Emotional exhaustion

The present study examined the moderating influences of chronic prevention focus and affective organizational commitment on the relationship between perceived job insecurity and emotional exhaustion through a survey on a sample of 312 employees of a private health institution on the west coast of Turkey. We hypothesized that chronic prevention focus would strengthen, whereas affective organizational commitment would weaken the positive association between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. We further predicted that affective organizational commitment would exert its buffering effect primarily among employees with a high chronic prevention focus, thus reducing the harmful effect of chronic prevention focus. We found that job insecurity was positively associated with emotional exhaustion only among employees with a high chronic prevention focus. There was no moderation effect by affective organizational commitment in the association between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. On the other hand, a significant 3-way interaction effect showed that affective organizational commitment had differential influences on the job insecurity and emotional exhaustion link depending on chronic prevention focus. Consistent with our expectations, among employees with high chronic prevention focus, affective organizational commitment eliminated the positive association between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. However, unexpectedly affective organizational commitment strengthened the positive association between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion among employees with low chronic prevention focus. The implications of the present findings are discussed.

Emotional labor concerns emotions in organizational life and organizational attempts to control and direct how employees display emotions to customers. Teaching is a profession that requires almost constant interaction with students involving a high level of emotional labor. This includes such behavior as surface acting, deep acting and suppression of emotion. This paper reviews literature on emotional labor and aims to study the different constructs of emotional labor in the teaching profession. Data was collected from teachers teaching at the graduate and postgraduate level in reputed colleges. It discusses the association between the variables of emotional labor, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction.

Background: Workplace bullying, as a form of counterproductive work behavior, is a growing trend worldwide. Thus, the increased interest to develop measures to identify, assess and manage workplace bullying. In the last decades, academic research generated a vast amount of knowledge with regards to workplace bullying, especially from cross-sectional studies. However, recent studies propose that longitudinal designs are required to understand better this negative process. Well-stablished scales seem impractical in those studies where there is a limited time for completing questionnaires, such as it occurs in studies involving Daily Diary and Experience Sampling. In these last, the burden of repeated queries and responses places substantial cognitive demands on studies´ participants, increasing the possibilities of dropping out over time or a declining commitment to participate. Several authors have claimed for abbreviated and adapted scales to be used in diary studies. The present study aims to develop and validate a reduced version of the original Escala de Abuso Psicológico Aplicado en el Lugar de Trabajo (EAPA-T): the unidimensional EAPA-T-R. Specifically, the first aim is to reduce the original 12-item scale to a four-item scale (choosing the most characteristic item of each subscale). The second aim is to assess its psychometric properties (e.g., assessing the fit between the shorter and the original scales, and with the self-labeling method). The third aim is to explore the relationship between the EAPA-T-R and several variables (Study 1: job characteristics, transformational leadership, work engagement, job satisfaction, and perceived performance; Study 2: burnout added) to provide information on the evidence of this instruments’ validity.

Method: Our work consists of two studies: For Study 1, our sample consisted of 1,506 employees (722 female), and for Study 2, our sample contained 932 employees (561 female). We first compared the psychometric properties of several potential models (internal validity and reliability) against the EAPA-T full scale, using non-parametric correlations and regressions coefficients. Immediately after, we used confirmatory factor analysis to compare the fit of a potential short scale against the full version of the EAPA-T. Finally, we related our new EAPA-T-R with relevant external criteria.

Results: Study 1 showed initial evidence that supports both the internal and external validity of a reduced version of the EAPA-T scale, the EAPA-T-R. However, since external validation ideally requires independent samples, in Study 2, we conducted additional analyses (a) in a different sample, and (b) with an additional external criterion to ensure further the external validity, by showing that our reduced scale generalizes well into other samples or populations. The results of Study 2 further supported for the external validity of the reduced scale (EAPA-T-R), as more parsimonious and yet reliable version of the original EAPA-T.

