Adaptation to Climate Change

‘Boom and bust’ rainfall is one challenge as weather patterns change. The other is how to produce more potable water through processes such as desalination without raising carbon emissions.

Too much, too little, and never quite enough – that sums up Singapore’s water challenge now compounded by climate change. As we mark World Environment Day today, it is timely to take stock of the existential challenge posed by climate change through the lens of water and what Singapore is doing to overcome that.

This article examines the ways in which Shakespeare and his contemporaries registered an extraordinary sensitivity to climatic conditions in England during the Little Ice Age (c. 1350-1850)--a period of longer winters, shorter growing seasons, and unpredictable changes in patterns of precipitation.

This paper describes the impact of using Critical Participatory Action Research (CPAR) to enhance a campus-community partnership. The key stakeholders, who are also the participants, share how learning from the reflective journals, collaborative sessions, and interview data analysis transformed their practice. The collaborative partnership was designed to allow prospective teachers from a School of Education at a U.S. liberal arts college the opportunity to teach Diverse language learners (DLLs) who were attending a summer program at a nearby community learning center. The teacher educators responsible for teaching the prospective teachers, the director of the community learning center, and a student researcher joined the project as collaborative participant researchers. Together they analyzed the data collected from various participating groups, which included their own work and reflections, as well as those of the prospective teachers and prevention specialists who were employed by the community learning center. The findings from this study revealed that all participants benefited from the campus-community partnership because it was built on trust, mutual respect, reciprocity, and the use of shared language among key stakeholders. This CPAR project provides specific ideas and steps implemented to develop a well-functioning and reflective partnership between a community learning center and a local college. Examples of the specific praxis involved in such partnerships are often absent from the literature.

Background: The burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of rising CO 2 levels of the atmosphere. This will probably result in climate change. Another consequence is ocean acidification. Although these consequences are not yet proven beyond doubt, the risk of doing nothing is too large. The simplest response is the removal and sustainable storage of CO 2. By reaction with basic minerals, nature has sequestered almost all of the CO 2 that has ever been released by the planet. This weathering continues to play a role but nature cannot cope with the ongoing much (30 to 60 times) higher rates of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Results: In this paper six approaches are described which take advantage of the natural process of weathering and solve other problems as well, thereby making them cost-effective. All six make the maximum use of natural conditions (climate, tides, currents), natural materials (olivine, serpentine), and organisms (diatoms, hyperaccumulator plants). Conclusions: Impacts on the environment are minimized or even turned into benefits.

The geographical location of Bangladesh makes it one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Climate-induced phenomena mainly affect the south-central region of Bangladesh (Laxmipur district) where they have begun to occur more frequently. The aim of the study was to identify the hydro-climatic factors that lead to weather-related disasters in the coastal areas and analyse the consequences of these factors on coastal livelihoods, with possible adaptation options using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools. The present study showed several disasters such as land erosion, depressions and cyclones, coastal flooding, storm surge, and precipitation. The frequency of these disasters is of a noticeable rate. Surveys have also discovered that land erosion is ongoing. Tidal water is being introduced directly into the mainland, and as a result of the salt intrusion, production capacity is declining. The coastal belt is an important area for fishing activities, but due to chang...

As countries integrate climate-smart agriculture (CSA) into their sector policies and international climate change commitments, there is an increased need for coherent strategies for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of CSA.

Based on a country-driven assessment, we find that: (i) many stakeholders have significant unmet information needs, and often these needs overlap across stakeholders; (ii) results from measurement frameworks, based on indicators of inputs-activities-output-outcome chains, provide a common foundation that underlies the M&E systems used by all stakeholders; (iii) satisfying domestic CSA M&E needs would greatly strengthen countries’ abilities to meet their international measurement, reporting and
verification (MRV) obligations, while also delivering benefits for domestic policies and
programs; and (iv) there are opportunities to build on existing national M&E systems, but
there are often capacity and resource gaps that need to be addressed.

