Ethereum

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ether encourage the owners of computing resources to bring ever-increasing levels of processing power to bear in validating the distributed ledger of cryptocurrency purchases and sales.  Initial coin offerings (ICOs) involve the sale of cryptocurrency coins or tokens with the aid of on white papers.  Crypto coin white papers involve a mixture of scientific, sociopolitical, and economic speech.  They often contain extended arguments for how users of the coins and the Internet or society in general could benefit from a new way of organizing economic relations, assembling and deploying assets, or exchanging messages or entitlements.  While they share some similarities with forms of commercial speech that enjoy quite limited First Amendment protection, they are arguably more similar to other economic statements that enjoy First Amendment protection against censorship, or to direct advertisements that are deemed insufficiently misleading to result in civil liability.  Nevertheless, some interpretations of U.S. securities and commodities law would prohibit authors of such white papers from raising funds for crypto coin platforms if the coin's users expect to earn a return on their investment and rely on the coin issuer's expertise or representations. 

This article explores principles of free expression that could shield truthful speech and subjective opinions about new crypto coins from some of the worst chilling effects of U.S. laws.  It examines ways in which crypto coins may benefit marketplace participants and economic efficiency, including by providing a beneficial alternative to traditional software app stores, logistics infrastructures, or banking and payment systems.  It then surveys the First Amendment and other constitutional issues that onerous regulations raise, and draws analogies to doctrines that reconcile the freedom of economic expression with the cause of consumer or investor protection under the Lanham Act, the Securities Exchange Act, state deceptive practices laws, and the law of warranties.  Several themes in the case law are ripe for application to ICOs: the need for precision and proportionality in framing regulation, the proscription against regulatory overkill and one-size-fits-all approaches, and the requirement that basic freedoms be preserved.  More specifically, the securities or commodities are not properly read as applying to many crypto coin offering papers, and describes other concepts such as virtual commodities or virtual barter systems from other jurisdictions that may be a better fit. 

The article urges American lawyers and judges to probe thoroughly whether the interests served by prohibitions and penalties on crypto coin speech justify the burdens imposed on information providers. Regulating false statements of existing fact and enhancing the remedies for making them will be more effective and less constitutionally infirm measures than those aimed at preempting merely potential harm.  Courts must balance the values of fraud prevention and remediation with the values of freedom of expression and expanded economic opportunity.  Analogous fields of law provide several tools with which to achieve this balance, including the distinction between general or universal fraud prohibitions and narrower securities or commodities regulation regimes, the difference between forward-looking and other statements in several area of fraud law, First Amendment principles governing professional and occupational licensing, and rules against vague or discriminatorily enforced regulations. 

keywords: cryptocurrencies, tokens, appcoins, altcoins, coins, coin offerings, ICOs, "initial coin offerings", free speech, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of information, cloud computing, virtualization, virtual communities,  virtual currencies, virtual commodities, digital barter, securities law, regulation, consumer protection, false advertising, Lanham Act, misleading, First Amendment, commercial speech, least restrictive means, overbreadth, vagueness, Fifth Amendment, due process, human rights, Telegram, TON, Kik, Kin, Kik Interactive, Bitcoin, Ether, smart contracts, crowdfunding, SEC, The DAO, CFTC, CFPB, European Union, EU, banking, risk, innovation, technology, financial technology, payment systems, multistakeholder governance, polycentric governance, puffery, bespeaks caution doctrine, California, New York, Texas, occupational licensing, libertarianism

Blockchain technology is a new general-purpose technology that poses significant challenges to the existing state of law, economy, and society. Blockchain has one feature that makes it even more distinctive than other disruptive technologies: it is, by nature and design, global and transnational. Moreover, blockchain operates based on its own rules and principles that have a law-like quality. What may be called the lex cryptographia of blockchain has been designed based on a rational choice vision of human behavior. Blockchain adopts a framing derived from neoclassical economics, and instantiates it in a new machinery that implements rational choice paradigms using blockchain in a semi-automatic way, across all spheres of life, and without regard to borders. Accordingly, a global law and crypto-economics movement is now emerging owing to the spread of blockchain.

This Article suggests that such a rational choice paradigm is an insufficient foundation for the future development of blockchain. It seeks to develop a new understanding of blockchain and its regulation through code according to the emerging “law and political economy” framework. Blockchain is much more than a machine that enables the automation of transactions according to a rational choice framework. Blockchain should instead be understood as a technological infrastructure. Acknowledging the infrastructural dimension of blockchain technology may help identify a new role for the law in its interaction with blockchain, as well as for government in its interaction with the new technology. More precisely, identifying blockchain as an “infrastructural commons” helps us recognize that law and regulation should not be relegated to the role of merely facilitating the operation of the invisible hand of the market by and within blockchain, but should rather acquire more active roles, such as safeguarding access on non-discriminatory terms to users, on a model with net neutrality and other public utility safeguards. The Article closes by proposing a “law and political economy” framework for blockchain that is based on principles of publicness, trust, and interoperability.

