Self-monitoring

This doctoral dissertation used a research-based design approach to explore the opportunities and challenges of using monitoring tools in learning. Although the practice of monitoring is considered key in the acquisition of important learning skills, such as self-regulation, monitoring tools are still an emerging technology in teaching and learning.

While researchers and practitioners have started exploring how to use monitoring tools for teaching and learning, little attention has been dedicated to critical issues regarding the adoption of techno-monitoring practices in learning contexts, like the nature of data and the inferences that are made based on them, the role of students in learning, and the conception of learning and technology. This dissertation aims to address this research gap and provide an understanding of the issues related to the design of monitoring tools and the adoption of techno-monitoring practices in learning through a critical exploration of self-monitoring during independent study. To this end, the articles included in this dissertation elaborate on the values and socio-economic discourses that are embedded in the design of monitoring tools, on the issues related to the design process, and on the implications that monitoring tools have for learning.

The research contributions of this dissertation include the introduction of a functional prototype (Feeler) that uses self-monitoring of brain activity in independent study situations, as well as the identification of several implications to take into consideration in the adoption and design of monitoring tools. The design of the prototype was informed by the participatory design and human-centered design traditions and allows students experience a hypothetical solution regarding the use of self-monitoring tools during independent study. This research builds on the analyses of students' reactions to the prototype, as well as on the findings from the research actions performed throughout the study to identify several implications for the design of monitoring tools.

These implications are organised around a set of key themes, which consist in self-knowledge, agency-oriented technology, reflection and self-regulation, and are expected to guide the design of monitoring tools, as well as the adoption of techno-monitoring practices. This research points at data-privacy and design for autonomy in learning as sensitizing concepts in TEL design and research. The design principles presented in this dissertation are exemplified by the Feeler prototype in order to help practitioners and researchers understand how the empirical findings can be translated into actionable ideas when designing monitoring tools.

Finally, this research should be regarded as an effort to introduce a humanistic perspective to the design of monitoring tools and the adoption of techno-monitoring practices in learning and a call for taking into consideration ethical aspects when analyzing the opportunities and challenges that monitoring tools pose to teaching and learning

While leadership scholars increasingly acknowledge the influence of followers in the leadership process, less attention has been paid to their role in the destructive leadership process. Specifically, the current debate lacks a broad-based understanding of different susceptible follower types that synthesizes related research across academic domains. Expanding on Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser's (2007) toxic triangle model of destructive leadership, we integrate research and theory across various academic literatures to derive a cohesive taxonomy of vulnerable followers that we call the susceptible circle. We describe the core characteristics of each follower type, drawing on Barbuto's (2000) theory of follower compliance to highlight the psychological processes that motivate each follower to comply with destructive leaders. We then conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications, as well as avenues for future research.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of using metacognitive pronunciation learning strategies (self-monitoring and self-assessment), as a key factor in pronunciation learning, by Iranian EFL learners and to see whether it has any relationship with their pronunciation or not. 30 sophomore EFL students of Islamic Azad University, Roudehen branch, participated in this study. They were selected based on their performance on a reading-aloud test of pronunciation, standardized by the researcher herself. Next, a validated researcher-made questionnaire of pronunciation learning strategies was administered to them. It was developed on the basis of O' Malley & Chamot's (1990) and classifications of learning strategies. Data analysis was run and the results revealed that Iranian EFL learners are medium users of pronunciation learning strategies; moreover, for effective pronunciation learning to take place, the use of cognitive strategies is not sufficient. Properly applied metacognitive strategies should also be supplemented for improvement of learners' performance.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of factor analysis in developing and evaluating personality scales that measure limited domain constructs The approach advocated follows from several assumptions that a single scale ought to measure a single construct, that factor analysis ought to be applied routinely to new personality scales, and that the factors of a scale are important if it can be demonstrated that they are differentially related to other measures A detailed study of the Self-Monitoring Scale illustrates how factor analysis can help us to understand what a scale measures A second example uses the self-esteem literature to illustrate how factor analysis can clarify the proliferation of scales within a single content domain Both examples show how factor analysis can be used to identify important conceptual distinctions Confirmatory techniques are also introduced as a means for testing specific hypotheses It is concluded that factor analysis can make an important contribution to programmatic research in personality psychology