Conclusion: Due to the severe adverse effects of bullying on employees and organizations worldwide, its early detection should be a priority for Human Resources Managers. Using the present EAPA-T-R in diary studies or within larger surveys is an efficient way to do so, without compromising the construct validity of workplace bullying.

Emotional exhaustion and organizational deviance are getting increased attention because of their negative impact on business in terms of lost productivity, decreased job satisfaction, lower organizational commitment, and decreased performance. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of leadership style and person–job fit on emotional exhaustion using a sample of employees that provide healthcare and social benefits to a large metropolitan county. We also explored how the impact of emotional exhaustion on organizational deviance behaviors is mediated by employee's job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Results indicate that both emotional exhaustion and job attitudes mediate the effects of participative leadership and person–job fit on organizational deviance. Managerial implications are also provided.

The phenomenon of burnout has always been under scrutiny, especially with reference to the teachers and their demographics. This study has deliberately focused on the English teachers’ burnout and its relation with their demographics of age and workload in Malaysia. The findings showed that burnout is evident at high levels in all dimensions. In addition, some age and workload categories demonstrated significant relations with emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. The findings would help school administrators consider such factors as important in the effectiveness of English teachers.

Ante la necesidad de continuar con estudios sobre burnout en estudiantes universitarios es importante contar con cuestionarios validos y fiables para evaluar el cansancio emocional ya que esta es la dimension del burnout que se manifiesta en estudiantes. Por lo que los objetivos del estu-dio fueron confirmar la estructura unifactorial de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional (ECE) en una muestra de estudiantes de Mexico, asi como valorar su asociacion con estres, autoestima y ansiedad, para contar con informacion sobre su validez al compararla con estos constructos. El estudio se realizo con 506 estudiantes de psicologia de dos universidades del norte de Mexico, se efectuaron analisis factoriales exploratorio y con-firmatorio. Los resultados del estudio confirman la estructura unifactorial de la escala, consistencia interna adecuada y correlaciones significativas con estres, ansiedad y autoestima.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of sales manager support in promoting
the subjective well-being of salespeople as well as the function of the sales manager in cultivating
positive, motivating and productive environments.
Design/methodology/approach – An exploratory assessment of the relationship between sales
manager support and emotional health in salespeople was conducted by interviewing sales professionals
from diverse industries. The insight offered from these individuals, in conjunction with prior literature,
provided the basis for the development of a conceptual model that elucidates the impact of sales manager
support on the emotional well-being of salespeople and subsequently salesperson effectiveness. The
model was tested using 154 salespeople. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.
Findings – Results indicate that sales manager support is negatively related to emotional exhaustion
and rumination, but positively associated with fostering positive working environments and future
expectations. Salesperson motivation is positively related to positive working environments and
customer-oriented selling and negatively related to emotional exhaustion.
Research limitations/implications – The study is cross-sectional in nature and no causal
relationships could be established. Future studies might include field experiments that assess the
effect of sales manager support on salesperson’s well-being and behavior.
Practical implications – The study demonstrates the important role sales managers have in
promoting the subjective well-being of salespeople.
Originality/value – This research addresses how sales manager coaching specifically impacts
elements of a salesperson’s emotional health.

A pressing problem in education today is teachers’ dissatisfaction due to challenges in their work that leads to teacher turnover, disruption in the school community, and added financial costs. This investigation will confine itself to challenges Montessori teachers have the power to ameliorate on their own. Using solutions suggested in studies of teacher satisfaction in traditional settings as a starting point, successful strategies of Montessori educators were studied using online surveys and follow-up interviews. Though over 100 distinct, helpful strategies were reported, 8 top and 19 secondary choices emerged as being very useful to many individuals to reduce stress and improve life satisfaction. To further test these strategies, and the value of presenting them to Montessori educators, the information will be delivered in the form of in-service workshops. Before and after these events, life satisfaction and related skills will be tested using online surveys.

