Polish Linguistics

This paper investigates various aspects of grammaticalization of Polish and Kashubian periphrastic verb forms with mieć\miec and bëc and participles. The involvement of factors, which are due to language contact or to autonomous development is thoroughly explored and analyzed in the context of basic grammaticalization parameters. At the same time this contribution should prove with valid arguments the thesis of an inhomogeneous, variably realized and partly of others (all above pragmatic) factors dependent grammaticalization der habere-\esse-forms in the Slavia. So this paper refers both to the canonical differences in the realization of single grammaticalization parameters as well as broader developmental tendencies in the Slavia.

In this paper I address a typological puzzle concerning complementary distribution of classifiers and plural markers. I discuss a possible interpretation of a particular type of the Polish word 'para' ('pair of') as a classifier. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000).

Az ismertetendő kötet a szerzőnek azon munkáit tartalmazza, amelyek az utóbbi években, sőt évekkel korábban jelentek meg, főként a Magyar Nyelvőr és a Magyar Nyelv hasábjain. Ez a könyv tehát úgy is felfogható, mint egy közel 30 éves kutatói múlt összefoglalása: összegzése mindannak a tudásanyagnak, amelyet a szerző velünk, a kötet olvasóival az adott tárgykörre vonatkozóan megosztani szándékozott. Mindezek az ismeretek NYOMÁRKAY ISTVÁN professzor gondos, hozzáértő válogatásában tárulnak elénk, aki tematikus rendszerbe illesztette az egyes cikkeket és tanulmányokat.

This paper is dedicated to the forgotten fi rst dictionary containing sexuological lexis, which has not been covered by lexicographic research to date. The lexicon includes the vocabulary coined by an eccentric pioneer of the Polish sexuology but also commonly used forms referring to various issues related to sexual life. The author proves that Stanisław Kurkiewicz did not take up the word-formation game, he only tried to supplement the Polish language system with expressions designating phenomena which had not been named before, at the same time ensuring informativeness and specifi city of the names. She also argues that the dictionary is evidence of the development of the specialised medical language since individual forms correspond to units of knowledge.

The main goal of this paper is not only to present the current official version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a system of phonetic notation created and developed by the International Phonetic Association that is intended to be a standardized representation of all sounds that occur in natural languages, but also to propose the standardized IPA for Polish. The paper postulates the need for unification and internationalization of metalanguage in Polish linguistic studies, especially in the field of phonetic research, points out advantages of the IPA, and briefly describes previous attempts to transcribe Polish sounds using this phonetic notation. The main aim of the paper focuses on the proposal of the representation of Polish vocals and consonants. Alternate interpretations have been discussed and new solutions have been developed. Special attention has been devoted to possible representations of Polish nasal diphthongs, palatalized and so-called post-palatal sounds, and alveolar fricatives that have been analyzed as retroflex consonants. As the result a complete inventory of Polish sounds represented in the IPA has been presented.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the scope of the following terms: język specjalistyczny, język specjalny, język fachowy, język profesjonalny, język zawodowy, profesjolekt, technolekt (language for special purposes, specialist language, special language, expert language, professional language, occupational language, professiolect, technolect), which are used interchangeably in the Polish linguistic literature even though their denotations are not the same. The semantic (in)compatibility of the above terms was investigated in the following stages: (1) explaining the meaning of the expressions without their theoretical context, i.e. the analysis of the meanings of specific components of the terms as established in general Polish; (2-3) interpretation of explanations and specifications functioning in dictionaries containing linguistic terminology and in theoretical studies; (4) formulating a proposal of distinguishing the concepts by defining the scopes of the terms and the relationships between them.

Celem artykułu jest analiza zakresu nazw: język specjalistyczny, język specjalny, język fachowy, język profesjonalny, język zawodowy, profesjolekt, technolekt, które są wymiennie stosowane w polskiej literaturze lingwistycznej, pomimo iż ich denotaty nie są tożsame. Kwestię semantycznej (nie)kompatybilności wymienionych form zbadano etapowo: (1) przybliżenie sensu sformułowań w oderwaniu od ich teoretycznego obciążenia, tzn. analiza ugruntowanych w polszczyźnie ogólnej znaczeń poszczególnych składników nazw; (2-3) interpretacja objaśnień i uściśleń funkcjonujących w słownikach zawierających terminologię lingwistyczną oraz w opracowaniach teoretycznych; (4) sformułowanie propozycji rozgraniczenia pojęć poprzez wytyczenie zakresów badanych nazw i określenie łączących ich relacji.

