Active / Passive Participles

This article discusses two case studies of diachronic "voice flipping" in which the syntax of a participle appears to change from active or "subject-oriented" to passive (Ancient Greek-menos to Modern Greek-menos) and from resultative/stative to active (Proto-Indo-European *-nt-; Hittite-ant-vs. Ancient Greek-nt-). While the first type of change is the result of a diachronic reanalysis by which a functional projection (VoiceP) is lost, the second type adds an active Voice head. Both changes are the result of the simultaneous availability of a stative and an eventive reading in deverbal adjectival forms and could belong to a larger "participle cycle". However, unlike in other changes usually discussed under the label "cycle", unidirectional economy principles do not apply in these cases. Rather, they provide evidence that some types of morphosyntactic change, especially those related to event and argument structure, are driven by reanalysis of the feature content of functional heads under local structural ambiguity.

The Ugaritic G passive participle reveals innovative qatū/īl patterns; it is used in several syntactic positions: as an attribute, patient noun, converb, and verbal predicate; used verbally, it takes over present passive, resultant, and future optative functions.

The paper presents a contrastive analysis of the English Past Participle
and the Bulgarian Past Passive Participle in terms of their etymology, usages and functional equivalence. It touches upon the process of grammaticalisation of the linguistic units in both languages and briefly describes their most frequent usages. The analysis also includes a corpus of examples excerpted from the Bulgarian National Corpus (BulNC) and examines translation equivalents in order to elaborate on the differences and similarities of these linguistic units.

The paper studies the formation of the participle in Biblical Hebrew according to the Masoretic (Tiberian) tradition, arranged according to the different conjugations and the different classes of weak verbs, including verbal adjectives. It includes examination of the details of vocalization and plene or defective writing. For the distribution of doublets, it tries to formulate syntactic, semantic, or diachronic rules. Two groups of forms exhibit special features
: feminine singular participles and participles of roots III.j without ending. The feminine singular forms can end in -a or in -t. The ending -a is paradigmatic in all participles of roots III.j, after long vowel (passive participle and the roots II.w) or doubled vowel (roots II.gem.) Other active participles end normally in -t, endings in -a are common only in poetic texts. Passive participles prefer -a in nominal use, -t in verbal. Verbal adjectives end in -a. Masculine singular participles of roots III.j can be vocalized with sere and with segol. Commonly, the forms in sere are classified as construct state, but syntactically some of them are not in construct state. So the condition for forms in sere is better labeled as ”close joined situation“.

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparison between a group of English adjectives derived by means of the suffixes-able and-ible and the present passive participle in Bulgarian – a participle often classified as a verbal adjective in Bulgarian and with which the aforementioned adjectives are often translated. The paper attempts to provide evidence that these English adjectives are not only semantic but also functional equivalents to the Bulgarian present passive participle and finally raises the question whether the parallels drawn between the English-able/-ible adjectives and the Bulgarian present passive participle are ample evidence to differentiate a group of present passive participles in English.

The aim of this paper is to analyse participles in Ancient Greek taking into account recent studies on the so-called converbs. In particular, the paper will focus on conjunct participle constructions. The first section shows the importance of new criteria for classifying these constructions (§ 1) and also offers an overview of the notion of converbs and of their
syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features (§ 2). The second section (§ 3) applies converb classification criteria to conjunct participles in Ancient Greek, with particular reference to present and aorist stems. This analysis leads to the identification of three different types of
conjunct participles, i.e. coordinative, clause modifier and predicate modifier.

Trpnik se v slovenščini zaradi tradicije odklanjanja trpnika redko uporablja, saj je raba nekoliko zaznamovana. V slovenščini se trpnik tvori z deležnikom na -n/-t ali pa s se. Deležnik na -n/-t lahko izraža tudi stanje, kar povzroča težave pri ločevanju med trpnikom in stanjem, saj trpnik nima samosvoje oblike. Jasne meje, kdaj je izraženo stanje in kdaj trpnik, ni. Najpogosteje mora veljati vidsko-časovno ohranjanje pri pretvorbi trpnika v tvornik, ki se pa ne izpostavi vedno nujno za pravilno. Upoštevati moramo tudi kontekst in situacijo. Na podlagi ročno pregledanih primerov iz Korpusa akademske slovenščine bo pokazano, da se vid in čas pri pretvorbi ne ohranita vedno, vseeno pa primer lahko označimo za trpnik, npr. Zavezanost ideologiji je spodbujena preko socialnih povezav.

У статті проаналізовано наслідки провадження позамовних суспільно-політичних процесів та їхнє відображення у сучасній медичній термінології. Увагу зосереджено не лише на нормативності вживання активних дієприкметників на -уч-ий, -юч-ий  в українській мові, але й насамперед на відтворенні медичних німецьких активних дієприкметників українською мовою. Встановлено, що їхнє відтворення може становити труднощі для медичних перекладачів. Тому запропоновано перелік найуживаніших нормативних словотвірних способів їхнього відтворення.
Ключові слова: німецько-український переклад, активні дієприкметники, медична термінологія, Медичний термінологічний бюлетень

