственность в использовании социальных сетей по сравнению с мужчинами того же поколения.