This country-led assessment of stakeholders’ information needs and the M&E systems that could meet those needs provides a practical approach to developing

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions: climate mitigation Explores climate mitigation, one of the main planks of climate action. It explores how emissions are measured in three Scopes, and how museums can measure and reduce emissions across these Scopes. Jump to section HOW THIS TOOLBOX IS ORGANISED SECTION G Human rights and climate change Explores which human rights are especially impacted by climate change, and how climate action relates to the right to development and the Aarhus Convention. Jump to section SECTION H Climate justice Explores the different aspects of climate justice, and how museums can incorporate climate justice approaches into their activity. Jump to section SECTION I Just transition Explores how workers and communities can be treated fairly and decently as part of climate action, and as part of the move to sustainable industries. Just transition principles can be applied to museums' programmes for communities, and also to museum professions. Jump to section SECTION J Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Explores this principle, which is included in the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Agenda 2030 and SDGs. The principle acknowledges that countries have not contributed equally to climate change, and that those that have developed at the cost of the environment have a responsibility to support those that are still undergoing economic development. The same principle can be applied to museums in developed countries. Jump to section SECTION E Coping with change: climate adaptation and resilience Explores the three main kinds of adaptation option (physical, social, institutional), and principles for successful adaptation. Suggestions are provided on how adaptation can be incorporated across museums' main activities, supporting adaptation in the locality and community, and in the museum itself. Jump to section SECTION F Disaster Risk Reduction and 'Build Back Better' Explores how Disaster Risk Reduction approaches can be applied to museums, so that they reduce the levels of risk they and their communities face, and to make use of the recovery period after disasters to build their resilience to face future threats. Jump to section SECTION M Additional learning approaches Discusses a number of further educational approaches relevant to climate action, including Ocean Literacy, Climate Literacy, Futures Literacy, and Human Rights Education. All of these approaches can be made use of by museums to develop outcomes-based educational programmes. Jump to section SECTION N Towards positive relationships with nature Sets out a typology of attitudes to nature that can inform programming and communications regarding climate change, and presents some key recommendations from the field of nature-connectedness studies, which aims to understand and strengthen people's relationships with/in nature, and which can contribute to sustainable development. Jump to section SECTION K Action for Climate Empowerment Explores this agenda, which was included in the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement. Action for Climate Empowerment relates to public education, training, public awareness, access to information, public participation and international cooperation in climate change matters. It is very relevant to the work of museums. Jump to section SECTION L Education for Sustainable Development Explores this well-developed educational approach, which acknowledges the importance of all three of knowledge, attitudes, and practical skills as a basis of

Climate change is a reality. It is happening and posing adverse impacts globally as well as on Pakistan. To effectively respond to this ubiquitous threat, Pakistan formulated the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) in 2012 and operationalized it in 2013. Yet it encourages further analyses and evaluations so as to identify any un-addressed or unidentified measures in the policy, to examine the established policy measures more in depth, and to ensure its effective implementation. This study presents a qualitative analysis of the NCCP. To undertake the analysis in a recognized and systematic fashion, the policy document is evaluated against a criterion set by Cheung et al. (Aust Health Rev 34:405–413, 2010). The main characteristics of this criterion include accessibility, policy background, policy goals, resources, monitoring and evaluation, public opportunities , and obligations. This study contributes to the literature to understand the critical aspects of a climate policy from a developing and one of the most affected countries due to climate change. The study is important to explore the strengths and shortcomings of the policy. Additionally, our study contributes by setting a framework of novel insights by utilizing a new criterion for analyzing a climate policy. The analysis provides valuable inputs to the subnational governments in Pakistan which are actually responsible for implementation of climate and other related policies. Our evaluation found that NCCP offers some strengths but the document has certain weaknesses too. The policy is a promising document which provides directions and guidelines to the subnational governments for establishing their policies and effective actions plans. It provides a proper mechanism of monitoring the implementation activities in the country. Moreover, it covers important sectors and emphasizes on integration of sectoral policies with climate change policy. The policy presents a reasonable mechanism to enhance the human and institutional capacity. However, it lacks realistic and comprehensive backing for established goals and objectives. For instance, it proposes some measures which are not practically actionable. One of such measures suggests to protecting the glaciers which is not possible keeping in view the existing military conflict between Pakistan and India in the region. This shows that the policy lacks to base on empirical research. The findings of the study will be very helpful for policy makers and climate experts while revising or revisiting the policy document. This analysis provides valuable lessons to provincial governments in Pakistan while framing their provincial climate change policies and action plans. The study opens new research areas and avenues for further evaluations and analysis for the NCCP and upcoming provincial climate change policies in Pakistan.