ÖZET Bu çalışma, Otistik çocuklarda kendini izleme becerisinin kazandırılmasına yönelik bir derleme özelliği taşımaktadır. Türkiye'de ve dünyada otizm; sosyal ve iletişim becerilerinin oluşmasını etkileyen bir gelişim bozukluğu şeklinde tanımlanmakta iken, kendini izleme ise, bireyin amaç davranışları kendisi üzerinde sistematik olarak gözlemlemesi ve kaydetmesi süreçleri olarak tanımlanmıştır (Anshel ve Seipel, 2009). Çalışmada kendini izlemenin iki boyutu tum yönleriyle ortaya konmaya çalışılırken kendini izleme stratejilerinin de eğitimde kullanılması ve etkililiği yapılan araştırmalar ışığında belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Kendini izlemenin iki boyutu olarak; kendini gözlemleme ve kendi davranışlarını kaydetme (Lee, Palmer ve Wehmeyer, 2009) ele alınmış ve Cole ve McCann (2000)'ın yaptıkları araştırmada belirttiği gibi kendini izlemenin kazandırılması ile öğrencilerin dikkatlerinde artış, akademik alanda verimlilik, sınıf içindeki davranış problemlerinde azalma meydana geldiği iddiası açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu alanda kullanılan kendini izleme stratejileri de çalışmanın bir bölümünü oluşturmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Otizm, Otistik Çocuklar, Kendini İzleme Becerisi, Kendini izleme stratejileri.

Littering is a long prevailing problem all over the world. It causes serious destruction on the environment and gives financial burden to the government, businesses, and communities. According to the study conducted by Jenna Jambeck and her colleagues in 2015, Philippines placed as fourth top contributor of plastic waste in the ocean all over the world. And most of those plastic wastes are litters thrown in the streets, sewages, rivers, or seashores that flush into the ocean during the rainy season. On the other hand, the investigation on the potential causes of this behavior is still limited.

        This study was conducted to investigate the possible factors that contribute to the littering attitude of the people in Metro Manila. It may help policy makers and government’s implementing agencies to come up with a best possible solution to the littering problem in the Philippines. Using the Theory of Self-monitoring by Mark Snyder, the researchers tried to explain how people litter. The study also investigated the role of demographics, such as age, sex, and location, in predicting and influencing littering attitude. It was conducted to a total of 150 random participants coming from Bagumbayan, Taguig; Cembo, Makati; and Poblacion, Pateros; utilizing the 18-item Self-monitoring Scale by Gangestad and Snyder to measure self-monitoring, and 24-item Littering Attitude Scale by Oluyinka Ojedokun to measure littering attitude.

Using the multiple linear regression, the study found out that age and gender do not significantly predict littering attitude [R2 = .011, F(2,147) = .843, p > .05]; while self-monitoring, using a separate regression analysis, was proved to have a significant predicting ability on littering attitude [R2 = .031, F(1,148) = 4.71, p < .05].  Other findings of the study using Two-way ANOVA are: Locations significantly affects littering attitude [F(2,144) = 3.08, p < .05]; high and low self-monitors do not differ significantly in their level of littering  attitude [F(1,144) = .89, p > .05]; and the interaction of levels of self-monitoring and locations do not affect significantly to littering attitude, [F(2,144) = .44, p > .05]. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings were discussed, and recommendations were as well provided.

KEYWORDS: Littering; Self-monitoring; Age; Sex; Location; Regression Analysis

Many philosophers and psychologists have sought to explain experiences of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) and “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia in terms of a failure on the part of patients to appropriately monitor their own inner speech.  These self-monitoring accounts have recently been challenged by some who argue that AVHs are better explained in terms of the spontaneous activation of auditory-verbal representations.  This paper defends two kinds of self-monitoring approach against the spontaneous activation account.  The defense requires first making some important clarifications concerning what is at issue in the dispute between the two forms of theory.  A popular but problematic self-monitoring theory is then contrasted with two more plausible conceptions of what the relevant self-monitoring deficits involve.  The first appeals to deficits in the neural mechanisms that normally filter or attenuate sensory signals that are the result of one’s own actions.  The second, less familiar, form of self-monitoring approach draws an important analogy between Wernicke’s aphasia and AVHs in schizophrenia.  This style of self-monitoring theory pursues possible connections among AVHs, inserted thoughts, and the disorganized speech characteristic formal thought disorder (FTD).

