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2021, Routledge
This book, based on extensive original research, explores the lives and the social, economic and emotional activities of Chinese migrant women during their migrations and mobilities in China, from China to Taiwan, from Taiwan to China and in between the two countries. It illustrates how women on the move experience social contempt, misrecognition and economic marginalization; how women migrants seek autonomy, economic independence, upward social mobility and modernity, but discover the Chinese inegalitarian social order and labour regimes which produce obstacles and impede their ambitions; and how old and new forms of subalternity are re-produced. Overall, the book emphasises what it feels like for the women migrants as they negotiate their way between subalternity and resistance, between subordinated labour and independent entrepreneurship, and between an inegalitarian labour market and new opportunities for business and commerce.
China Perspectives
Arianne Gaetano, Out to Work: Migration, Gender and the Changing Lives of Rural Women in Contemporary China2016 •
positions: asia critique
Intersecting Labor in the Social Factory: Trajectory of a Migrant Woman in South China2023 •
With the simultaneous growth of the manufacturing and service industries and the rapid expansion of information and communication technology, what do Chinese workers actually do in order to survive, and what methodological approaches are useful for exploring their subjectivity? In this article, the labor trajectory of Zuo Mei, a young migrant woman, is traced over six and a half years. The author relates Zuo's experience to what Mario Tronti calls the “social factory,” where the extraction of surplus occurs not just on the factory floor but also through social relations inside and outside multiple workplaces; at the intersection of factory, service, volunteer, and domestic labor; encompassing urban and rural, waged and unwaged, (re)productive and distributive, and on- and offline work. By detailing the interactions between these multiple forms of labor, the article argues that Zuo's suffering does not end outside the factory but extends to wherever social relations are capitalized, unveiling how alienation results from the resistance to that alienation.
International Migration
Gendered Transnational Ties and Multipolar Economies: Chinese Migrant Women's WeChat Commerce in Taiwan2018 •
After a first migration in internal China, Chinese migrant women re-migrate to Taiwan through marriage. There, to cope with economic discrimination, by exploiting the social network WeChat, Chinese women produce physical and virtual transnational multipolar economies, connecting the society of departure, China, and of settlement, Taiwan. Engaging with the contemporary debate about migrants' translocal practices and economic transnationalism, this research article aims at elucidating the link between migration and entrepreneurship, through the case of Chinese migrant women's physical and virtual entrepreneurial activities across the Taiwan Strait. It explores the development of a specific culture of migration and of affections during the two mobility experiences, and the creation of gendered transnational networks across the borders. Thus, it provides empirical data for an understanding of Chinese women's cross-strait migration in terms of interconnection, circulation and simultaneity.
2017 •
Asia Pacific Viewpoint
In-between: Re-migration, orbital mobilities and emotional circulations of women from China to Taiwan and back to China2020 •
After a first labour migration from the countryside to the city in China, some Chinese migrant working women are engaged in marriage migration to Taiwan. There, they face social, gendered and economic subalternity. Therefore, some women divorce and re-migrate to China, to the city they had been previously working in, where they remobilise social, economic and emotional resources, as well as the new competences and knowledge capitalised during mobility experiences in China and Taiwan. They oscillate between new local and global scales, and generate creative social, economic and emotional connections among spaces, places and people. Mobilities take the shape of physical and virtual, material and emotional 'orbits', connecting diverse spatialities, temporalities and affections. Drawing on a multi-situated global ethnographic work tracking women's migrations from China to Taiwan and from Taiwan to China, this article contributes to the study of physical and virtual, material and emotional mobilities of migrants in a globalised social world of interconnection and hypermobility. It provides insights to apprehend, theoretically, methodologically and empirically, the link between mobilities, emotions the digitalisation of social and economic practices. Navigating through spatialities, temporalities and emotions, Chinese women produce 'inbetween' cosmopolitan biographies inside mutating and fluid local and global, physical and virtual, spaces. Mobilities take an orbital shape, embedded in social and affectional relations, economic practices, and emotions.
Many scholars of gender and migration assume that migration increases women's household bargaining power, but this article argues that migration recreates and relies on patriarchal expectations that women return to household domestic labor. it draws on 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork with migrant factory women in China's export processing zones as well as one migrant-sending community in China. Based on this fieldwork, i argue that despite young women's desires to continue migrating for factory jobs, older generations perpetuate gendered views of female migration as licentious and risky, in opposition to a dominant paradigm of proper femininity that relegates young women to household labor. They do this because migration creates an intergenerational dependence in migrant origin sites. Older women, unemployable in factories and deprived of state welfare support at home, rely on wage remittances from high-earning migrant sons and sons-in-law for subsistence. To ensure they receive remittances, they encourage daughters to marry higher-earning migrant men, then pressure these daughters to cease migrating in order to perform household domestic labor in support of migrant husbands. This finding reflects constraints on the opportunities that migration delivers to women: not all women can migrate, and those who cannot must vie for control over migrant remittances.
China Perspectives
The Migration of Women from Northern China: A Gender-oriented Choice?In this article a social reproduction lens is used to investigate the gendered and temporal dynamics within the emergence of a temporary, feminised migrant workforce manufacturing electronics for export in South China's Pearl River Delta. The analysis problematises labour power reproduction as gendered work with a gendered division of labour, related to the construction of gendered subjectivities and to the temporality of exploitation. Denied access to state-funded reproduction and permanent urban citizenship by the state's household registration (hukou) system, labour migrants are rendered permanently temporary inhabitants of the cities in which they work. Their double burden organised across this spatial separation between urban production and rural reproduction, women migrants are positioned as 'doubly temporary' workers. Furthermore, the importance of this in structuring the gendered dagongmei identity to denote short-term and 'disposable' labour is investigated. This article poses questions for future research: how is the new generation of migrant workers' social reproduction gendered – and how does this relate to exploitation and resistance? The case is made for a feminist analysis dismantling analytical separation of 'production' and 'reproduction', whilst centring the struggles of migrant women within and outside of waged work.
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