Human CO2 emissions may drive the Earth into a next greenhouse state. They can be mitigated by accelerating weathering of natural rock under the uptake of CO2. We disprove the paradigm that olivine weathering in nature would be a slow process, and show that it is not needed to mill olivine to very fine, 10 μm-size grains in order to arrive at a complete dissolution within 1-2 y. In high-energy shallow marine environments olivine grains and reaction products on the grain surfaces, that otherwise would greatly retard the reaction, are abraded so that the chemical reaction is much accelerated. When kept in motion even large olivine grains rubbing and bumping against each other quickly produce fine clay- and silt-sized olivine particles that show a fast chemical reaction. Spreading of olivine in the world’s 2% most energetic shelf seas can compensate a year’s global CO2 emissions and counteract ocean acidification against a price well below that of carbon credits.

This essay will explore the nature of the Paris Agreement and look at how it affects developing countries. It will also seek to look at whether the agreement has been adequate enough in addressing the concerns of the poorer nations or whether it failed in that regard. With developing countries being at the forefront of those that will be hardest hit by global warming, it is no surprise then they have garnered significant political momentum to see that this agreement get passed through. It will also look at the several commitments that are required from developing countries in this agreement. It is important to remember early on that a constant theme in the agreement is the application of differentiation, although to a lesser extent in comparison to previous agreements. One will therefore see how differentiation is applied in each obligation to developing countries.

Dukuh Tapak merupakan suatu RW di Kelurahan Tugurejo
yang berlokasi di Utara Kota Semarang. Dukuh ini mengalami
kondisi sebagaimana wilayah pesisir lain di Kota Semarang,
yaitu lahan yang terkena dampak rob dan abrasi. Rob sebagai
suatu siklus alam terjadi secara berkala menggenangi lahan
tambak Dukuh Tapak. Ditambah dengan adanya abrasi yang
mengurangi luasan lahan tambak di Dukuh Tapak. Fenomena ini
menuntut masyarakat Dukuh Tapak untuk menyesuaikan kondisi
lingkungannya untuk mempertahankan keberadaan lahan tambak
mereka. Seperti halnya pengaturan tanggul dengan penggunaan
APO berupa ban bekas hingga penanaman pohon mangrove yang
mereka jadikan sebagai dinding tambak. Di sisi lain, berfungsi
pula sebagai pemecah gelombang pasang yang masuk ke lahan
tambak untuk mengurangi dampak rob dan abrasi. Untuk
mengetahui bentuk-bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh petani
tambak dalam usahanya mempertahankan eksistensi tambak akibat
rob, penyusun melakukan penelitian ini berdasarkan teori Paul
A. Bell mengenai proses terbentuknya adaptasi. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode Deskriptif Kualitatif Empiris, dengan
pendekatan Fenomenologi. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis
yang telah dilakukan, didapat bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan
oleh petani tambak Tapak adalah berupa adaptasi fisik,
adaptasi sosial ekonomi, dan adaptasi sumber daya manusia
(SDM).

The negative effects of climate change disproportionately impact Pacific Island nations. Although Pacific Nations contribute the least to climate change compared to other nations, they are the most impacted by rising sea levels. These negative effects can see nations within the region completely submerged or uninhabitable. This article highlights how the Pacific Island diaspora in Australia are acting in solidarity with their homelands in the fight for climate justice. Although Pacific Island diasporic groups have moved away from their (Mother)land, they are still emotionally, mentally and spiritually connected to her. Many Pacific Islanders in the Australian diaspora are passionate and determined to ensure the survival of their Island (Mother)land. Given the lack of information on climate change from Pacific Island perspectives, it is envisioned that this article will bring awareness to climate change issues from Pacific people. The voices of two Samoan activists who were raised in Meanjin (Brisbane), Australia combine to tell this story.