In this paper I address a puzzle concerning different semantic interpretations of Polish NPs modified by basic cardinal numerals, e.g. dwaj studenci ('two students'), and NPs headed by numerals with the suffix-k-, e.g. dwójka studentów ('(a group of) two students'), with respect to distributivity and collectivity. The analysis uses formal semantic plurality framework of Landman (2000 a.o.).

This dissertation examines contact innovations in the coterritorial Polish and Belarusian dialects of the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands in the light of proposals by van Coetsem (1988, 1995, 1997), Thomason and Kaufman (1988) and Thomason (1998) concerning the typology of linguistic transfer in language contact. These authors argue that in place of Weinreich's (1953) generalized notion of "interference," it is necessary to draw a distinction between two different processes whereby linguistic material is transferred between languages in contact: 1) borrowing, the transfer of foreign features into a language by native speakers of that language ("recipient language agentivity," in van Coetsem's terminology); and 2) interference/ imposition through language shift ("source language agentivity"), which involves the transfer of features into a language by non-native speakers. Crucially, van Coetsem and Thomason and Kaufman assert, the two transfer types are associated with distinct patterns of innovation affecting different levels of linguistic structure. Thus, borrowing will tend to affect the least stable linguistic domains (primarily the lexicon), while interference/imposition will initially affect the more stable domains, such as phonological rules, syntactic structure, and inflectional morphology (the latter primarily via simplification). A blurring of the distinction between the two transfer types occurs only in the case of "neutralization" (van Coetsem 1997), which typically occurs when a bilingual community undergoes a shift in linguistic dominance (as reflected, for example, in what Myers-Scotton (1998) calls "matrix language turnover"), resulting in imposition-like phenomena in the community's increasingly obsolescent or functionally restricted original language.
On the basis of a comparative analysis of previously published dialect data, as well as my own field recordings from the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian border region, in this study I provide evidence that the distinction between the two transfer types is applicable not only in the case of genetically and typologically divergent systems, but also, to a large extent, in the case of contact between closely-related language varieties such as dialects of Belarusian and Polish. Thus, we find that Polish influence in the majority of the Belarusian dialects of the region is mainly limited to the lexicon, derivational morphology and certain lexically-based syntactic phenomena such as verbal and prepositional case government, while the Polish dialects which arose on a Belarusian or mixed Lithuanian-Belarusian substratum exhibit far more profound structural modifications, including freer stress, vowel reduction, the absence of clitic pronouns and of personal inflection in the past tense, copula deletion, and other phonological, morphological and syntactic features typically associated with East Slavic.
The linguistic evidence for two distinct types of transfer in the evolution of these dialects is supported by the socio-cultural history of the Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian borderlands, which suggests that the predominant source of Polish influence in the Belarusian dialects of the region was borrowing by native speakers of Belarusian, while the Polish folk dialects of the northern borderlands arose largely through shift by speakers of Belarusian and/or Lithuanian dialects to a regional Polish interdialect rather than as the result of large-scale migrations from the original Polish ethnolinguistic territory. 
These findings support the thesis that in language contact it is not, as Jakobson and others have argued, the inherent "developmental tendencies" of the systems involved which primarily determine the linguistic outcomes, but rather the types of linguistic transfer (borrowing vs. interference/imposition). The two transfer types are, in turn, a result of the interplay of linguistic, social and psychological factors, including social dominance (the relative prestige of the language varieties in contact), functional dominance (the relative frequency and domains of their use), and psycholinguistic dominance (i.e. which of the varieties is acquired earlier and is the matrix language in conversational code-switching).
In addition to providing empirical corroboration for theories of contact-induced language change which differentiate between the linguistic consequences of borrowing under conditions of language maintenance and interference/imposition through language shift, this study offers valuable insights concerning the mechanisms and typology of linguistic transfer in contact situations involving closely-related language varieties as opposed to linguistically more divergent systems. The discussion of cognate languages draws upon research in the field of dialect contact (Trudgill 1986, Kerswill 1994), focusing on the question of the types of linguistic knowledge L2 learners of closely-related languages rely on in the process of language acquisition, and how these processes resemble or differ from acquisition of more distantly related or unrelated languages. Of particular theoretical importance is the evidence concerning rule typology and the potential for transfer via imposition in cognate language contact, which provides support for approaches such as Natural Phonology (Stampe 1969, Donegan and Stampe 1979), while refuting a number of predictions made by scholars working within the framework of Lexical Phonology and related approaches.