This exploratory study examines an online pronunciation course designed to (a) help university students develop metalinguistic knowledge about pronunciation, (b) gain familiarity with cognitive and metacognitive strategies (c) develop self- monitoring skills, and (d) develop phonological competency individually and at their own pace. One -hundred and ten low intermediate, first-year university students in a required listening course completed eight post-module questionnaires and provided feedback on six areas using a 5-point Likert scale. Two additional questionnaires administered at the end of the semester asked students about their perceived improvement, performance, helpfulness of the assignments, and other aspects of the class in general. All questionnaires allowed for open comments. Means and standard deviations were calculated and used to rank the modules according to the six areas examined and comments were translated, coded, and tabulated. The results showed students desired more guidance with segmentals and preferred Japanese instructions. Open comments  suggested  the  course provided a satisfactory environment for achieving the five goals above, but improvements could be made by including more multimedia, more freedom, and more voices.

Self-monitoring as a personality attribute is given particular attention by researchers in order to understand employee performance and productivity in the organizational context. Numerous studies focused on the impact of self-monitoring from individual employee perspective with limited focus on the impact of the organization’s performance. However, to what extent employees with high versus low self- monitors contribute to the organization’s performance needs to be theoretically augmented. Therefore, relying on exploratory method of research, the paper tries to address the impact of high and low self-monitors on organization’s performance. In this perspective, how self-monitoring helps employees to structure a social network within organizational setting and eventually contribute to it’s success is discussed in this paper. The paper addresses the literature review of self-monitoring principles with special interest in its contribution towards organizational performance through previous research compilation within the field of sociology and organization psychology.

This study investigated the design and delivery of MOOCs to facilitate student self-monitoring for self-directed learning (SDL) using mixed methods. The data sources of this study included an online survey with 198 complete respondents, semistructured interviews with 22 MOOC instructors, and document analysis of 22 MOOCs. Study results indicated that MOOC instructors considered self-monitoring skills critical for SDL. To foster students' self-monitoring, MOOC instructors reported that they facilitated students' self-monitoring by helping students with internal feedback and providing external feedback. Students' internal feedback included cognitive and metacognitive processes. To facilitate cognitive processes, MOOC instructors provided quizzes, tutorials, learning strategies, learning aids, and progress bars. For metacognition, these instructors provided reflection questions and attempted to create learning communities. In addition, MOOC instructors, teaching assistants, and peers provided external feedback for students' self-monitoring. Across these findings, technology played a central role in supporting students' self-monitoring.

Passivity experiences in schizophrenia are thought to be due to a failure in a neurocognitive action self-monitoring system (NASS). Drawing on the assumption that inner speech is a form of action, a recent model of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) has proposed that AVHs can be explained by a failure in the NASS. In this article, we offer an alternative application of the NASS to AVHs, with separate mechanisms creating the emotion of self-as-agent and other-as-agent. We defend the assumption that inner speech can be considered as a form of action, and show how a number of previous criticisms of applying the NASS to AVHs can be refuted. This is achieved in part through taking a Vygotskian developmental perspective on inner speech. It is suggested that more research into the nature and development of inner speech is needed to further our understanding of AVHs.

The Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) is associated with interpersonal manipulation which requires skills in navigating through social situations. Thus, positive relationships between the Dark Triad and self-monitoring (acquisitive: perceptiveness, impression management; protective: protective variability, protective social referencing) were hypothesized and examined in an online-study (N = 408) with (canonical) correlations and factor analyses. Results indicated that narcissism was related especially to acquisitive, Machiavellianism to protective, and psychopathy to both forms of self-monitoring, which supports the view of distinct Dark Triad traits. Findings are discussed concerning different aspects of self-presentation.

This study examines the emotional labour performed by employees in customer service roles working in the hospitality industry.The research investigates one of the consequences of performing emotional labour, namely, emotional exhaustion, and attempts to determine how self-monitoring and co-worker support can moderate the relationship between the emotional labour and the outcome variable taken in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 230 participants working in five-star chains of hotel industry and those having direct customer interaction participated in the study. Self-monitoring was found to be a moderator in the relationship between emotional labour and emotional exhaustion. Similarly, the analysis indicated that the positive association was weakened between emotional labour and emotional exhaustion where the employees received higher support from co-workers. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also provided.

Continues to press the case on the standard self-monitoring account of AVH in schizophrenia, particularly those that focus on inner speech. Focuses on the explanatory framework that guides work in this area including issues about describing the phenomenology of AVH, the validity of introspective reports, and the mechanisms and principles needed to tie brain to behavior. Again, it is argued that while dominant, the inner speech model is perhaps the least plausible of the models under consideration.