Too many "scientists" and laypeople alike Nasa/NOAA's climate change models and their Earth's Energy Budget have become articles of doctrine and religious fervor. Yet other scientists, who adhere to the scientific methods, attempt to explain that this doctrine is not supported by physics, thermodynamics, atmospheric dynamics, or atomic physics, etc. Can this gap ever be reconciled? Can public policy decisions be shaped that satisfy everybody's desire for a clean, sustainable environment without bankrupting the economy and destroying our social structures and values? This article will point out the many and significant shortcomings of the Earth's "accepted" Energy Budget as presented by NASA/NOAA

Biomass production in different forms plays important role in carbon sequestration in trees. In the present
investigation aboveground and belowground carbon sequestration potential of Albizia lebbeik from nine sectors
of Aurangabad city was measured. The standing aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of Albizia
lebbek were 53.73 tha-1 and 13.97 tha-1 respectively, while total standing biomass of Albizia lebbek in 2847
hectares area was 67.70 tha-1. The standing aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of Delonix regia
were 30.25tha-1 and 07.86tha-1 respectively, while total standing biomass of Delonix regia in 2847 hectares area
was 38.11tha-1. The average carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide of Albizia lebbek intake is 33.85tha-1 and
124.23 tCO2 in Aurangabad. The average carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide of Delonix regia intake is
19.06tCha-1 and 63.96 tCO2 in Aurangabad. The highest sequestered carbon dioxide percentage in Albizia lebbek
at sector 7th it is 20% and lowest at sector 1st it is 1%, while, in Delonix regia the highest in sector 7th (20%) and
lowest in sector 1st (2%).

Norton-Smith, Kathryn; Lynn, Kathy; Chief, Karletta; Cozzetto, Karen; Donatuto, Jamie; Hiza Redsteer, Margaret; Kruger, Linda E.; Maldonado, Julie; Viles, Carson; Whyte, Kyle P. 2016. Climate change and indigenous peoples: a synthesis of current impacts and experiences. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-944. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 136 p. A growing body of literature examines the vulnerability, risk, resilience, and adaptation of indigenous peoples to climate change. This synthesis of literature brings together research pertaining to the impacts of climate change on sovereignty, culture, health, and economies that are currently being experienced by Alaska Native and American Indian tribes and other indigenous communities in the United States. The knowledge and science of how climate change impacts are affecting indigenous peoples contributes to the development of policies, plans, and programs for adapting to climate chan...

In this paper I track 3D printed bacterially-infused materials in which microbes live and reproduce — selected and nurtured — to carryout biochemically-controlled tasks intended to mitigate the ravages of climate change. As architecture and urban designers we are existentially challenged to integrate nature, biology, and genetics with the built world we interpret through fablab/robotic production to tackle those ravages. That viewport reveals our need for multidisciplinary procedures arising in disciplines not usually associated with buildings or city design. Collaborating with science/technology we may take steps toward proof-of-concept materialization imbued with microbial life and intelligences that lend living environmental defenses to architecture and urban/environmental operations.

This survey is entitled "Hydro-meteorological Disaster Risk Reduction: Lessons Learned for Resilient Adaptation to a Changing Climate." It was undertaken with the assumption that all humanitarian varying degrees to donor and aid recipients alike. In this survey, we tended to focus on both good and bad lessons with the intention of noting what worked well but more importantly of improving upon those aspects of the reviewed projects that could be improved. isaster risk reduction is Martin Luther King Jr. referred to, in a Human Rights context, as everyone everywhere in all at-risk locations. But funding alone could never be enough to reduce risk; it can only serve in a catalytic way to encourage governments to be pro-active in the face of an uncertain

Climate change is increasingly challenging the ability of millions of people to sustain livelihoods as the places where they live become uninhabitable. The relocation of populations as individuals, households, and communities within countries and across international borders demonstrates the complexity of climate change impacts. Looking at the literature, some researchers argue that relocation caused by climate change can be an effective strategy to adapt to localized changes, whereas others argue that the movement away from ones' homeland is more neatly captured in the climate change lexicon as 'loss and damage'. We argue here that the relocation of people as a result of the impacts of climate change can be both adaptation and loss and damage. Drawing on examples from Alaska and Kiribati, we show that dividing this issue between the two concepts is unhelpful in resolving key issues around the types of appropriate support for these transitions to sustain and protect livelihoods and to open up possibilities for self-determined futures.