Current study investigated the moderated mediation effect of Trust between Social Network and Emotional Exhaustion among academicians of public sector Universities of Quetta, Balochistan by examining the influence of Emotional Exhaustion on Knowledge Sharing Behaviors of employees. Sample of 221 full-time academic staff members was considered to investigate the connection between variables. The findings of current research suggested that social network and knowledge sharing behavior was partially mediated by employee exhaustion. Trust moderates the negative association among Social Networks and academicians’ Emotional Exhaustion. The indirect negative influence of Emotional Exhaustion on Knowledge-Sharing Behaviors of academicians’ is also decreased. All hypotheses were accepted. The limitations and implication of the study, in addition to recommendations for future research, were discussed.

Aim: In the study, the effects of the concept of work-family conflict on organizational and individual processes were tried to be tested. Within the framework of this aim, answers to the questions “Does the work-family conflict have an effect on emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction” and “Does emotional exhaustion have an mediating role between these two variables” were sought. Method: The data of the research were collected between September and November in 2019 with the participation of nurses (n = 301) providing health services in public hospitals in Malatya. The analysis of these collected data was performed with the SPSS program. Findings and Result: Findings have showed that work-family conflict is positively correlated with life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion in accordance with the main aim of the study and the findings obtained support H1, H2, H3 hypotheses, which are the research hypotheses, and the H4 hypothesis, which is determined as the main hypothesis of the research. According to these results, it is possible to say that emotional burnout has a partial mediating role in the effect of work-family work experienced by healthcare workers on life satisfaction.

Resumen:
Las obras de Byung-Chul Han — La sociedad del cansancio; La sociedad de la transparencia; La agonía de Eros; En el Enjambre y Psicopolítica: Neoliberalismo y nuevas técnicas de pode— recurren a varias metáforas y figuras emblemáticas de la historia cultural y literaria para explicar la figura del sujeto de rendimiento. Sometido a un exitismo patológico y una auto-explotación productiva que entre otras consecuencias ha producido un declinar del deseo sexual o la agonía del eros. Ni siquiera el ocio o la sexualidad pueden rehuir el imperativo del rendimiento. El hombre contemporáneo se ha convertido en una fábrica de sí, hiperactiva, hiperneurótica, que agota cada día su propio ser diluyéndolo en un afán competitivo, de allí que el síntoma de nuestra época es el cansancio. El sistema neoliberal ha sido internalizado hasta el punto de que ya no necesita coerción externa para existir. Asimismo La sociedad de la transparencia lleva a la información total, no permite lagunas de información ni de visión” y acelera el flujo de datos empíricos. El mundo es hoy un mercado en el que se exponen, venden y consumen intimidades.

- Byung-Chul Han: Transparency Society eloquent fatigue and psychopolitics; Of the viral-immune to neuronal-stressful.
Abstract
The works of Byung-Chul Han - Society of fatigue; Society of transparency; The agony of Eros; In the Swarm and psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and new techniques pode- use many metaphors and symbolic figures of the cultural and literary figure to explain the performance of the subject of history. Exitismo subjected to a pathological self-exploitation and production among other consequences has been a decline in sexual desire or the agony of eros. Even the leisure or sexuality may shun the imperative of performance. Modern man has become a factory for themselves, hyperactive, Hyper-neurotic, exhausting day is its own be diluting it in a competitive effort, hence the symptom of our time is fatigue. The neoliberal system has been internalized to the point where you no longer need external coercion to exist. The society also leads to total transparency information does not allow information gaps or vision "and accelerates the flow of empirical data. The world today is a market in which they are displayed, sold and consumed intimacies.


Palabras Clave
Sociedad, productividad, rendimiento, cansancio, dominación, psicopolítica, transparencia, eros.

Keywords
Society, productivity, performance, fatigue, domination, psycho-political, transparency, eros.