High self-monitors were more likely to be addicted to Facebook than were low self-monitors.Number of friends and Facebook activities were the major predictors of Facebook.High self-monitors, Facebook activities, and amount of time predicted Facebook addiction.Number of friends and low-self-monitors linked to social support.This study examined the influence of self-monitoring and the amount of Facebook use on Facebook addiction, and the associations among self-monitoring, Facebook addiction, Facebook usage, and social support. A cross-sectional design was used to collect the data from 257 college students who have used Facebook. The findings indicated that high self-monitors were more likely to be addicted to Facebook than were low self-monitors. In addition, the number of friends and Facebook activities were the major predictors of the amount of time on Facebook. High self-monitors, Facebook activities, and the amount of time predicted Facebook addiction. Moreover, the number of friends and low-self-monitors were linked to social support.

To help people enhance their personal productivity by providing effective feedback, we designed and developed TimeAware, a self-monitoring system for capturing and reflecting on personal computer usage behaviors. TimeAware employs an ambient widget to promote self-awareness and to lower the access burden, and web-based information dashboard to visualize people’s computer usage in detail. To examine the effect of framing on individual’s productivity, we designed two versions of TimeAware interface, each with a different framing setting—one emphasizing productive activities (positive framing) and the other emphasizing distracting activities (negative framing), and conducted an eight-week deployment study (N = 24). We found a significant effect of framing on participants’ productivity, and only the negative framing users improved their productivity. The ambient widget seemed to help sustain engagement with data and enhance self-awareness. We discuss how to leverage framing effects to help people enhance their productivity, and how to design successful productivity monitoring tool.

Purpose – Many people moving into a new culture for work or study do so without prior cross-cultural training, yet successful cultural adaptation has important ramifications. The purpose of this paper is to focus on cross-cultural impression management as an element of cultural adaptation. Does cultural adaptation begin by paying strong attention to nonverbal cues in a host culture? How is that attention converted into knowledge, and how do people use such knowledge management during impression management within the new culture?

Design/methodology/approach – The method was qualitative. In total, ten international students at an English university were recruited. All originated outside the European Union and each took part in a one-hour structured interview. The transcripts were analysed through thematic analysis.

Findings – International students adopted cross-cultural impression management strategies in order to enhance successful adaptation to the new host culture. Students consciously processed knowledge about nonverbal behaviour norms through everyday interactions. They audited knowledge deficits by detecting differences between the host norms and their home culture's norms. The motives for this included desiring to maximise rewards from situations.

Research limitations/implications – The findings imply that being in a new culture makes people “high self monitors”. They are more aware than usual about their own and others' nonverbal behaviours. The findings tell us about how cultural adaptation begins.

Originality/value – This appears to be the first in-depth qualitative research examining cross-cultural impression management by international students and deducing implications for expatriates.

This study focused in determining relationship between independent learning strategies and speaking skills of students in English.This study utilized descriptive-correlational research. One hundred ten (110) Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences students form Recto Memorial National High School were chosen as the respondents of the study using the stratified random sampling. The researcher-made instrument, consisting of two parts: frequency on the use of four independent strategies namely, goal setting, attention control, self-monitoring and evaluation, and help seeking and a 40-item test on the speaking skills particularly pronunciation, word stress, grammar and vocabulary, was used as the main data-gathering instrumentPreparatory measures were conducted before the implementation of the study; permission letters were also prepared and secured. The instrument havebeen validated and corrected by external and internal experts.The result of the variables showed independent learning strategies such as goal setting and attention control were found to be significantly correlated to speaking skills in English of the respondents in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary. However, the result also revealed that the independent learning strategies such as self-monitoring and evaluation and help seeking were found to have no significant relationship with the respondents' speaking skills in English.

Self-monitoring is used to point out that how people monitor and control their behaviors in
social environments. Therefore, it is possible to attribute a functional role to self-monitoring.
Accordingly, this study evaluates self-monitoring as an effective agent to understand social
behavior. It can be argued that as a social being every person uses self-monitoring strategies.
But people differ in respect to frequency of using self-monitoring strategies and therefore
people are classified as high self-monitors and low self-monitors. This classification indicates
that there are differences of behavioral dispositions between high self-monitors and low selfmonitors. The article which focuses on interpersonal differences based on self-monitoring,
studies these differences systematically and analyzes the relationship of self-monitoring with
several variables. Thus, this study aims to contribute to discussions that treats self-monitoring
as a personality trait.