Although Nepal's contribution to green house gas emission is negligible, the negative impacts of climate change induced effects has been clearly noticed like increasing rainfall intensity with decreasing frequency, increasing incidence of pest and diseases. This scientific paper is review paper and is presented with all objectives of making public, government and international community aware on effect of climate change in agricultural production and livelihood of mid hills people. Majority of the Nepalese population are subsistence farmer in rural parts of Nepal and has low land holding capacity. The rise in temperature, which is felt by indigenous people of mid hills, has been declining the yield of major staple crops like rice, wheat, maize and millet. Many local varieties are under serious threat of extinction. The declining trends of river discharge affected agriculture with inadequate water supply for irrigation.  More erratic rain has caused landslides and debris flow which disturbed the irrigation channel and moreover there was no rain in winter. Study showed that drought adversely affected the winter crop by 70% loss. This problem is becoming severe in foothills of Churiya and the middle hills. Cropping pattern of the zone shifted through the migration of crops to the higher altitude and production has been decreased due to temperature rise. The Terai crop varieties are performing better in mid hills. Study shows that climate change can be expected to threaten food production leading to hunger, poverty and malnutrition. It is predicted that the level of vulnerability will be higher in high altitude as compared to the lower altitude. The agricultural sector is not only vulnerable to climate change but has also stressed with problem of rural male exodus, low return which adversely affect livelihood of mid hills people. In Nepalese agriculture, time has come to put efforts on building climate resilience sustainable farming practices. The concerned authorities should find possible ways of adaptive measures to built climate change responsive practices for sustainable food production.

The current and projected impacts of climate change make understanding the environmental and social vulnerability of coastal communities and the planning of adaptations important international goals and national policy initiatives. Yet, coastal communities are concurrently experiencing numerous other social, political, economic, demographic and environmental changes or stressors that also need to be considered and planned for simultaneously to maintain social and environmental sustainability. There are a number of methods and processes that have been used to study vulnerability and identify adaptive response strategies. This paper describes the stages, methods and results of a modified community-based scenario planning process that was used for vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning within the context of multiple interacting stressors in two coastal fishing communities in Thailand. The four stages of community-based scenario planning included: (1) identifying the problem and purpose of scenario planning; (2) exploring the system and types of change; (3) generating possible future scenarios; and (4) proposing and prioritizing adaptations. Results revealed local perspectives on social and environmental change, participant visions for their local community and the environment, and potential actions that will help communities to adapt to the changes that are occurring. Community-based scenario planning proved to have significant potential as an anticipatory action research process for incorporating multiple stressors into vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning. This paper reflects on the process and outcomes to provide insights and suggest changes for future applications of community-based scenario planning that will lead to more effective learning, innovation and action in communities and related social–ecological systems.

The impacts of climate variability and change impinge upon different lives and livelihoods within agrarian populations in complex ways. While academic, donor, and implementer efforts to understand and act on this complexity have been profoundly influenced by gender analysis, most contemporary analyses are predicated on a construction of gender as binary (men versus women). This approach runs contrary to current understandings of gender and identity in the wider social science literature, which treats gender as a social categorization that takes meaning from its intersection with other identities, roles, and responsibilities. An emerging adaptation literature takes on this intersectional approach to gender, making conceptual, methodological, and empirical arguments against assessing the vulnerability of agrarian populations to the impacts of climate variability and change through binary gender categories. This literature argues that binary approaches are likely to overlook the specific challenges facing significant portions of any agrarian population, and therefore can result in maladaptive interventions that enhance, instead of ameliorate, the vulnerability of the most marginal and vulnerable. Though this emerging literature makes a compelling case for change, efforts to convince the academic and implementation communities focused on agrarian adaptation to adopt intersectional gender analyses point to two broad research frontiers. First, convincing these communities of the value of this shift will require an expanded, rigorous empirical base of evidence for who is overlooked by binary gender analysis relative to intersectional analysis in particular places. Second, facilitating the implementation of intersectional approaches will require methodological innovations that have thus far been under-addressed in this literature.

O.P. Nieuwenhuyse, P.M.M.G. Akkermans, J. van der Plicht, A. Russell & A. Kaneda (2016). In: P. Biehl & O.P. Nieuwenhuyse (eds.). Climate and cultural change in prehistoric Europe and the Near East. Buffalo, NY: State University of New York Press, 67-93.