The aim of the research study, Combatting the Downward Spiral: Burnout, Support Networks and Coping Strategies of TESOL Teachers at Private Language Schools in Johannesburg, South Africa was firstly to determine whether TESOL teachers working in private language schools in Johannesburg, South Africa suffered from burnout. Secondly, the aim was to discover which factors caused stress for TESOL teachers inside and outside the classroom, what support structures were available for burned out TESOL teachers and the type of coping strategies TESOL teachers used to manage burnout. Using a mixed method design which consisted of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey and semi-structured interviews, the findings revealed that 46% of the TESOL teachers who participated in the research study were suffering from high levels of burnout. Interviews revealed three main areas that caused stress for TESOL teachers: the job of teaching, relationships at work and organisational and TESOL-relate...

This search aims to study the extent to which Psychological Contract Breach affects and produces Emotional Exhaustion amongst employees through the emergence of a state of procrastination at the level of a sample of daily wage employees in the Colleges of Karbala University in Iraq. The study adopted the measures devised by Suazo (2009) to measure the Psychological Contract Breach and Violation, Strunk et al. (2013) to measure Job Procrastination, and Lewin and Sager (2009) to
measure Emotional Exhaustion. The study’s sample consisted of 309 individuals. Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression, and path analysis were used to test the hypotheses, and a number of
conclusions were reached. Most importantly, the feeling among employees of Psychological Contract Breach, in turn leading to an increase in their levels of emotional exhaustion, has been explained
in detail with the identification of the most important treatments to reduce Psychological Contract Breach in order to reduce the negative results arising from it.

Maslach ve Jackons'un tükenmişlik modeli bağlamında tükenmişlik kavramı
Özet: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Maslach ve Jackson'un çalışmaları bağlamında tükenmişlik kavramına ilişkin kavramsal bir çerçeve çizmektir. Tükenmişlik; sıklıkla “bireylerle diyalog halinde çalışanların bitkin düşmesi, etrafındaki olaylara ve gelişmelere olan ilgisinin azalması ve bunlara bağlı olarak performans düşüklüğü yaşaması” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Mesleki tükenmişlik, ise“çaba ve ödül arasındaki algının tutarsızlığından kaynaklanan işle ilgili bir sendrom” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Tükenmişlik kavramının 1980'lerin başında yaygınlaştırılmasından sonra, değerlendirilmesi, özellikle insan hizmetleri sektörlerinde, sendromu inceleyen birçok araştırmacının ilgisini çekmiştir. Tükenmişlik, özellikle insana hizmet veren meslek gruplarında sık görülen bir sorundur. Tükenmişlik fenomenini açıklamaya çalışan çeşitli teoriler vardır. Maslach ve Jackson (1981), başlangıçta sendromu ölçmek için kullanılan Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri'ni (MBI) geliştirdi. Maslach ve Jackson (1981) en çok kabul edilen tükenmişlik modelini üç boyut olarak tanıtmıştır: Duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve düşük kişisel başarı. Duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve kişisel başarıda düşme hissi olarak üç alt boyuttan oluşan tükenmişlik, bireylerde duygusal, davranışsal ve bedensel bazı belirtilerle kendini göstermektedir. Duygusal tükenme; tükenmişliğin bireysel stres boyutunu belirtmekte ve bireyin duygusal ve fiziksel kaynaklarında azalmayı ifade eder. Duyarsızlaşma; tükenmişliğin kişiler arası boyutunu temsil eder. Kişilere yönelik negatif, katı tutumları ve işe karşı tepkisizleşmeyi belirtmektedir. Düşük Kişisel Başarı ise; kişinin kendisini olumsuz olarak değerlendirmesidir. İşte verimlilik ve yeterlilik duygularında bir düşmeyi ifade etmektedir. Sonuç olarak tükenmişlik; başağrısı, mide ve bağırsak hastalıkları, yüksek tansiyon, şeker hastalığı, kas kasılmaları, kronik yorgunluk, kaygı, depresyon, ve uyku düzensizliği gibi ruhsal ve fiziksel problemlere yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada, literatür incelemesi yapılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma, düşük kişisel başarı, tükenmişlik sendromu.