This research paper explores the mediating role of attitude towards the advertisement and attitude towards the brand, and moderating role of self-monitoring in the relationships between perceived humor in the advertisement and purchase intention of the customer. Survey data was collected from 209 individuals after showing advertisements. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and macro developed by Preacher and Hays have been used to test moderation and mediation effect in the hypothesized model. A good fit between the data and tested model was observed. As predicted, purchase intention was positively related to perceived humor and full mediation effect has been found. The moderating role of self-monitoring has also been supported by the data. The findings are particularly salient for national and multinational media agencies in Pakistan as well in the other parts of the world.

Background: Diabetes is a major problem of public health through its personal and social dimensions. The treatment of diabetes associated with lifestyle modification and monitoring of laboratory parameters will lead to decrease diabetes complications and associated costs.

Aim & Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to describe the profile of the diabetic patient in Romania, studying the adherence of treatment and self-monitoring of diabetics.

Methods/Study Design: This research is a cross-sectional  study, carried out in 2011, February- April.We included in the study a number 477 patients from 10 GPs (Bucharest and Ilfov County) who agreed to cooperate. We colected data from two questionnaires (demographic, diabetes status, self-management activities) and from  GPs evidence (treatment, co-morbidities, BMI, blood pressure, lipid profile,  HbA1c level).

Results/Findings: More type 2 diabetics had other diseases than type 1 diabetcs (p<0,001) because they are older persons. Over 2/3 of the patients declare to have a good adherence to the medication but the majority had a poor control of the glycaemia (HbA1c level). The HbA1c value differences were non-significant between type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Complications score was highly correlated with HbA1c value and with adherence to the treatment. The strongest factor related with a better HbA1c value is, as expected, the special diet for diabetics (p=0,021).

Conclusion: The average HbA1c is over what is considered as adequate and, obviously, the number and the extent of complications, high, in spite of the declared good coping with the medication program. A better and closer follow up and monitoring of diabetic patients, a tighter schedule of consultations with the GP and specialist, the onset of a program of support carried out by trained nurses could be answers to serious inadequate behaviors.

Individuals with disabilities need to learn to control their own behaviors to rank among in the community. Selfmanagement
strategies are developed for this purpose. These strategies include antecedent cue regulation,
self-instruction, self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement. In the literature, there are researches
about the effectiveness of self-management strategies on teaching various behaviors to individuals with disabilities.
In this study 40 single-subject research articles conducted with individuals with disabilities and published
in peer-reviewed journals in between 1999-2008 have been examined. Articles primarily have been descriptively
analyzed and then examined by use of meta-analysis as the computation of effect-size. Examining the
findings of the descriptive analysis, it is found out that the most commonly used strategy is self-monitoring and
strategies are mostly used for people aged between 7 and 17, which is referred to as school age. The PND score
obtained in the studies that were examined was found as 87.23% on average for the behaviors that were wished
to be increased, compared with PZD score an average of 43.96% for the behaviors that were desired to be
decreased. According to the PND and PZD scores, it is possible to say that self-management strategies are effective
for those behaviors that are desired to be increased, but they are doubtful/unstable in managing behaviors
that are desired to be decreased. Findings have been interpreted and discussed by considering the literature
and suggestions have been submitted for the implications and future researches.

This study investigated the establishment of monitoring responses via video modeling of two children with
autism spectrum disorder and whether those responses stimulate observational learning of tacts and textual behavior for these
children. Pre-and post-tests of observational learning via video modeling were performed. Then, monitoring responses were
trained in three steps: (1) teaching of monitoring responses; (2) establishment of stimulus control by the model´s behavior
and (3) establishment of stimulus control by the consequences of the model´s behavior. The two participants acquired
monitoring responses in four sessions. One participant acquired tacts and textual behavior via observational learning. We
discuss the potential of video modeling as a tool to train precurrent behavior necessary for observational learning.
KEYWORDS: observational learning, video modeling, monitoring, autism, children