NFTs (Non fungible tokens) are digitally licensed digital pieces of art it can be anything a game object a digital land a picture or an audio or video clip. The NFTs market has been trending since early 2021 and involving some scams so we aim to analyze the relationship between NFTs and cryptocurrency market and how its price is driven we focus on Ethereum and BTC as we follow Ante L. proposition that BTC price shock triggers NFT sales and Ethereum price shock reduces NFT sales. We will observe the data after June 2021 mainly focusing on the crash of Nov 9. We also aim to find if a scam takes place whenever a price shock takes place

Usually reservation system involves financial transaction, hence any reservation application
has to deal with lot of banking hazards also has to deal with cancellation
process.
Some of the reservation system may have to deal with bad actors, who can block the
system or can hack into system for their advantage. Putting reservation information
into blockchain can help over come all the above disadvantages. Blockchain platform
like Ethereum which is coupled with digital currency can help in handling financial
process of the system.

We are glad to inform you that the School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida is organizing One Week International FDP on "Recent Trends in Cyber Security" through online mode from 26th June -01st July, 2021.

You are invited to attend the same and register yourself.

Kindly register yourself at the earliest by visiting the following link: https://forms.gle/jpsutNDPE2apNdaC7

Blockchain technology is new technology for digital asset tracking and management. Initially Blockchain was implemented as a financial solution, through the Bitcoin and its digital cryptocurrency. This was changed with the development of Ethereum new approach for management of digital assets. The existence of Smart contracts in the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EMV), introduced new ways for dealing the problems with third-parties. This opens opportunities for plethora of new Blockchain implementations for smart homes, smart objects, healthcare, finance management, insurance, supply chain management and many others. This survey paper addresses the state-of-the-art and highlights the possibilities for integration of Blockchain technology and IoT, with main focus to healthcare systems. Due to the Blockchain specifics, there are many unsolved issues and open challenges for the researchers in this area.

?Interested in helping build layer 2 to scale ethereum? L4 is actively hiring. For ethereum 2018 is the year of infrastructure. This is the year when early adoption will test the limits of the network, renewing focus on technologies built to scale ethereum. Ethereum is still in its infancy. Today, it isn't safe or scalable. This is well understood by anyone who works closely with the technology. But over the last year, the ICO-driven hype has begun to far exaggerate the current capabilities of the network. The promise of ethereum and web3 — a safe, easy to use decentralized internet, bound by a common set of economic protocols, and used by billions of people — is still on the horizon, and will not be realized until critical infrastructure is built. The projects working to build this infrastructure and expand the capabilities of ethereum are commonly referred to as scaling solutions. These take many different forms, and are often compatible or complimentary with each other. In this long post I want to dive deep into one category of scaling solution: " off-chain " or " layer 2 " solutions. • First, we'll discuss the scaling challenges of ethereum (and all public blockchains) in general. • Second, we'll cover the different approaches to solving the scaling challenge, distinguishing between " layer 1 " and " layer 2 " solutions. • Third, we'll delve into layer 2 solutions and explain how they work — specifically, we'll talk about state channels, Plasma, and Truebit This article focuses on giving the reader a thorough and detailed conceptual understanding of how layer 2 solutions work. But we won't dig into code or specific implementations. Rather, we focus on understanding the economic mechanisms used to build these systems, and the common insights that are shared between all layer 2 technologies.

Peer review is a necessary and essential quality control step for scientific publications but lacks proper incentives. Indeed, the process, which is very costly in terms of time and intellectual investment, not only is not remunerated by the journals but it is also not openly recognized by the academic community as a relevant scientific output for a researcher. Therefore, scientific dissemination is affected in timeliness, quality and fairness. Here, to solve this issue, we propose a blockchain-based incentive system that rewards scientists for peer reviewing other scientists’ work and that builds up trust and reputation. We designed a privacy-oriented protocol of smart contracts called Ants-Review that allows authors to issue a bounty for open anonymous peer reviews on Ethereum. If requirements are met, peer reviews will be accepted and paid by the approver proportionally to their assessed quality. To promote ethical behaviour and inclusiveness the system implements a gamified mech...

In summer 2018 bitcoin gained a huge popularity and media coverage, this attracted
a lot of speculators that pushed its value to over 20000$, in the couple of months
from the peak it feel down to 3000$. Many skeptics such as Warren Buffet were
more than sure that it was just a rich quick scheme and its value would have
reached 0$ sooner or later. The negative trend ended after 6 months and at the time
of writing this thesis the value raised up to 9000$ again. Few years ago it would
have been impossible to imagine that piece of digital code not controlled by any
government could even reach these values.
Amazon at its early stages was as well victim of the same skepticisms, Its value
raised up to 110$ per share, and after the dot-com bubble popped it feel down to 10
(91% drawdown). Today Amazon is worth more than 1300$ per share.
The total cryptocurrencies’s combined market cap reached almost
1.000.000.000.000$ (1 Trillion) at bubble peak. At the time that I am writing this
chapter it is almost approaching 300.000.000.000$ on positive trend, after the
bubble popped. Considerable amount of trust is given to the market, even if now is
more than clear that investing in it would not get people rich quickly by any chance.
Consistently with the assumptions explained above, the first objective of this thesis
is to extremely simplify the basic concepts behind blockchain for everybody really to
understand how it works and how it could impact society for the better.
Secondly it will analyse all the different possibilities and technological features that
the discovery of blockchain lead to. To connect these abstract concepts to reality I
will take advantage of my personal experience at Euklid as an Intern.
Later by explaining the Tangle network and its features I will try to make the reader
grasp how the possible blockchain’s varieties can be the perfect base ground were
to build the Industry 4.0 form. Considering the Tangle in specific I will analyse how it
could possibly power the Internet of Things.
Finally, by placing those incremental changes in historical perspective considering
the past industrial revolutions, I will make data-based predictions on how those
technologies will impact the major subject’s group we studied during the Business &
Economics degree course.

