Counterfeit

Новая книга кандидата исторических наук, ведущего научного сотрудника сектора нумизматики Национального музея истории Украины –
Андрея Бойко-Гагарина
«ФАЛЬШИВОМОНЕТНИЧЕСТВО В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ В ЭПОХУ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И РАННЕГО НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ»
посвящена подделкам монет в ущерб денежному обращению. В работе изучены основные типы подделок монет, встречающихся в находках Центральной и Восточной Европы, анализируются причины появления фальсификатов, определена роль фальшивок в истории денежного обращения, локализированы потенциальные центры незаконного производства монет на территории современной Украины.
Киев, 2017. Тираж 400 шт.





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Experts have recently reported false bronze nummi with large reverse monograms of late Roman Imperial and Ostrogothic leaders. The experts include Alain Gennari and other members of Lamoneta.it, but not the present author. He is simply presenting this supplement to his paper “The Ricimer Monogram with Its Mysterious Additional A” and informing readers about the likelihood of spurious pieces thought to be of modern Serbian origin. His previous paper presented two Ricimer pieces, and here he presents two pieces with monograms interpreted as Eraric’s by some sources, but as mere fantasies by others. Some disagreement regarding authenticity appears to remain among some  experts and dealers.

Итак, мы видим, что аспект фальшивомонетничества в Золотой Орде приобрёл совсем
иные черты по сравнению с государствами Европы. Фальшивых монет, изготовленных путём на-
несения покрытия на заготовку из недрагоценного металла, несмотря на огромное количество
джучидских монет в денежном обращении, – крайне мало. Преобладают подделки монет, изго-
товленные из серебра. Нам удалось изучить лишь некоторые типы фальшивых монет с нанесени-
ем покрытия, использовавших в качестве прототипов самые распространённые данги, чеканен-
ные от имени ханов Токты, Узбека, Джанибека и Токтамыша, чеканки Крыма и Сарай ал-Джадид.
Обиходных монет массовой чеканки из золота в Орде не было, потому, предположительно, в
крупных ремесленных центрах подделывали индийскую золотую монету.

Бойко-Гагарин А.С. О кустарных подделках монет Золотой Орды // Сб.науч.статей. - Русь Литва Орда в памятниках нумизматики и сфрагистики. - Выпуск 1. - Минск: "Рифтур Принт", 2015. - С. 36-38.

В этой статье рассмотрены подделки денежно-весовых слитков, находившихся в денежном обращении Киевской Руси. Проведен РФА анализ медных слитков гривен, на основании чего сделаны выводы относительно принадлежности слитков с поверхностным слоем драгоценного металла к фальсификатам того времени.

In an everyday perspective of resistance, there is a tendency to favor hu­man action and agency, both in the exercise of power or in the acts of resistance. The aim of this study is to examine material agency in every­day power-dynamics and to open a methodology of resistance studies in the realm of physical objects, designs and materials. In correlation to a "new materialist'' perspective on power, resistance works to build affinity between humans and nonhuman agency and disrupt materially-support­ed subordination. In this study, a materialist methodology is introduced, with examples of how consumer objects are transformed to interfere with consumer relationships to become tools far cultivating resistant capabili­ ties. As a case, the study examines a handbag made from a cookie box, produced by the Spanish activist "movement " Yomango, where the mate­rial properties of the metal bpx are mobilized to become active in the re­ sistance. From a materialistperspective, the handbag becomes more than-a symbolic prop for human-led activists and joins the ranks of co-resistors.

Бойко-Гагарін А.С. Тогочасні підробки ісламських монет із колекції В. Гріньковського у зібранні Національного музею історії України /  Андрій Бойко-Гагарін // Збірник наукових праць « Науковий вісник Національного музею історії України». – Випуск ІІ. – Київ, 2017. – С. 187-195.

In China, shanzhai (which is related to the English word ‘counterfeit’) products are widely used by a large amount of Chinese users and have been fully integrated into the society. This paper investigates the situated behaviours and knowledge that Chinese shanzhai users employ with shanzhai products in everyday life. Drawing on ethnographic research we conducted in Shanghai in 2010, we present detailed portraits of three shanzhai users to show that shanzai products are not simply low-priced counterfeits of well-known brands, but rather are extensions of their users, who engage with particular product categories in socially accepted ways to enact identity, generate pride and avoid shame. In this regard, we also we consider the different use scenarios for both shanzhai and authentic products.