Research on monitoring learning and comprehension of study materials has mainly focused on word pairs and text. This study investigated whether children in grade 3 could differentiate in their Judgments of Learning (JOLs) between problem-solving tasks that varied in complexity, and whether those judgments made immediately or delayed would differ in accuracy. Participants engaged in solving four arithmetic problems, rated mental effort invested in each problem, gave either immediate or delayed JOLs, and completed a test containing isomorphic problems. The negative correlation that was found between invested mental effort and JOLs suggested that children's JOLs are sensitive to differences in complexity of the problem-solving tasks. Furthermore, results on the relative and absolute accuracy of JOLs showed that immediate JOLs were numerically higher than delayed JOLs, and relative accuracy of immediate JOLs was moderately accurate, whereas delayed JOLs were not accurate. Research has shown that monitoring accuracy, that is, accuracy of students' judgments of what information they have or have not yet learned, plays an important role in selfregulated learning. When these monitoring judgments are not accurate, students will not be able to make optimal study choices, for example about how they should allocate their study time and what information they need to restudy (Dunlosky & Lipko, 2007; Metcalfe, 2009). Research on ways of enhancing the accuracy of students' monitoring judgments has mainly focused on study materials consisting of paired associates or short expository texts (for reviews, see Rhodes & Tauber, 2011; Thiede, Griffin, Wiley, & Redford, 2009). Much less is known about monitoring judgments regarding the kind of procedural problem-solving tasks typically seen in important school subject domains such as math or science (see Efklides, 2002). There are many different kinds of problem-solving tasks; they vary from insight problems to well-structured transformation problems that have a clearly defined goal and solution procedure, to ill-structured problems that do not have a well-defined goal or solution procedure. Well-structured problems, such as math and biology problems encountered in primary and secondary education, consist of a well-defined initial state, a known goal state, and can be solved using a constrained set of logical operators (Jonassen, 2011). Even though monitoring one's own performance and being able to regulate further learning is just as important in this domain as it is in language learning, few studies have Chapter 2 Accuracy of Primary School Children's Immediate and Delayed Judgments of Learning about Problem Solving Tasks

We now see an increasing number of self-tracking apps and wearable devices. Despite the vast number of available tools, however, it is still challenging for self-trackers to find apps that suit their unique tracking needs, preferences, and commitments. Furthermore, people are bounded by the tracking tools' initial design because it is difficult to modify, extend, or mash up existing tools. In this paper, we present OmniTrack, a mobile self-tracking system, which enables self-trackers to construct their own trackers and customize tracking items to meet their individual tracking needs. To inform the OmniTrack design, we first conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 12) and analyzed existing mobile tracking apps (N = 62). We then designed and developed OmniTrack as an Android mobile app, leveraging a semi-automated tracking approach that combines manual and automated tracking methods. We evaluated OmniTrack through a usability study (N = 10) and improved its interfaces based on the feedback. Finally, we conducted a 3-week deployment study (N = 21) to assess if people can capitalize on OmniTrack's flexible and customizable design to meet their tracking needs. From the study, we showed how participants used OmniTrack to create, revise, and appropriate trackers—ranging from a simple mood tracker to a sophisticated daily activity tracker. We discuss how OmniTrack positively influences and supports self-trackers' tracking practices over time, and how to further improve OmniTrack by providing more appropriate visualizations and sharable templates, incorporating external contexts, and supporting researchers' unique data collection needs.

Self-monitoring theory explains the individual differences in using interpersonal adjustment techniques like self-control, self-regulation, and self-presentation. Self-monitoring
plays a key role for understanding the social life. Therefore, it has been one of most popular
research topics in social psychology. The aim of this study is to find out if there is a meaningful
relationship between religious orientation and self-monitoring, and to determine the direction of the relationship if it exists. Besides, examining the effect of religious group membership on self-monitoring is another aim of this study. In accordance with this purpose, Religious Orientation Scale and Revised Self-Monitoring Scale are applied to sample group which
consists of 437 female and 369 male participants aged16 to 65+ living in Bursa. The results
has revealed that there is a meaningful positive correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and self-monitoring. In addition, no meaningful relationship between religious group
membership and self-monitoring has been confirmed.

It is hard to deny that contemporary society is becoming increasingly medicalized. Mental health is likely the most medicalized sphere. The pathologization of emotions is entangled with the rise of a therapeutic culture. This article proposes the hypothesis that apps used to self-track different aspects of mental health and wellbeing represent a peculiar kind of pedagogical tool and a new engine of medicalization. The “quantified self” acts on reality with the conviction that a data-driven life can enhance one’s health status. The mechanisms that foster this attitude are gamification and quantification – two central features of mental health apps. We seek to demonstrate this through a content analysis of six of the most downloaded mental health apps focused on two different kinds of texts: the description provided by the app itself and the reviews written by its users. Our investigation reveals that these types of apps are giving rise to an idea of the subject which is separated from social factors. This de-policitization of health brought about by the apps strengthens the neoliberal idea of health as an individual responsibility, marginalizing any discourse on social justice. Therefore, this kind of health education appears at best ambiguous, if not controversial.