While there is an increasing attention of migration within the climate change debate, vulnerability of already moving populations are most often ignored. This study presents agricultural labor migration as a key phenomenon in the study of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change. It argues that while agricultural labor mobility is ridden with structural and historical vulnerabilities, the state’s approach to migrant seasonal farm workers is far from being ideal. This calls for a thorough analysis of the links between seasonal farm labor migration, climate change adaptation, vulnerability reduction and state policies. In the light of this assessment, this working paper presents the emerging linkages between these topics and proposes biopolitics as a suitable theoretical framework to understand and undercover the adaptive state interventions on
migrant seasonal farm workers. It also presents some thoughts departing from initial findings from a case study on migrant seasonal farm workers in Turkey.

Growing scientific evidence suggests that human-induced climate change will bring about large-scale environmental changes such as sea-level rise and coastal flooding, extreme weather events and agricultural disruptions. The speed and extent of these changes and the expected impacts on social and corresponding economic and industrial systems are now moving to the forefront of debates. In this paper, we argue that climate change will lead to significant disruptions to firms which might ultimately create the necessity of a geographical shift of firm and industrial activities away from regions highly affected by climate change. Such a shift might become necessary due to (1) direct disruptions through climate change impacts on firm operations, for instance through droughts, floods, or sea level rise, and due to (2) disruptions in a firm’s supplier, buyer or resource base that lead to flow-on effects and adverse consequences for a firm. We propose a framework for integrating firm relocation decisions into firm adaptive responses to climate change. The framework consists of three assessment steps: the level of risk from climate change impacts at a firm’s location, the feasibility of relocation, and associated costs and benefits. We apply the framework to two case examples. The first case of electricity distribution firms in Victoria/Australia illustrates how the relocation (undergrounding) of cables could decrease the vulnerability of distribution networks to bushfires and the risk of electricity-caused fires, but would require significant investments. The second case of firms in the Australian pastoral industry points to geographic diversification of pastoral land holdings as possible adaptation option, but also to constraints in form of availability of suitable properties, ties to local communities, and adverse impacts on biodiversity. Implications for adaptation research and practice are outlined.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de caracterizar por medio de estaciones automática
de la red hidrográfica del Ecuador proyectando el comportamiento de diferentes cuenca tomando la iniciativa de mi parte como técnico y exponiendo a mi jefe  los datos de entrega ya en eso momento no había información pertinente a cuadro estadístico y dejando base para tales procesos no considerando en ese tiempo por el INAMHI  En base de la red de drenaje y de los límites alto, medio y bajo de microcuencas  orden de magnitud. recopilando en tabla Excel de datos hasta de 40 años en algunos casos  lo cual proyectaban las características morfométricas dimensionales, de patrón de drenaje y del relieve, fueron determinadas para el estudio del comportamiento hidrológico

Adaptation to climate change and variability has recently become a subject of increasing importance in climate
change research with an objective to reduce the vulnerability of climate sensitive people. The present study was
designed to identify and assess the adaptation strategies followed by the climate sensitive livestock rearers of
coastal Odisha and West Bengal. Livestock rearers (480) were selected from 4 coastal districts of Odisha and West
Bengal. The study revealed that 17 adaptation strategies were followed by the livestock rearer. To trace the relative
importance among the adaptation strategies, an exclusively climate change adaptation index was developed. It was
observed that change in micro-climate in cattle shed/grazing area/stall was the most preferred adaptation strategy
followed by providing the frequent clean and fresh drinking water and additional washing/sprinkling of cattle and
buffaloes. Livestocks are very much susceptible to heat stress. Therefore, most of the livestock rearers followed
heat alleviating adaptation strategies.

The document describes urgent and immediate actions needed for Kiribati to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change.  The process involved in determining these actions was the NAPA process which includes consultations, scientific literature review and many more.