Бойко-Гагарін А.С. Справа фальшивомонетника Адама Богуша (1868–1870 рр.). Проблеми гуманітарних наук: збірник наукових праць Дрогобицького державного педагогічного університету імені Івана Франка. Серія Історія / ред. кол. Василь Ільницький (головний редактор) та ін. Дрогобич: Видавничий дім «Гельветика». Випуск 5/47. Дрогобич, 2020. С. 140–153. DOI: 10.24919/2312-2595.5/47.217752


Boiko-Haharin, A. (2020). Sprava falshyvomonetnyka Adama Bohusha (1868–1870) [The case of the counterfeiter Adam Bogusz (1868‒1870)]. Problemy humanitarnych nauk: zbirnyk naukovych prats Drohobytskoho derzhavnoho pedahohichnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka. Seriia Istoriia – Problems of Humanities. History Series: a collection of scientific articles of the Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 5/47, . doi: https://doi.org/10.24919/2312-2595.5/47.217752 [in Ukrainian].

In 2018 and 2019, I received letters in Texas mailed from France bearing what appeared to be Marianne self-adhesive stamps.  The contents were typical Nigerian-type scam letters with contact information in Barcelona.  On further inspection, the stamps were found to be offset lithographed copies of the genuine line engraved stamps.  As such, they are a newer version of the crude color photocopies of stamps used on Nigerian scam letters mailed in the 1990s, before the scammers migrated to emails.  Similar offset lithographed forged U.S. stamps have been marketed at discount from face.  Those are believed to have been manufactured in China where these probably also were made.

Bojko-Gagarin A. Odlewnicze formy podrobki talara miasta Ulm z 1620 roku z Wolynia // Przeglad Numizmatyczny. – Nr. 3 (98). – 2017. – S. 6-7.


Интереснейшая случайная находка ждала местных жителей в районе города Торчин Луцкого района Волынской области – это инструмент частных фальшивомонетчиков, предназначенный для незаконного производства талеров города Ульм 1620 года, состоящий из двух частей. Описанные инструменты фальшивомонетчиков еще раз подтверждают предположение о том, что с высокой степенью вероятности на Волыни на протяжении всего XVII века проводилась подделка разнообразных монет.

Counterfeit medications, medication overprescribing and a slow antiquated process encompassed in recalling batches of medications represent serious supply chain concerns for the pharmaceutical industry. Blockchain, the technology underpinning the Bitcoin cryptocurrency, has been touted as a possible solution and panacea for the pharmaceutical industry to overcome the aforementioned concerns. Vigilant information systems enable organisations to make quick decisions in real-time in dynamic supply chain environments. Currently, the concept of blockchain vigilant information systems and their impact on supply chain decision making has not been researched in the pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, using an inductive grounded theory approach, we investigate pharmaceutical blockchain use cases and present an emergent multi-layer pharmaceutical blockchain vigilant information system (PBVIS) model. The various capabilities of each layer for pharmaceutical supply chain stakeholders are discussed. Research implications and fruitful avenues for future research studies are also presented in this chapter.

The infringement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the form of counterfeiting has emerged as one of the biggest crimes of the contemporary world. Counterfeiting has become a global epidemic, creating huge losses to the established brands, economy of a nation, undermining innovation and creativity and posing a significant threat to consumer health and safety. In recent times, it has become the world’s fastest growing and most profitable business. To combat counterfeiting, a detailed investigation from the consumers demand perspective is required as the universal law of economics states that “where there is a demand, there will be a supply”. The main aim of the study is to identify the key psychographic determinants affecting consumers’ buying intentions of purchasing counterfeit products in India. The main findings of the study revealed that price consciousness, novelty seeking, status consumption and peer pressure are the key psychographic determinants affecting consumers’ b...

The current study was designed to investigate Indonesian consumers' willingness to buy counterfeit branded products. Using a quantitative design, variables considered included extrinsic cues, lawfulness , attitudes (attitudes toward general lawfulness and espoused attitudes toward purchasing legality), and product perfonnance expectation. A particular emphasis was placed on the consumers' willingness to buy non--deceptive, counterfeit, branded products. Issues of status consumption and product involvement were also explored. The sample for the study consisted of executive post-graduate students of Magistrate . Management Program. The sample has been selected from three reputable universities in Indonesia: Of the 600 questionnaires: forwarded to prospective respondents, four hundred and seven completed questionnaires were returned for analysis. Final sample consisted of two hundred and fifty five males (62%) and one hundred and fifty one females (37.1%). The majority of the s...

With the study of computers and computer applications
since the first phase of 20th century, Image Processing has
upraised and withstand as a vast application field. The work in
this field is incredible and of immense importance with respect to
various applications like Medical, Computer Imaging Systems
and Computer Aided Design, Digitization, Human Visual System
(HVS), etc. The same enlighten interest and curiosity within us to
work in the field of Image Processing. Thus, in the proposed
system with the help of research and data available, we are
framing out a way to detect counterfeit in the Indian Currency
notes. This paper comprises of the related studies and work
drafted by scholars who have already worked in this field. We
have possibly framed out the comparative study of the work we
referred so as to put forth the proposed system.