This article refers to the main contributions emerged during the EASST conference, session T102. Everyday analytics: The politics and practices of self-monitoring. Through provoking and personal reflections, this short paper analyses self-tracking activity of everyday life into two axes: the role of the self as a laboratory and the meaning of data as the degree of extrinsic reality. The purpose of realizing a self-knowledge through num- bers involves several technologies and practices that are leading us toward a new version of the self.

As people continue to adopt technology-based self-tracking devices and applications, questions arise about how personal informatics tools can better support self-tracker goals. This paper extends prior work on analyzing and summarizing self-tracking data, with the goal of helping self-trackers identify more meaningful and actionable findings. We begin by surveying physical activity self-trackers to identify their goals and the factors they report influence their physical activity. We then define a cut as a subset of collected data with some shared feature, develop a set of cuts over location and physical activity data, and visualize those cuts using a variety of presentations. Finally, we conduct a month-long field deployment with participants tracking their location and physical activity data and then using our methods to examine their data. We report on participant reactions to our methods and future design opportunities suggested by our work.

An approach to the structural health management (SHM) of future aerospace vehicles is presented. Such systems will need to operate robustly and intelligently in very adverse environments, and be capable of self-monitoring (and ultimately, self-repair). Networks of embedded sensors, active elements, and intelligence have been selected to form a prototypical "smart skin" for the aerospace structure, and a methodology based on multi-agent networks developed for the system to implement aspects of SHM by processes of self-organisation. Problems are broken down with the aid of a "response matrix" into one of three different scenarios: critical, sub-critical, and minor damage. From these scenarios, three components are selected, these being: (a) the formation of "impact boundaries" around damage sites, (b) self-assembling "impact networks", and (c) shape replication. A genetic algorithm exploiting phase transitions in systems dynamics has been developed to evolve localised algorithms for impact boundary formation, addressing component (a). An ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm, extended by way of an adaptive dead reckoning scheme (ADRS) and which incorporates a "pause" heuristic, has been developed to address (b). Both impact boundary formation and ACO-ADRS algorithms have been successfully implemented on a "concept demonstrator", while shape replication algorithms addressing component (c) have been successfully simulated.

The within-word and within-utterance time course of internal and external self-monitoring is investigated in a four-word tongue twister experiment eliciting interactional word initial and word medial segmental errors and their repairs. It is found that detection rate for both internal and external self-monitoring decreases from early to late both within words and within utterances. Also, offset-to-repair times are more often of 0 ms in initial than in medial consonants.

The present research examined the influence of constructs representing social effectiveness on assessment center (AC) ratings in two samples. We expected different effects of self-monitoring (SM) on different dimension ratings, a positive effect of the ability to identify criteria (ATIC) on the overall AC rating and a moderating effect of the ATIC on the relationship between SM and the dimension rating. Forty-six (Study 1) and 115 (Study 2) applicants participated in ACs in field settings. Across both studies, SM had a negative effect on the integrity rating. No relationship was identified between SM and social sensitivity or problem solving ratings. In Study 1, the ATIC had a positive effect on the overall AC rating. No support was identified for a moderating effect of the ATIC on the relationship between SM and the social sensitivity rating.