This study set out to examine the factors affecting sustainability of urban public water points in Uganda with a case study of Fort Portal Municipal Council, Kabarole district. Objectives of the study were to examine the effect of: policy framework; financial aspects; technology; and the moderating effect of the economic status on sustainability of public water points in Fort Portal Municipal Council,
Kabarole District. The study deployed a cross-sectional research design which observed a sample of 105 using interview guides, observation check lists and self-administered questionnaires. Data was  analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, which establishes bi-variate relationships in terms of significance and direction of the relationships between study variables, regression, which
determines the predictive strength of the independent variables on the dependent variable and finally  simple frequencies were used to know the nature of the sample. The findings indicated significant effects of policy frame work and technical aspects which affect sustainability of urban public water  points in Fort Portal Municipal Council (FPMC).The study recommended that the national and institutional frameworks for water governance should be reviewed to strengthen issues of
prioritisation, roles of stakeholders and operation and maintenance with clear funding sources. There is also need to strengthen community based monitoring to supplement on government efforts and also involve community members in the privatization process. Financing for operation and maintenance needs to be availed to urban areas and tariffs reviewed to enable the urban poor access water services

Climate change threatens to cause the largest refugee crisis in human history. Millions of people, largely in Africa and Asia, might be forced to leave their homes to seek refuge in other places or countries over the course of the century. Yet the current institutions, organizations, and funding mechanisms are not sufficiently equipped to deal with this looming crisis. The situation calls for new governance. We thus outline and discuss in this article a blueprint for a global governance architecture on the protection and voluntary resettlement of climate refugees—defined as people who have to leave their habitats because of sudden or gradual alterations in their natural environment related to one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity. We provide an extensive review of current estimates of likely numbers and probable regions of origin of climate refugees. With a view to existing institutions, we argue against the extension of the definition of refugees under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Key elements of our proposal are, instead, a new legal instrument specifically tailored for the needs of climate refugees—a Protocol on Recognition, Protection, and Resettlement of Climate Refugees to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change—as well as a separate funding mechanism.

This book “Agroforestry: Theory and Practices” (ISBN-Hard Bound: 9788172338664 &  ISBN-Paper Back: 9788172338671) is one of the finest books on agroforestry that offers a global review of the basic approaches, tools and technologies, research innovations and real-world practices in agroforestry. The book offers a comprehensive guide to basic principles, techniques and applications, integrative strategies, economic and environmental concerns, and future trends in agroforestry in different regions of the world. This book is an effort to create a coherent and wide-ranging guide to the practice of agroforestry. This book covers key areas in agroforestry, namely agroforestry practices and its distribution, agroforestry systems classification, agroforestry trees, agroforestry management, technologies and modern concepts in agroforestry, production benefits of agroforestry, environmental services of agroforestry, agroforestry education, research & extension, etc.

In many aspects, the topics and structure of this book is highly meritorious and unique than other agroforestry books. This book is intended for university & college students, professors, scientists, researchers, foresters, farmers, policy makers and professionals in the field of agriculture, forestry, horticulture, other agricultural sciences and biological sciences. The main intention of this book is to provide a state-of-the-art and up-to-date knowledge of recent developments in agroforestry as a potential future land use system. This book on agroforestry will enormously benefit the students for their preparation of competitive exams and University entrance exams for admission to M.Sc. and Ph.D. programmes. This agroforestry book will contribute significantly to academic teaching and scientific research. Book information is available in the websites:

https://www.scientificpubonline.com/bookdetail/agroforestry-theory-practices/9788172338664/0

https://www.scientificpubonline.com/bookdetail/agroforestry-theory-practices/9788172338671/0

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Agroforestry_Theory_and_Practices/vPc1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0

Forced displacement and resettlement is a pervasive challenge being contemplated across the social sciences. Scholarly literature, however, often fails to engage complexities of power in understanding socio-environmental interactions in resettlement processes. Addressing Zimbabwe’s Tokwe-Mukosi flood disaster resettlement, we explore hegemonic uses of state power during the pre- and post-flood induced resettlement processes. We examine how state power exercised through local government, financial, and security institutions impacts community vulnerabilities during forced resettlement processes, while furthering capitalist agendas, drawing insights from analysing narratives between 2010 and 2021. Concerns abound that multiple ministries, the police, and the army undermined displaced people’s resilience, including through inadequate compensation, with state institutions neglecting displaced communities during encampment by inadequately meeting physical security, health, educational, an...