In today's scenario, many news related to counterfeit land titles, fraud land registry, delay in ownership transfer, the involvement of government officers in fraudulent activities is frequently being heard. However, this depicts that the existing land registry system is not efficient to provide security and timely set

The electronic voting has emerged over time as a replacement to the paper-based voting to reduce the redundancies and inconsistencies. The historical perspective presented in the last two decades suggests that it has not been so successful due to the security and privacy flaws observed over time. This project is about decentralizing authority to record, count and verify votes and the voters, rather than having a central authority. We are using blockchain technology which is a distributed database. With its immutability property and decentralized architecture, it can run and support a voting scheme that is open, fair and independently verifiable. The project will be developed in Ethereum framework which primarily uses Solidity as a language. Ethereum's backbone is its decentralized virtual machine called Ethereum Virtual Machine. The application will be deployed on the thirdweb(web3.0). Overall this project is a potential roadmap for blockchain technologies developing in the nation to support complex applications.

RIAT is an institute for research, development, communication and education in the fields of crypto-economics and the blockchain.

Our academy is aimed at different skill-levels and prepares entrepreneurs, developers and non-developers alike to become part of the crypto-economy. We offer workshops, extensive training and consulting in planning, design and development of blockchain technologies, smart contracts and decentralised applications.

http://riat.academy

Sau khi tìm hiểu về blockchain và cryptocurrency, bạn muốn đầu tư vào Bitcoin thì mối quan tâm hàng đầu là ví BTC nào tốt nhất, an toàn nhất, cách tạo ví Bitcoin cũng như muốn biết đầu tư Bitcoin như thế nào để có cách sinh lời cao nhất.

Trong bài viết này, tiendientu.org sẽ giúp các bạn độc giả giải đáp những thắc mắc trên.

Криптовалюты – платежные средства (по крайней мере, согласно замыслу их разработчиков), созданные на основе блокчейна. Биткойн – первая и наиболее популярная из криптовалют, хотя в этой статье мы будем чаще обращаться к второй по популярности после биткойна и более технологически совершенной криптовалюте – «эфиру»: его технологическую платформу Ethereum иногда называют «всемирным компьютером». А главной темой нашей беседы будет технология блокчейна как предмет социальной и философской рефлексии: какой ее видят криптоэнтузиасты, медиафилософы и, наконец, обычные пользователи.

Cryptocurrencies have emerged as an important financial software system. These cryptocurrencies are generated by a process called mining. Mining is an integral process that not only creates the currency but also, adds records of past transactions to the distributed ledger known as blockchain. The use of blockchain and cryptography enables security in the environment and makes it robust in nature. Since, cryptocurrencies are designed using a peer-to-peer system, they aren't centrally owned by anyone. The peer-to-peer version allows the digital signature to be a part of the solution, this reduces the need for third-party authentication. For the mining of such digital currency,we have to rely on miners to validate the currency and its creation. For the proof of work each network timestamps the transactions that occur by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without re-doing the proof of work. The longest chain serves as proof of the fact that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of the CPU power is controlled by nodes that do not co-operate with the attack network, it will generate a large chain that will space out all hackers and attackers.
Here we discuss the different mining processes for a variety of cryptocurrencies. The importance of blockchain and its use in securing the environment, along with the various hardware issues that miners may face are discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of using various cryptocurrencies are outlined.

Investors now have a multitude of non-traditional assets to choose from, especially from the spectrum of alternative assets, such as financial digital assets. We start from the premise that there is a high risk associated with investing in financial digital assets, along with the opportunities presented from these emerging digital markets that evolve in a decentralized environment. We will be looking at the two major digital assets, specifically Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH), as per their dominance within the markets of crypto assets. This paper will focus on the evolution of financial digital assets and the impact on portfolio assessment that have allocations for BTC and ETH. In order to identify the value and potential of these financial digital assets, we will be addressing volatility and portfolio risks by means of a Vector Autoregression model on the returns of both, BTC and ETH.