Self-monitoring theory explains the individual differences in using interpersonal adjustment techniques like self-control, self-regulation, and self-presentation. Self-monitoring plays a key role for understanding the social life. Therefore, it has been one of most popular research topics in social psychology. The aim of this study is to find out if there is a meaningful relationship between religious orientation and self-monitoring, and to determine the direction of the relationship if it exists. Besides, examining the effect of religious group membership on self-monitoring is another aim of this study. In accordance with this purpose, Religious Orientation Scale and Revised Self-Monitoring Scale are applied to sample group which consists of 437 female and 369 male participants aged16 to 65+ living in Bursa. The results has revealed that there is a meaningful positive correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and self-monitoring. In addition, no meaningful relationship between religious group membership and self-monitoring has been confirmed.
Summary: The adaptation process of the human being as a social creature starts in a mother's womb and becomes more complicated in consequence of coming into the world which is full of stimulus. In the beginning, this process has only a physical aspect, but with the inclusion of emotional, cognitive, and social factors over time turns into developmental tasks that people will struggle throughout their lives. The social development involves the process of becoming of the individual as an organic part of the society. As the individual realizes the existence of the other, he/she develops similar patterns of behavior that can be approved by the other. Because the meaningful relationships that form the backbone of social development constitute an important part of the self. Belonging is one of the main needs, that the individual shapes his emotions, actions, and decisions more or less in line with this need in order not to encounter the possibility of social exclusion.
While belonging is a universal need for every healthy individual, there are differences between individuals in terms of directing the course of the relationship, role sharing, and using situational clues. Individual differences in how people construct interpersonal processes led Mark Snyder to systematize and theorize the concept of self-monitoring. Self-monitoring is a concept that expresses individuals' control of self-presentation, expressive behavior, and non-verbal emotional expression and their regulation. Accordingly, individuals with a high tendency to shape their behavior according to the context are classified as high self-monitors and those with low tendency are classified as low self-monitors.
It can be said that adherence to religion, which is one of the determinants of social behavior, is related to self-monitoring. In this context, the main subject of this study is the relationship between self-monitoring and religiosity. The study aims to examine the effect of intrinsic-extrinsic religiosity on individuals' self-monitoring levels. Besides, as a form of religiosity, to reveal whether religious group religiosity affects self-monitoring, the study examines also self-monitoring levels of individuals belonging to the religious group and those who are not.
The sample of the study was selected by a simple random sampling method and it consists of 806 participants aged 16 to 65+ living in Bursa in 2017. 437 (54.2%) of the participants in the research are women and 369 (45.8%) are men. In this study, a relational screening model was used for determining the presence, direction, and degree of the relationship between the variables. The questionnaire technique was preferred as the method of gathering information. The questionnaire was arranged in a way that does not require asking the participant any other questions apart from the questions on the form. The questionnaire form used in this research consists of 43 items. At the beginning of the questionnaire, there is a 9-item personal information form that includes demographic items consisting of age, gender, educational status, marital status, occupation, place of residence, socio-economic status, levels of subjective religious involvement, and religious group membership. For the measurement of self-monitoring, a 12-item "Self-Monitoring Scale", which was developed by Mark Snyder, revised by Richard Lennox and Raymond Wolfe and adapted by İlknur Özalp Türetgen and Sevim Cesur to Turkish (α = .80) was used. For the measurement of religious orientation, a 22-item “Religious Orientation Scale” developed by Gordon Allport and Michael Ross and adapted to Turkish by Fatma Gül Cirhinlioğlu was used (α = .90). Data collected through scales were processed by One Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA), t-Test, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis and turned into research findings.
According to the results of the simple linear correlation analysis conducted to reveal whether there is a relationship between the self-monitoring scores of the participants and the intrinsic religious orientation scores, there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables (r = 0.102, p = 0.004 <0.01). The findings also shows that there is a positive relationship between self-monitoring and extrinsic religious orientation (r = 0,192, p = 0,00 <0,01). T-test results analyzing whether being a religious group member causes a significant difference show that there is no statistically significant difference (t (804) = 0.642, p = 0.521> 0.05). The result of the correlation analysis between self-monitoring and the level of subjective religious involvement shows that no significant relationship is found (r = 0.051, p = 0.146> 0.05).
This research expected that there was a negative relationship between self-monitoring and intrinsic religious orientation. However, the analyses has not reported anticipated results as addressed in the previous research. Therefore, this study opens the door for asking new questions about the subject. Religious groups, by their very nature, can refer the individual to self-presentation control, obedience, to act as deemed appropriate by the group, to adapt to the group, to change behavior without attitude change, and therefore, to attitude-behavior inconsistency. It can be argued that not only religious groups but, by their nature, all social groups create harmony-oriented pressure on the individual. Therefore, it can be predicted that belonging to a group, in general, may have a significant effect on the level of self-monitoring. The high self-monitoring scores of the participants, whether religious or non-religious group members of this study may have reduced the observability of the difference between the two groups. Therefore, repeating the study on a different sample may produce different results.

"Representation" is one of those Janus-faced terms that seems blatantly obvious when used in a casual or pre-theoretic manner, but which reveals itself far more slippery when attentively studied. Any allusion to "metarepresentation," it would then seem, only compounds these difficulties. Taking the metarepresentationalist framework in its roughest outline as our point of departure, we shall instead try to articulate four key "structural" features that appear binding for any such theory.