Translation issues of German participles into Ukrainian in medical texts

The article underlines the political nature of the language and reveals the Ukrainian origin of the active participles with endings -уч-ий, -юч-ий in the context of medical terminology normalization of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the proposed study is to standardize the language tools for medical German-Ukrainian translators on the word-formation level. The novelty of the research is the comparative historical reconstruction of the usage of active participles in medical lexicographic sources as well as in optimizing the terminology system of the Ukrainian medical sublanguage by means of standard word-building models.
Active participles of the German and Ukrainian languages make up the object of the research. The subject of the study is the means of normative translation of German active participles into Ukrainian. Translations of medical certificates from German into Ukrainian as well as lexicographic sources have been used as the material for the research. The chosen methods have been determined by the specifics of the intended purpose. The diachronic sociolinguistic method serves to recreate the evolution of the status of normality of active participles in the Ukrainian language. Equally important are the comparative and empirical methods.
Therefore, taking into account the achievements of Ukrainian scholars as well as the analysis of relevant lexicographic sources, one can safely conclude about the political engagement of the usage of active participles with endings -уч-ий, -юч-ий in the Ukrainian language. Having compared and clearly demonstrated the individual articles from the translation dictionaries of the last century, it can be affirmed that the adoption of the Resolution of the Commission of the People's Commissariat of Education (1933) and the publication of the Bulletin of medical terminology (1934) led to the inclusion of appropriate forms (which are not typical for the Ukrainian language) into the Ukrainian professional language of medicine. In order to facilitate the work of medical translators, the article proposes a list of normative word-building means for translation of German active participles into Ukrainian. In view of their number the primacy and uniqueness of the descriptive translation той, який (що) + дієслово is refuted. There is no doubt that there are significantly more means for translation of German active participles, the research and selection of which can serve as the purpose for the further research.

La materia activa comprende un gran número de agentes caracterizados por
ser capaces de extraer energía de su entorno y, mediante grados de libertad internos,
convertirla en energía cinética de autopropulsión. Debido a este continuo
consumo de energía, los sistemas de materia activa se encuentran intrínsecamente
en en un estado de no equilibrio termodinámico. Esta definición general engloba
sistemas en varias escalas: 1) microscopicas, como bacterias y partculas arti-
ciales y 2) macroscopicas, como manadas de mamferos, aves en migracion y
cardumenes de peces, entre otros. En esta tesis se estudian aquellos sistemas
activos que por su tama~no y su interaccion con el medio en el que se mueven,
denominamos sistemas coloidales activos. Nos interesan particularmente sistemas
que poseen patrones caractersticos de nado en un medio acuoso: velocidad de autopropulsi
on y longitud de persistencia del nado en una direccion dada. El modelo
empleado en este estudio, es el llamado modelo run and tumble el cual considera
partculas que se mueven en cierta direccion a lo largo de una longitud de
persistencia (run) antes de cambiar abruptamente de direccion (tumble). En este
trabajo, el movimiento del agente externo esta caracterizado por una constriccion
energetica debido a la presencia de un potencial externo. Dado que los cambios de
direccion se consideran aleatorios, el modelo run and tumble describe formalmente
una caminata aleatoria (random walk) de la cual podemos saber su distribucion
de probabilidad espacial, la cual, gracias a la presencia del connamiento debido
a potenciales externos puede ser estacionaria (independiente del tiempo) permitiendo
establecer una analoga entre procesos difusivos Brownianos y procesos run
and tumble. Nuestra meta principal es describir las distribuciones de probabilidad
cuando se tiene potenciales de atrapamiento que presenten rugosidad (tpicamente
oscilaciones senoidales superpuestas en un potencial armonico). El estudio de
las funciones de distribucion incluye entender la relacion entre dinamica run and
tumble y difusion Browniana en medios no homogeneos, la dependencia de la distribuci
on con respecto a los parametros de nado y constriccion energetica y de la
estructura misma de los potenciales rugosos.

Summary This paper is an attempt to elaborate the various functions of the -n-\-t- participles in Polish periphrastic constructions with the verb mieć ‘to have’. Starting with the well-known basic assumption that there are significant tensions between different adjectival and verbal features of the participles in various constructions an attempt to the thorough analysis and description of their argument and event structure in the mieć-constructions with one, two and three place verbs has been made. It has shown that the diathetic ambiguities of the participles are still present in the elaborated forms, which are encoding with transitive verbs above all causative events and in which the agent role cannot be specified at first glance. Therefore other relevant factors, such as object and subject properties, which can largely influence the agent interpretation, should be included in the analysis, too. Furthermore, it is also emphasized that the reorientation of the participles can depen...

This paper investigates the properties of word order in participial reduced relatives (RRs) used in premodifying and postmodifying positions in a nominal phrase. We consider RRs from Slovenian, a South Slavic language that has conserved the l-participle, contrasting them with the relatives with the Russian active past participle in-(v)š. The Slovenian l-participle in RRs is available only with perfective unaccusative verbs and is verbal in nature, appearing with adverbial modification (Marvin 2003). The Russian-(v)š participle in RRs appears with transitive and intransitive verbs of both aspects, allowing direct object as well as adverbial modification (Siewierska and Uhlířová 1998; Сай 2014).

This paper deals with the argument and event structure of the constructions with the verb mieć and (partially) reanalyzed participles, which are defined as the “new perfect” in contemporary Polish. These forms are mostly analyzed in terms of transitivity, aspect and others overt grammatical criteria so that the limits of their grammatical analysis seem to be reached. This paper postulated a model that is oriented on the decomposition concepts (event and argument structure, concepts of generalized semantics roles and others) and that allows to evaluate the so far elaborated limits of grammatical analysis. The conclusion will be furthermore consultated with several aspects of neurolinguistics theories, especially those of argument linking and ambiguity resolving (cf. Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Schlesewsky).