This paper outlines the major criticism cryptocurrencies faced since Bitcoin’s introduction in 2009 that resulted in the iterative development of various 'altcoins'. These alternative cryptocurrencies, which can be seen as 'distributed community experiments', introduced new algorithms while also tackling social and other evolving problems that emerged throughout the various phases of adaptation and collective learning processes. Often introduced through self-published white papers or online announcements, these alternative coins represent hypotheses by the respective creators until they can show a significant user-base and ultimately are accepted in online cryptocurrency exchanges. We examine the important experiments and alternative approaches to specific issues of the Bitcoin design and describe differences in coins that have been launched. We not only discuss successful experiments, but also show attempts that failed in the relatively short but eventful past five years of cryptocurrencies. We demonstrate how the initial design of Bitcoin has been extended and improved by 'next generation cryptocurrencies', while the two main aspects - the blockchain ledger as well as strong cryptography - remain key elements to all of these new systems. Finally we outline possible future problems and developments around the blockchain, which not only is the invention that started cryptocurrencies, but remains the most experimental and challenging part with no long-term strategy yet.

The present communication proposes a digitally operative Unique Digital Identification Number leveraging the Distributed Ledger Technology. DLT is a protocol that allows secure functioning of a digital database that exists across several locations. It could be a Blockchain, DAG, Hashgraph, Holochain or Tempo (Radix). DLT backs up all information in a secure and accurate manner using cryptography.

The digital identity ecosystem can work seamlessly across administrative domain viz. educational sector, health-care, finance, telecommunications, crowd operations, public distribution, taxation, legal enforcement and others. The system assures privacy and trust, with least involvement of bureaucracy.

Key words: Blockchain, Citizen ID, DAG, Digital Identity, EPIC, Hashgraph, Holochain, Multipurpose ID, OCI, PAN, PIOC, Tempo, UID.

Something in common for Aragon, Enjin, Decentraland and Minetest. If we follow the vision of Enjin, all game assets should have real ownership, and value; If we follow the vision of Decentraland, all virtual properties should have registered ownership and real value; If we follow the vision of Aragon, virtual organizations are viably and securely democratic; If we follow the vision of Minetest, Minecraft should be totally free and open-source. Why not bring all those amazing visions into the same project? This is the purpose of this proposal: all Minetest blocks (and mobs/items) with value and being assets on Enjin, and worlds being Decentraland's properties and Aragon's DAOs (not exactly like an usual Aragon DAO). It will not need partnership with Enjin/Decentraland but only the use of their platforms. About Minetest and Aragon's funded team, they probably will need some cooperation on making a real-value Minetest; unless an Minetest plugin could achieve all of that described on this proposal. One of the utilities regarding Aragon's DAOs on Minetest, is that they can have their own "physical" installations for conferences, while keeping its virtual form. If you told about Bitcoin and that it haves mining, a Minecraft user should imagine he using a pickaxe for mining gold ores and creating Bitcoin after forging gold; If you told about CryptoKitties for a Minecraft user, he could ask if that is a plugin for bringing cute cat mobs for Minecraft; but if instead of mining with hardware, he could really mine with its pickaxe? and instead of selling Bitcoin, he could sell his ores, blocks, seeds, animals and other items? I believe on the open, entertaining, educative and free power of Minetest. Note: I don't have skills to make it working, but to propose it; then you're free to begin implementing it on a pull request and receive your grants. Full details / technical specifications Minecoin, as main in-game coin to store value as fungible coins Use IPFS for serving Minetest servers instead of centralized servers Use an identity provider for decentralized unique usernames, using Civic API where Minetest's plugins can use blockchain for their blocks/mobs/animals

The rapid increase in the use of Ethereum over the years has proven to have a lot of problems, as users on the Ethereum network experience high gas fees, high transaction costs, and high network congestions. It has been noted that the use of layer 2 scaling solutions could help solve the problems experienced on Ethereum. Due to Ethereum having many different layer 2 scaling solutions, this study compares the different layer 2 scaling solutions to find the optimum layer 2 scaling solution that can help solve the problems experienced on Ethereum. The literature review method used towards the development of this research was a scoping review. This method allowed each paper to be analysed based on depth and comprehensiveness to align with the qualitative nature of the research. The research presents the results using diagrams. The research findings were divided into different aspects of layer 2 scaling solutions. The aspects focused on security mechanisms, transaction costs and scalability of layer 2 solutions. The results reveal that the use of an optimum layer 2 scaling solution on Ethereum can help reduce high gas fees, high transaction costs and high network congestion experienced on the Ethereum network.

Permissionless blockchains have been described as a novel institutional building block for voluntary economic exchange, with unique protocol features such as automated contract execution, high levels of network and process transparency, and uniquely distributed governance. We argue that conventional institutional economics analysis of blockchain networks is incomplete absent a more robust application of descriptive polycentric analysis. Though the distributed governance that permissionless blockchain protocols provide is novel, these networks nonetheless require ongoing coordination between stakeholders and are subject to competitive pressures much like other private organizations pursuing similar goals for a set of users who can choose among providers. We characterize change on blockchain networks as resulting from internal sources and external sources. These internal sources include constitutional (protocol) design and the related need for collective choice processes to update pro...

