Illegal Trade

This paper aims to answer how has the illegal drug trade changed with the rise of Dark web illicit markets. In order to do so, this paper is divided into four chapters which critically analyse a number of factors that influenced the change and gives a broad look on how it has changed. Each chapter will emphasize on factors such as anonymity, hidden and hard to track cryptocurrencies, accessibility and structure. As it can be further noted, a focus on drugs will be made in combination with
an in depth analysis on the actual methods being used during the process. It will further
examine the virtual structures of illicit drug markets on the Dark Web and compare them to
the network structures of traditional black markets (ground). The purpose behind examining
these two different types of illicit structures is to understand the evolution of illicit markets in
combination with the core similarities and differences as well as possible interactions
between the two. The idea behind the production and use of hard to track cryptocurrency will
be analyzed in combination with illicit product accessibility and the influence anonymity has
had on the market.
This paper argues that technological innovations such as encryption, cryptocurrencies and
browsing are key factors that influence the change and transition of drug markets into the
digital world. Having to grant an access to a catalog of illicit substances, option to order
online whist having the product delivered to your door and all of this anonymously has attract
a wide range of audience in recent years. The newly developed and ongoing dark web drug
markets has greatly influenced both the decision of the buyer as well as the seller to replace
the old market structure with a more secure and innovative one.

The India-Myanmar border regions form a forgotten frontier in the Indian and global imagination. India’s frontiers to the west (Pakistan), to the north (Tibet/China) and to the south (Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean) have always received greater attention. Today, however, the region representing the conjunction of India, China and Myanmar is returning to the centre of attention for a number of reasons both old and new. Violence (‘Guns’) has been endemic in the region since communities and peoples were rent asunder by the imposition and policing of officially demarcated borders between India and Myanmar. Yet, trade (‘Blankets’) – both formal and informal – has managed to carry on. What has added to the importance of the region in the eyes of the national capitals, is the increasing severity of transnational challenges such as drug-trafficking and the spread of diseases (‘Bird Flu’). Together, these three factors have kept both a regional identity as well as specific community identities alive. This paper is an attempt to examine the region-building properties of these factors.

Ilok Town Museum, with the cooperation and support of the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Croatia, presents the exhibition Stolen Heritage on the occasion of the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018-2019.
Bearing in mind the words of the European Commission that our cultural heritage is more than a memory of our past, it is the key to our future, our wish is to educate You and to let You know the importance of preserving cultural heritage through international conventions and national regulations regarding the preservation and protection of cultural heritage from theft and illegal trade. Acting in accordance with the modern world needs and utilizing Vuforia augmented reality technology, the exhibition is designed to have a permanent value by representing a part of the Croatian national heritage which was stolen from the Ilok Town Museum through 12 of a total of 50 artwork that were alienated 1988 - 1998.
#EuropeForCulture We are still try to find them. What about You?

Ireland’s Old English merchants, and especially those of the Pale, provided the English crown with vital material supplies, finance, and intelligence throughout the Nine Years’ War (1594-1603).  Yet, surviving official correspondence criticised the mercantile community for providing weak support and accused its members of favouring the queen’s Irish enemies.  The reality was that they did both, but their reasons for doing so were complicated.  Too often described as a homogenous group, Old English merchants did not all share the same economic ambitions, political views, or faith.  Examining the specific actions of certain individuals alongside those of the wider community provides a fresh angle on the conflict and sheds new light on the role of Old English merchants.

Die Möhlstraße ist vielen nur aus Zeitungsartikeln und Polizeiberichten
bekannt. Ganz anders geht es drei Zeitzeugen,
die den berühmtesten Schwarzmarkt Deutschlands als Kinder
hautnah erlebten und dort quasi aufwuchsen. Die Eltern
von David S. und Sigi S. waren Händler am Markt, Paul T.
war mit seinen Eltern häufiger Besucher der Möhlstraße. Im
Café Wiener’s auf der Ismaninger Straße erzählen die drei
Freunde aus Kindheitstagen von illegalen Waren, doppelten
Wänden und Geld, das im Rinnstein schwamm.