Els camins, i especialment els antics camins tradicionals i amb ferm de terra, han estat habitualment absents de la planificació i la gestió municipal, més enllà de les necessitats puntuals de la mobilitat motoritzada. Això és especialment evident a les perifèries de les ciutats, on les necessitats fonamentals de la mobilitat motoritzada ha estat assumida majoritàriament per les carreteres i els vials moderns asfaltats. De fet, els camins han rebut una consideració equiparable a la marginalitat que ha caracteritzat aquests espais.

Els transcendentals canvis que de manera inapel·lable comporta l’emergència climàtica, exigeix respostes urgents per a la seva mitigació i adaptació. Això ha de comportar canvis substancials —fins i tot dràstics— en la gestió de les ciutats. En aquest context, les perifèries adquiriran noves funcions i una nova rellevància en aspectes com la mobilitat alternativa, la salut, l’educació, la cultura i el lleure.

La gestió d’aquests espais i les seves noves funcions exigirà una especial atenció als camins, a la defensa del patrimoni viari públic, a la seva senyalització, manteniment i, també, a la seva gestió cultural. Paradoxalment, tot i la seva humilitat, els camins poden arribar a adquirir un pes destacat en la gestió de les ciutats del futur, enteses com organismes que s’estenen més enllà dels carrers, tal com, de fet, ha estat sempre si exceptuem el breu parèntesi històric que es correspon a l’ús dels combustibles fòssils i el vehicle privat.

The article deals with the problem of the accommodation of eco-migrants as well as the creation of better living conditions for them. Eco-migrants are regarded as population affected by natural disasters and relevantly forced to leave their place of residence in the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The aim of the study is to identify rational approach and effectively solve a problem of adaptation and rehabilitation of eco-migrants in their new places of residence after their migration from the place of the disaster. The problem is investigated on the experience of eco-migrants, being resettled in new places of residence as a result of the floods occurring in the Kur-Araz lowlands of Azerbaijan in 2010. The present analysis and visions are of practical importance not only for Azerbaijan, but also for other countries and regions, where the population is exposed to adverse impact of various types of natural  processes.

В статье исследуется проблема размещения эко-мигрантов – населения, пострадавшего от стихийных бедствий и вынужденного покинуть место своего проживания на территории Азербайджанской Республики. Целью исследования является выявление рационального подхода и эффективного решения в вопросе адаптации и реабилитации эко-мигрантов на новых местах их проживания после миграции с места стихии. Проблема исследована на опыте перемещения эко-мигрантов на новые места жительства вследствие наводнения, происходящего в Кура-Аразской низменности Азербайджана в 2010 году. Представленный анализ и видения имеют практическое значение не только для Азербайджана, но и для других стран и регионов, население которых подвергается влиянию различных видов природных процессов.

Common plastic production and use have become one of the driving forces behind climate change due to unprecedented world pollution of land and sea. The culminating production of plastic is an estimated 7.8 billion tonnes as of 2015 (Our World Data, 2015). 50% of these plastics used are single-use, and only 9% of plastic made between 1950 and 2015 has been recycled (Geyer, Jambeck and Law, 2017). 8-14 million tonnes of plastic per year make it into the sea, polluting 88% of the Ocean and waters (Sherrington, 2016). In 2019 plastic production and incineration CO2 emissions will amount to over 850 million metric tonnes in one year (Center for International Environmental Law, 2019), this is set to rise to 2.75 billion metric tonnes per year by 2050. This has led to a demand for biodegradable bioplastic alternatives to curb pollution and reach global net zero. Production of bioplastic has low costs as it can be made from natural waste products and they are easily disposable as many are compostable or recyclable. This study aims to synthesise biofilm materials from 100% renewable materials such as starch, gelatine and agar. The biofilm material was analysed to ascertain parameters of solubility, swell volumes, chemical leaching, tensile strength and biodegradability. The data obtained was used to determine suitability for industrial and commercial use. The data collected indicated that though the biofilm material produced was not suitable for long term or industrial use, it exhibited qualities suitable for short term commercial uses such as single-use food packaging.

Climate change is regarded as one of our times greatest environmental, social and economic challenges. The impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems, human society and economics are potentially severe, making it one of the most significant political issues facing the international community. The EU’s response to global climate change, from the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 with the 8% emission reduction to 2008 years Climate and Energy Package with a 20% reduction, illustrates a clear increase in ambition for the region.