The advent of DLTs, especially cryptocurrencies, has revolutionized the
financial market, introduced the concrete possibility of smart contracts, increased the cybersecurity of networks, and contributed to the evolution of financial transactions. Along with this evolution, however, came environmental problems stemming from the high energy cost of the PoW process used to achieve consensus in most cryptocurrencies.
If measures are not taken to discourage the use of energy-intensive processes, the environmental and social costs of mining will soon outweigh the wealth made possible by this new technology. This paper aims to raise awareness about the high energy cost associated with
the cryptocurrency mining process, expose options to counterbalance the environmental damage from this practice, and encourage developers, manufacturers, and miners to adopt systems that comply with international environmental legislation, especially the Paris Agreement.

Ethereum smart contracts have recently received new commercial applications and a lot of attention from the scientific community. Ethereum eliminates the requirement for a trusted third party by allowing untrusted parties to expose contract details in computer code. Nonetheless, as online commerce grows, plenty of fraudulent activities, such as money laundering, bribery, and phishing, emerge as major threats to trade security. For correctly recognizing fraudulent transactions, this paper developed a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) technique-based model. The modified LGBM model optimized the parameters of Light GBM using the Euclidean distant structured estimation approach. This paper also examines the performance of different popular models such as Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), XGBoost, Support Vector Classification (SVC), and ADAboost with limited features and compares their performance metrics with the proposed model for Ethereum fraudulent activity classification. A comparative performance evaluation matrices scores of different popular models along with the proposed model demonstrated the applicability of the proposed approach. The modified LGBM algorithms and RF models demonstrate the best performance compared to other models with the highest accuracies, while the modified LGBM algorithm has a slightly superior performance of 99.17 percent compared to the RF model's 98.26 percent.

Bitcoin'in değerinin yükselip alçalmayacağını veya yeni bir para biriminin geleceğini mi yoksa sadece bir şimşek mi olacağını söylemek zor olsa da, kesin olan bir şey Bitcoin al sat yapabileceğinizdir. Kripto para biriminin nasıl alınıp satıldığını ve kullanıldığını merak eden birçok kişiden biriyseniz, okumaya devam edin.

Las criptomonedas han creado un nuevo paradigma económico, y depende de a quién se le consulte, son interpretadas como un avance tecnológico, un movimiento reaccionario contra el sistema bancario, un avance en el manejo de dinero, y por supuesto también son consideradas por algunos, como un bluf que pasará tarde o temprano y el mercado monetario se estabilizará con algunos sobrevivientes y los elementos monetarios tradicionales de intercambio conviviendo.

Hemos asistido a innumerables errores de predicción, supuestos y acciones sobre las criptomonedas, de hecho personalidades del mundo económico han hecho comentarios poco felices, "No he podido identificar el valor intrínseco de Bitcoin" decía Alan Greenspan (2013). A finales de 2013, el ganador del Premio Nobel, P. Krugman decía "Parece que el Bitcoin fue diseñado como un arma destinada a dañar a la banca central y los bancos emisores de dinero (…)”

Las criptomonedas se basan en blockchain, algo en lo cual no profundizaremos en concepción ni definición, pero rescatemos la idea de Goldman Sachs (2017), cuando dice que, "en su esencia, el Blockchain es un registro de transacciones, como un libro contable tradicional" y agrega “hoy las transacciones son verificadas por una autoridad central, como un gobierno o una cámara de compensación (clearing house). Las aplicaciones de Blockchain podrían reemplazar estos sistemas centralizados por sistemas descentralizados, donde la verificación proviene del consenso de múltiples usuarios".

El mundo económico no se pone de acuerdo hoy sobre la regulación de las criptomonedas, pero tampoco lo hace respecto a la visión desde la tecnología, por ejemplo en cuanto a la seguridad. Muchos gobiernos se sienten obligados a adoptarlas, crearlas o regularlas, dada la masividad que toman algunas criptomonedas en ciertas geografías. Y esto también no es de consenso puesto que la idea de masividad, en términos estrictos, dista mucho de acompañar las criptomonedas. Rodeadas de un enorme movimiento de marketing y publicidad, estas monedas virtuales son difíciles de descifrar. Separar bluf de realidad, no parece fácil y esto es parte del paradigma innegable que se ha creado.

América Latina se suma a las criptomonedas de forma muy particular, con una diversidad de sabores que confunden hasta el más ávido entendedor de las criptomonedas y el más avezado economista. Ni que hablar que están siendo un dolor de cabeza para los Ministerios de Economía y los bancos centrales.

Autor de más de tres centenares de trabajos sobre temas de su especialidad, publicados en el país y en el exterior. Corresponsal redactor de varios diarios y revistas , en formato papel y electrónico en Argentina , España, México, Perú, etc.. Integrante de diversos Consejos Editoriales de Revistas en el extranjero. Corredactor del TOFUP (funcionarios públicos) , Decreto 200/97 y de los Decretos modificativos del Decreto 500/91 (procedimiento común , disciplinario y recursivo) , en su calidad de funcionario público

The cryptocurrency market is a very diverse place where it is hard to find reliable information. Moreover, it is nearly impossible to find all the important facts about more than one project in one place >>>> Cryptocurrency Encyclopedia was written to solve this problem and create the first comfortable all-in-one source of knowledge for cryptocurrency investors and traders.