This chapter explores the concept of informality by analysing the organisation of
Hamas’ mode of conduct, in relation to tunnel trade between the Gaza Strip and the
Egyptian Sinai Peninsula. The chapter is divided into three analytical parts, which
discuss respectively Hamas as a legitimate government and development actor; the
relationship between illicit, illegal and informal; and whether Hamas’ management of
the tunnel trade can be characterised as a formalisation process or a normalisation
process. The analysis reveals that the concept of informality contains a conceptual
elasticity, which entails a fluidity in the definition of what is formal/informal,
licit/illicit, and legal/illegal in the case of tunnel trade in Gaza. This fluidity is
directly transmissible to the normalisation/formalisation continuum, and
consequently Hamas’ management contains elements of both normalising and
formalising nature. Whether Hamas can be viewed as a formal or informal state- and
development actor, depends on the perspective of the observer.

Keywords: informal, illicit, illegal, Hamas, tunnel trade.

Since 2014, declining economic growth and Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign have led to decreasing demand in certain markets for jadeite—the highest valued type of jade in China. But while institutional factors may explain these short-term fluctuations, historical continuity and cultural imaginations underpinning Chinese demand suggest that the jadeite market boom in China is not quite over yet.

This dissertation focuses on a group of opportunistic German art dealers who acted as collaborators with the Nazis in confiscating paintings during World War II, including Maria Almas-Dietrich, Gustav Rochlitz, Alois Miedl, and Hans Wendland.  In so doing, it demonstrates the complexity of Nazi looting, by showing how collaborators took advantage of competing Nazi interests in order to enrich themselves.  Second-rate, lesser-known German art dealers like these four were important cogs in the Nazis’ confiscation machine.  Even though they operated on the periphery of so-called official Nazi art agents, their buying and selling of artworks was a crucial part of the story that previous scholars have overlooked.  By bringing their stories to light based on research in the papers of the Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU), we gain a richer understanding of how Nazi expropriation efforts worked.  In so doing, it also contributes to our understanding of the illegal movements of looted assets by those opportunistic art dealers, as well as the Allied attempts of investigating those involved and bringing them to justice.

The India-Myanmar border regions form a forgotten frontier in the Indian and global imagination. India’s frontiers to the west (Pakistan), to the north (Tibet/China) and to the south (Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean) have always received greater attention. Today, however, the region representing the conjunction of India, China and Myanmar is returning to the centre of attention for a number of reasons both old and new. Violence (‘Guns’) has been endemic in the region since communities and peoples were rent asunder by the imposition and policing of officially demarcated borders between India and Myanmar. Yet, trade (‘Blankets’) – both formal and informal – has managed to carry on. What has added to the importance of the region in the eyes of the national capitals, is the increasing severity of transnational challenges such as drug-trafficking and the spread of diseases (‘Bird Flu’). Together, these three factors have kept both a regional identity as well as specific community identities al...

This book, based on extensive original research, explores the lives and the social, economic and emotional activities of Chinese migrant women during their migrations and mobilities in China, from China to Taiwan, from Taiwan to China and in between the two countries. It illustrates how women on the move experience social contempt, misrecognition and economic marginalization; how women migrants seek autonomy, economic independence, upward social mobility and modernity, but discover the Chinese inegalitarian social order and labour regimes which produce obstacles and impede their ambitions; and how old and new forms of subalternity are re-produced. Overall, the book emphasises what it feels like for the women migrants as they negotiate their way between subalternity and resistance, between subordinated labour and independent entrepreneurship, and between an inegalitarian labour market and new opportunities for business and commerce.

Objective. Determine the infection status with pathogenic Leptospira of one Saguinus oedipus and nine Saguinus leucopus at the Cali Zoo that had been confiscated in Colombia from illegal trade. Materials and methods. A full physical examination, blood work, urinalysis were conducted in all individuals during the reception health check-up, in addition to running the microagglutination test with a pool of 19 serovars, with a starting dilution of 1:50. Results. A high positive titer (≥1:3200) to Leptospira alexanderi serovar manhao in an asymptomatic S. oedipus was detected. All S. leucopus tested negative or less than 1:50. Conclusions. Captive locations have been documented to artificially enhance opportunities to come into contact with contaminated bodily fluids from peridomestic rodents. However, infectious diseases acquired during the illegal transport of wildlife to major metropolitan centers are rarely considered a wildlife conservation or public health threat. Infection with zoonotic pathogens should also be considered an additional threat to endangered wild primates involved in illegal trade, which could hamper reintroduction efforts or other population management procedures for primate species with restricted and fragmented distributions.