The concept burnout in the contex of Maslach and Jackon's  burnout model
Abstract:  The purpose of this study is to establish a conceptual framework for the concept of burnout in the context of Maslach and Jackson's study. Burnout is determined the factors that affect the occupational burnout of lawyers, the most basic assurance of the right to seek and defend the right to exploit, which is often defined as the exhaustion of those who engage in dialogue with the individual, the diminishing of the events surrounding it. Job burnout was characterized as “a work-related syndrome that stems from an individual‟s perception of a significant discrepancy between effort (input) and reward (output)”. After the popularization of the burnout concept during the early 1980s, its assessment attracted the interest of many researchers, particularly those who study the syndrome in the human services sectors. Burnout is a common problem especially in occupational groups serving people. There are various theories trying to shed light on the burnout phenomenon. Maslach and Jackson (1981) developed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) which was initially used for measuring the syndrome. Maslach and Jackson (1981) introduced the most widely accepted conceptualization of burnout that has three dimensions: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment. Burnout, which is formed by three sub-dimensions that are emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, low personal accomplishment shows itself by emotional, behavioural, and physical symptoms in the individuals. Emotional exhaustion indicates the individual stress dimension of burnout and decreases the emotional and physical resources of the individual. Depersonalization represents the interpersonal dimension of burnout. It refers to negative, rigid attitudes and unresponsiveness to work. Low personal accomplishment referring to a decline in one’s sense of competence and and/or productivity at work. As a result of burnout can cause psychophysical problems such as, headaches, gastrointestinal illness, high blood pressure, diabetes, muscle tension, chronic fatigue, anomie anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. In this study was conducted literature review.
Key words: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, low personal accomplishment, burnout syndrome.

One of the most indispensable and important elements of education is teachers whose personality closely affects training and education. In this context, this study examined the effects of teachers’ personality traits on their emotional exhaustion in a mediating model which centers around emotional labor. Data were obtained from 798 teachers working in primary and high schools in Ankara and Eskisehir. According to the findings of hierarchical regression analysis, neuroticism and extraversion were found to significantly affect emotional exhaustion whereas other dimensions of personality were not found to be predictive of emotional exhaustion. In general, personality traits were found to predict emotional labor and all dimensions of emotional labor were found to affect emotional exhaustion. Further, findings of mediation analysis showed that surface acting was the only mediator in the relation between neuroticism and emotional exhaustion.

The research on occupational psychology has described that dimensions of burnout are significant predictor of turnover intentions among employees of services sector. However, the work engagement has negative impact on the turnover intentions. The study intends to investigate whether work engagement play mediating role between emotional exhaustion, cynicism and turnover intentions. The sample for current study was faculty members of higher education institutions in Sindh province of Pakistan. Barron and Kenny (1986) process was applied to test the mediation. All the variables were significantly correlated with each other. The mediation result shows that work engagement partially mediate between emotional exhaustion, cynicism and turnover intentions.

This study examines the emotional labour performed by employees in customer service roles working in the hospitality industry.The research investigates one of the consequences of performing emotional labour, namely, emotional exhaustion, and attempts to determine how self-monitoring and co-worker support can moderate the relationship between the emotional labour and the outcome variable taken in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 230 participants working in five-star chains of hotel industry and those having direct customer interaction participated in the study. Self-monitoring was found to be a moderator in the relationship between emotional labour and emotional exhaustion. Similarly, the analysis indicated that the positive association was weakened between emotional labour and emotional exhaustion where the employees received higher support from co-workers. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also provided.