The Cryptocurrency Encyclopedia  comprehensively describes the top 100 most important cryptocurrencies — arranging them by project utility, reliability, team engagement, and fundamental and speculative value. This summary of the cryptocurrency market is sure to help any investor find prime investment opportunities. What is more, all the information are checked in terms of reliability, contain technical specifications and evaluate the community outlook. The book also details the principles of blockchain technology in an easy-to-understand form, allowing the entry to every class of investor — from beginner to an advanced “crypto hodler”.

The book describes the 101 most important cryptocurrencies by their function, advantages, disadvantages, team engagement, fundamental and speculative value. The projects are divided into categories as follows:

=======Classic cryptocurrencies=======
Bitcoin
Litecoin
Bitcoin Cash
Bitcoin SV
Monero
Dash
Etheruem Classic
Dogecoin
Zcash
Decred
Bitcoin Gold
Bitcoin Diamond
Bytecoin
Algorand
MonaCoin
Energi
Verge
Zilliqa

====Contracts and token platforms=====
Ethereum
EOS
Cardano
Tron
Chainlink
Neo
Gas
Qtum
EDUCare
DigiByte
Komodo
RIF Token
WAX
Gram

=======Exchange-based tokens=======
Binance Coin
Unus Sed Leo
Huobi Token
KuCoin Shares
ZB
Synthetix Network Token
Nash Exchange
Digitex Futures
QASH

==Cryptocurrency integration platforms==
XRP
Stellar
NEM
Newton
Libra

=====Alternative blockchain Coins=====
Cosmos
Ontology
Ontology Gas
VeChain
V Systems
Lisk
Nano
Holo
Waves
Icon
Quant
HyperCash
IOST
Ardor

===Crypto-fiat transactions platforms===
Crypto.com
MCO
Crypterium
Pundi X
Nexo
Electroneum

============Stablecoins============
DAI
USD Coin
Paxos Standard
True USD
Stasis Euro
Tether

=====All other major cryptoprojects====
Tezos
Maker
HedgeTrade
Basic Attention Token
0x
Ravencoin
Omisego
ABBC Coin
Augur
BitTorrent
KaratGold Coin
BitShares
Theta
MaidSafeCoin
Siacoin
Lambda
Bytom
Metaverse ETP
Steem
Golem
Enjin Coin
Status
Reddcoin
Loopring
Decentreland
Civic
District0x
Populous

The art industry has commercialised and popularised non-fungible tokens (NFTs), with the volume and value of NFT transactions rapidly growing to US$ 10.7 billion in Q3 2021. The increase in NFT transactions has drawn the attention of the art market to the consequent carbon emissions resulting from verifying transactions in proof-ofwork blockchains supporting NFT transactions. With CO 2-related deaths attributable to NFT transactions, social pressure from the art market has helped to progress the switch away from the deliberately polluting proof-ofwork blockchains to more sustainable consensus protocols. Nonetheless, many popular types of blockchain have resisted the pressure to decrease their environmental impact, including Bitcoin, whose attributed 2021 annual emissions will produce emissions responsible for around 19,000 future deaths. In response, recent global policy interventions have employed legal and fiscal tools to reduce the carbon impact of some or all types of blockchains. Linking the damage caused by proof-of-work blockchains to climate change and human mortality, this study examines the recent policy interventions designed to motivate a shift in blockchain consensus protocols and promote miners' energy efficiency to mitigate environmental damage. This article further explores available policy intervention options that are currently not utilised.

The hospitality industry is an emerging employment generator in any Economy. Hostel management is an important
part of hospitality in towns, villages and tier3 cities in India. With the broadband penetration in remote places and mobile Hostel
room booking in real-time is possible today. Blockchain being web3.0 is a promising technology that has made many real-time
applications in this decade. Hostel room booking fairly and transparently manner is important for many organizations and
institutions. A blockchain-based booking system would provide such a solution. This paper explores the potentials and proposes
one basic contract for the booking system.

Ngày nay Cryptocurrency đã trở thành một hiện tượng toàn cầu được nhiều người biết đến. Mặc dù vẫn còn nhiều người, ngân hàng, chính phủ không hiểu và không chấp nhận. Nhưng đã có nhiều tổ chức, doanh nghiệp nhận thức được tầm quan trọng của chúng. Vậy Cryptocurrency là gì? Những khái niệm xung quanh nó mà chúng ta cần biết là gì? Và vì sao cryptocurrency lại dần được chấp nhận rộng rãi như thế?