The main objective of this study is to inspect such factors that affect the purchase intention of consumer towards imported Japanese cars and to analyze generally prevailed perception about relative advantage of imported Japanese cars on locally assembled cars. Reliability is used in a sense of trustworthiness as it is the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well. This research emphasizes the impact of four independent variables derived mainly from literature including brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. The consumer’s purchase intention toward Japanese car in Pakistan is the dependent variable. This study used a questionnaire-based survey and respondents were evaluated on 5 points Likert scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree. Total 165 questionnaires were distributed out of which 150 questionnaires were used. Further in this research convenience based sampling (non-probability) technique was used. Res...

ABSTRACT Counterfeiting has been a problem for all original brand manufacturers and has broadened its scope and magnitude with a great speed in emerging economies. Many tactics used by original brands to negate counterfeiting generated mixed results and hence these brands have realised the importance of giving attention to the demand side of counterfeit markets. Thus, this study is aimed to identify the consumer identities or profiles based on attitude towards purchasing counterfeit of luxury brands and investigate their purchase intention for counterfeits. For this, 189 respondents who are above 18 assuming decision making abilities were recruited through judgmental sampling. Thus, data were collected via a mall intercept survey at major shopping centres in Ahmedabad city, Gujarat with the help of non-disguised, self-administered questionnaire. The unit of analysis was the shopping mall of Ahmedabad city. Cluster analysis was performed on attitudinal variables resulting into formation of two identities – original brand seekers and counterfeiters. These formed groups with varied purchase

We present a marking technology which uses extreme ultraviolet radiation to write invisible patterns on tags based on alkali fluoride thin films. The shape of the pattern is pre-determined by a mask (in the case of contact lithography) or by a suitable mirror (projection lithography). Tags marked using this method offer a much better protection against fakes than currently available anti-counterfeiting techniques. The complexity and cost of this technology can be tailored to the value of the good to be protected, leaving, on the other hand, the specific reading technique straightforward. So far, we have exploited our invisible marking to tag artworks, identity cards, electrical components, and containers of radioactive wastes. Advantages and limits of this technology are discussed in comparison with the anti-counterfeiting systems available in the market.

У статті досліджено фальшиві монети, що зберігаються в колекції Національного історико-етнографічного заповідника «Переяслав». Проведена класифікація фальшивих монет і представлений їхній опис.

Бойко-Гагарін А.С., Кузьменко А.В. Фальшиві монети часів Сигізмунда ІІІ Вази у колекції НІЕЗ «Переяслав» // Збірник наукових статей "Переяславський Літопис". - Випуск 9. - Переяслав-Хмельницький, 2016. - С. 186-188.

1100 per cent between 1984 and 1994 (Blatt, 1993; Carty, 1994), while the International Chamber of Commerce states that it accounts for 8 per cent of world trade (Freedman, 1999). No product categories are left unscathed (Shultz and Saporito, 1996) and clearly it has become a ...

A new stage concept was developed to reliably identify counterfeit tablets which are very similar to the genuine drug product. This concept combines single-point near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) with statistical variance analysis. The advantage of NIR-CI over NIRS is the potential to determine not only the amount, but also the spatial distribution of ingredients within a single tablet. Previously published NIR-CI studies used homogeneity as a key indicator for the identification of counterfeits. The state of the art approach for estimating homogeneity is to record the average and % standard deviation of predicted classification scores (i.e. concentrations) for a given component within a specimen. A disadvantage of this approach is the partial loss of spatial information. In view of this, we developed a new method using much more of the spatial information for the estimation of homogeneity. The method is based on (1) summation and unfolding of multidimensional predicted classification scores, which results in a Linear Image Signature (LIS) and (2) multivariate LIS data analysis (LIS-MVA). It could be demonstrated that this kind of NIR-CI data analysis represents an innovative approach for the identification of counterfeit tablets. Moreover, this procedure is applicable to determine the product variability, i.e. process signature of a given product thus being a valuable tool within the Quality by Design (QbD) approach of the ICH Q8 guideline.

As of 2016, 80% of the products sold in Nigeria were counterfeits and as of today, it is quite doubtful that the percentage of counterfeit and illegal goods in circulation has decreased below 50%. According to a report from Frontier Economics in 2017, which was based on an earlier report of 2016 prepared by OECD, it was estimated that the total international trade in counterfeit and pirated goods in 2022 will be worth 991 billion, which is almost double of the number reported in 2013 - 461 billion. It is however not surprising that the amount of total counterfeiting globally as of 2019 exceeded the amount which was estimated for the year 2022. In 2019, according to the Global Counterfeiting & Trademark Infringement Report, the amount of total counterfeiting globally had reached 1.2 trillion U.S dollars. In 2020, statistics revealed that the estimated losses due to counterfeiting of high-end consumer goods amounted to 98 billion USD including counterfeiting from offline and online me...

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