This study examines the processes underlying the association between job insecurity and emotional exhaustion, proposing that lack of reciprocity in the organizational exchange relationship is a main theoretical explanation for this association. Specifically, based on the social exchange perspective, we compared and tested two distinct mediating mechanisms: psychological contract breach and distributive injustice. These two indicators of lack of reciprocity constitute the explanatory process through which job insecurity relates to emotional exhaustion, the primary component of burnout. Data analyses from a sample of 322 blue-collar workers in Italy confirmed the mediational hypotheses. A contrast test revealed that distributive injustice was the indicator with more explanatory strength. The results contribute to research on the theoretical explanations of the adverse consequences of job insecurity, considering the nature and antecedents of psychological distress from an organizational exchange perspective.

This workshop has been presented at several venues---medical settings, university campuses, international conferences, etc. In it, I explore the nature and impact of Stress as well as the causes and symptoms of Burnout.  Participants will learn about the types, degrees, and manifestations of many stressors and how these affect our livelihood and general functioning.  Participants will also learn some strategies for better coping and surviving multiple pressures and for balancing family-personal life & work-life demands.  What happens when we are exposed to Chronic Pressure and Acute Stress?  This presentation will examine such impact on the psychological, biological, social, spiritual, and existential levels.  How do accumulated tensions, worries, and anxieties influence our mental, emotional, relational, behavioral, spiritual health? as well as our social-communal wellbeing?  Differences and similarities between Severe Stress and Burnout Syndrome will be clarified, as well as their diagnostic relationship to clinical Depression and Anxiety disorders.  Steps, guidelines, and suggestions for handling stressful situations and avoiding clinical exhaustion, or emotional depletion, will be provided.  Those recommendations include practical interventions, like: watching your Expectations (of self & others), setting Boundaries and Limits (when to say Yes & No), Paying attention to your Thought patterns and Self-Talk, Focusing on the positives not the negatives, Keeping a global-clear Perspective, Planning ahead well, Exercising and Sleeping enough, Watching your diet & food consumption, Cultivating good relationships & friendships, Contemplating-Reflecting-Meditating (becoming more active Spiritually), Reversing unhealthy lifestyles & habits, Joining a small group for support & accountability, Develop Moral-Ethical & proper care for yourself and other, Avoiding the Stress-Distress cycle, Volunteering & helping others in need, Pursuing artistic-pleasant hobbies & leisurely activities, Spending more time in nature, and so on.… © 2020

Job dissatisfaction challenge among nurses has a remarkable impact on patient safety and quality of any healthcare system. The study examines the negative effect of workplace incivility on job satisfaction among nurses through the mediation of emotional exhaustion and helps understand the moderating role of resonant leadership between emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. The study adopts a cross-sectional self-administered survey design to collect 129 responses of registered nurses based on a stratified random sampling technique in Pakistan. Smart-PLS analyzed data revealed the statistically direct insignificant effect of workplace incivility and significant indirect effect on job satisfaction through emotional exhaustion. The results affirmed the emotional exhaustion mediation where resonant leadership had a significant positive moderating role that buffered the negative effect of emotional exhaustion on job satisfaction. Though potentially useful for HR managers, this study is exposed to sample and generalizability limitations. Therefore, opens consideration for solutions in further explorations.

Resonant Leadership, Workplace incivility, Emotional exhaustion, Job Satisfaction.

While to date job crafting has been conceptualised as consisting of behaviours aiming at seeking more resources, decreasing hindering demands, and seeking more challenges, recent research suggests that individuals may restore the fit between their demands and preferences also by optimising their demands. Accordingly, optimising demands has been introduced in the resource‐based perspective to job crafting as an additional strategy that aims at making the work processes more efficient, simplifying procedures and eliminating obstacles. In this paper, we explore and provide evidence for the validity of a four‐factor, hierarchical structure of behavioural job crafting constituted by increasing resources, seeking challenges, decreasing demands, and optimising demands. Moreover, our results provide initial evidence suggesting that overall job crafting may be more strongly characterised by effortful actions to expand the work characteristics rather than to reduce them.