Xem thêm bài viết tại đây. Công nghệ Blockchain, hay công nghệ chuỗi khối, là cụm từ bắt đầu xuất hiện dày đặc trên các phương tiện truyền thông những năm trở lại đây. Chúng ta nói về cách mạng công nghệ 4.0, tương lai của loài người, và những thứ đó luôn có bóng dáng của Blockchain. Vậy thực sự Blockchain là gì? Và có quá không khi nói nó sẽ là tương lai của thế giới chúng ta? 1. Tìm hiểu Blockchain là gì "Lần đầu tiên, người dùng Internet có thể chuyển một tài sản được mã hóa sang người dùng Internet khác. Trong công nghệ Blockchain, các giao dịch được đảm bảo an toàn và an ninh. Mọi người đều có thể biết giao dịch đó diễn ra ở đâu với ai hay loại tài sản nào, nhưng không thay đổi được thông tin trên giao dịch. Đây là một ứng dụng mang tính đột phá trong thời đại công nghệ mới."-Marc Andreessen Thực vậy, ​ công nghệ Blockchain thật sự khác biệt so với các loại công nghệ khác mà chúng ta đã biết, công nghệ ​ serve-client (chủ-khách)​. Trong bài hướng dẫn này, chúng ta sẽ lấy mô hình mạng chủ-khách của Wikipedia làm ví dụ để phân tích. Tại Wikipedia, người dùng có thể viết bài hay đóng góp ý kiến, không giới hạn số lượng, khu vực, dân tộc tôn giáo hay màu da của "tác giả". Mặc dù, Wikipedia có nhiều "tác giả" từ khắp nơi trên thế giới nhưng không ai có quyền kiểm soát thông tin trên trang web này. Tất cả dữ liệu sẽ được lưu trữ ở một "máy chủ". Còn đối với ​ blockchain​ , người dùng có thể ghi dữ liệu (thông qua ​ transaction​) lên ​ block​ , những thông tin này được lưu chung tại ​ sổ cái​. Chiếc ​ sổ cái của blockchain cho phép người tham gia hệ thống có thể dùng chung thông tin.

Seen as a rebellious technological invention that could overturn the world's financial institutions, cryptocurrency has endured the speculations of the wild market. Though people are familiar with crypto terms such as Ethereum, Bitcoin, and more, very few understand the fundamental working principle behind cryptocurrency especially when it comes to the financial arena. So, we have put together a mini guide to help you out with determining whether cryptocurrencies are for you and to also keep you away from getting ripped off. What Is Cryptocurrency? Let's start with the basics-what is cryptocurrency. Typically, cryptocurrency is just a way of managing and transferring value online using cryptographical functions. As it leverages blockchain technology, it is decentralized, transparent, and immutable-the three greatest features of cryptocurrency. Among the three features, decentralization happens to be the greatest most important feature of cryptocurrency as this feature makes cryptocurrency uncontrolled by any form of central authorities. Additionally, decentralized nature also makes cryptocurrency immune to the traditional ways of control and interference established by the government. Cryptocurrency exchanges can take place between two parties through both private and public keys. Such transfers being devoid of steep fees charged by traditional financial institutions happens with minimal processing fees as well. Cryptocurrency Mining The interesting fact about cryptocurrency mining is that it allows almost anyone to be a miner. As cryptocurrency follow a decentralized structure, it doesn't hold the authority supervise this task. Thus, cryptocurrency must have some mechanism in order to prevent the ruling party from abusing this ability. For instance, what if there was someone who created thousands of peers and forged the transactions? It will lead to the system breaking down immediately. Due to this reason, Satoshi, when he invented cryptocurrency, defined a rule for miners-every miner needs to invest some part of their work into their system to get qualified to do this task. In fact, what they actually have do is find a hash. A hash is nothing but the resultant product of a cryptographic function that links the newly created block with its antecedent and the entire process is called the Proof-of-Work. When it comes to Bitcoin, Proof-of-Work follows the SHA 256 algorithm. The Top 5 Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Bitcoin is the go-to leader when it comes to the cryptocurrency industry. In fact, according to the studies conducted by Coin Market Cap, the market capitalization of the world's top digital currency is more than $179 billion, with a price per coin of more than $9,9901. Ethereum Ethereum has made it to this list because it is that digital token which sparked the invention of Initial Coin Offering (ICO). Though it is comparatively smaller than Bitcoin, it holds a trading price of around $185 per token and a market cap of $20 billion. The recent studies have found out the total number of ETH tokens present in circulation around the world to be more than 100.7 million. Ripple Next on our list is the pretty popular Ripple that holds a total market capitalization of over $11.8 billion. Unlike the other cryptocurrencies that we have on this list, the value of XRP tokens is too

Smart contracts have a piece of code which are executed under certain conditions and are deployed on blockchain. Some of the applications of smart contracts are crypto assets, Health care applications, voting, IOT, digital rights, gambling, escrow, music rights management, record keeping, smart property and e-governance. Smart contracts plays a crucial role in these applications but adversaries exploit smart contracts due to vulnerabilities in smart contracts and millions of dollars are drained within few years, like The DAO attack, King of the Ether Throne, Multi-player games, Parity Multisig Wallet, Rubixi, GovernMental, Dynamic libraries and Batch Transfer Overflow. Due to these reasons, an extensive research is required on attacks on smart contracts with efficient detective and preventive methods. In this paper, we concentrate on vulnerabilities of smart contracts which are the root cause of the attacks. The existing work on these attacks has discussed only a few of the vulnerabilities and there is a need to cover all smart contract vulnerabilities over Ethereum. The taxonomy of vulnerabilities is listed below with smart contract code and the investigations done on how the attackers are exploiting the Smart Contracts with these vulnerabilities..

The audience of the research paper are cryptocurrencies investors and scientists interested in the topic of cryptocurrencies and blockchain. The article outlines characteristics and mechanics of the cryptocurrencies market, allowing reader to fully understand the process of cryptocurrencies mining. The aim of the paper is to show the unique features of the industry. The analysis of the revenues, costs and profits in the sector and comparing it to the assumptions of the perfect competition, proves that the cryptocurrencies mining market is first industry that achieved all requirements of the perfect competition. The research paper summarizes the potential of the cryptocurrencies sector.

All information about Digital currencies - Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Monero (XMR). How to get free Ethereum from different Ethereum faucest.
In this PDF file is more information about currency Ethereum.
More Information about it can see at website: www.ethereum.net

Thanks for your look !

Without a proper mechanism to track and authenticate drugs, both stakeholder and consumer experience dilemmas. The dilemmas arise between stakeholders and consumers are related to of coordination, inventory management, human resource dependency, order management, stock management, expiry of medicines data etc. Stakeholders are unable to analyse the demands, hence becoming incapable of optimizing their production and storage. Likewise, a consumer remains suspicious about the authenticity of the drug. A medical supply chain promotes updating medicine status at each checkpoint, reducing the disputes caused by medicine ' s unseen journey. In the current market, medical supply chains are present, but they are centralized. A centralized medical supply chain is typically tedious and expensive to maintain and does not provide adequate features to analyse markets. Above all, it brands merely a certificate to prove the authenticity of a drug. However, by using a blockchain platform, the medical supply chain problems can be solved efficiently. This blockchain-based medical supply chain's key feature is to system stores all the medicine batch ' s transfer history. First, a pharmaceutical company is permitted to register a medicine. After the manufacturing of a registered medicine, a batch-manager uploads its details on the platform ' s network. Hereafter, any further exchange of this batch needs both sender and receiver ' s approval. Only after the successful completion of this procedure, an exchange occurs. A corresponding exchange transaction is permanently stored on the network. This sequence shapes the system to follow a systematic order and eliminates the possibility of a third-person fraud. Lastly, we made a DApp (Decentralized Application) for the tracking of the medical supply chain. A medical supply chain built on the blockchain provides immutability, transparency, automation, and integrity. This paper aims to introduce a model to maintain medical supply chain records on the blockchain while explaining blockchain technology. Moreover, the blockchain platforms and their dependencies are explained lucidly. The medical supply chain's implementation and design are performed using smart contracts, Web3.js library, and JavaScript. Furthermore, the system is tested on both a local network, the Truffle suite, and the Kovan test network. In the future, the use of IoT inculcating integrated chip that can automatically update a batch's location, temperature, and other physical conditions periodically can be developed.

Developing a Software for handling the production of goods in the end-to-end tracking of a Product Lifecycle in FMCG Retail companies from the point of raw material procurement to the point of purchase by the consumer which is the final aim. This system is built on the blockchain technology which provides transparency, efficiency and uncorrupted data to the companies and the customers if the companies choose to reveal the information of the product lifecycle. It is based on the Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum uses the concept of Proof-of-State for reduced computational power and increased speed compared to the traditional Proof-of-Work. In this project, the blockchain is run privately (the other alternative is public blockchain where information is open and available globally which has a higher level of security but also needs higher computing power) because most of the companies prefer using their own infrastructure for running the day-to-day operations. This project gives a detailed explain on the architecture of the application, the development and the backend technology etc.
Keywords: Blockchain, Supply Chain Management, Ethereum

A documentação concisa, o envolvimento indevido de intermediários e os freqüentes hacks de dados são alguns dos principais bloqueios que privam milhões de indivíduos de ter uma identidade oficial na Índia. Tendo examinado as questões de segurança relacionadas com um banco de dados centralizado, vários modelos de identidade digital foram apresentados à luz da proteção de dados, descentralização, imutabilidade, revogação, auditabilidade, velocidade e controle dos usuários sobre a informação pessoalmente identificável. Neste livro, foi feita uma visão abrangente das identidades físicas, bem como digitais. Tendo em conta os modelos centrais, federados e auto-soberanos de identidade digital, este último foi proposto para a gestão da identificação, alavancando a tecnologia de cadeias de bloqueio. Nos capítulos seguintes, a arquitetura da cadeia de bloqueio e suas características-chave foram discutidas em detalhes. Finalmente, o mecanismo de funcionamento da cadeia de bloqueio permitiu a gestão da identificação, os procedimentos transacionais, a irreversibilidade, a persistência, as aplicações e os desafios, que provavelmente virão no futuro, foram explicados.