Polish Verbal Aspects in Focus. This book is intended primarily for initiated readers: slavists, polonists, aspectologists and teachers of Polish but it will be useful to anyone studying for the state examinations in Polish, as well as those interested in the Polish verbal aspect for any other reason. The book consists of a preface, three chapters, notes, a Polish-Hungarian structural aspect dictionary, a summary in English and in Polish and a collective bibliography. Chapter one is rather introductory. It is entitled Aspect theory questions and aspectual usage and deals with the question of the possibility of an all-embracing aspect theory. Refuting prevailing views on human language and its category of the aspect as a stable and rational system based on strict and absolute rules, the author presents arguments in favour of the existence of communication fragments (CFs) being the fundamental units of language (and aspectual) usage. Apart from the cognitive approach presented in this chapter, however, the author also discusses the structuralist aspect description framework and emphasizes its importance especially, when it comes to language education. According to the author they are complementary rather than competing approaches. The chapter ends with the suggestion that an elaborate systematization and a clear-cut presentation of Polish verb derivation in the form of a structural aspect dictionary seem to be necessary. Chapter two entitled "The verbal aspect in Polish and in Hungarian from a glottodidactic viewpoint" focuses on Polish verbal aspect and on the Hungarian functional equivalents of aspectual meanings in modern Polish. The author enumerates and discusses the means by the help of which Polish aspectual meanings can be expressed in Hungarian. They are the following: verbal prefixes, suffixes, syntactic constructions and paraphrases. The author comes to the conclusion that the expression of aspectual meanings in Hungarian is not compulsory and the means serving for the expression of such meanings are not as systematic as they are in Polish.
A Polish-Hungarian Structural Aspect Dictionary forms the second part of the book. With 182 pages, the dictionary comprises a vocabulary of 3199 Polish and 3005 Hungarian items. The Polish verbs with their Hungarian equivalents are divided into four semantic groups, such as statives, processives, causatives and verbs of action. The entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Many entries offer also idiomatic expressions or sentences exemplifying usage. Although this aspect dictionary is not unprecedented, it is unique in the sense that a Polish-Hungarian structural aspect dictionary has not yet been published.

The linguistic-cultural image of the Polish rak ‘crayfish’
The article attempts to reconstruct the Polish linguo-cultural image of rak ‘crayfish’ (Astacus astacus). Following the model of Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, the data taken into account include the word’s etymology, its lexicographic treatment (including phraseology) in dictionaries of contemporary Polish, in dialectal dictionaries and in dictionaries of former stages of Polish, texts of folklore, and ethnographic accounts. The following definition of the crayfish has been proposed accordingly: “The crayfish (rak) is a small, hairless and featherless animal of little value, its body being protected by
a carapace. It has long antennae, two prehensile and sharp chelipeds that are used for
protection, many legs and eyes located in the back of the body. It lives in water (rivers
and ponds), in holes it builds for itself. It isn’t known where it spends the winter. It can pinch, moves backwards in an ungainly and slow manner, makes no sound and kills its victims by biting into their bodies. It is closest to fish. Crayfish are sought for their meat, of which they have very little – they are then roasted or cooked. They are considered
exquisite food. Parts of the crayfish’s body are used as medicine for various ailments. The crayfish is thought to be connected with the underworld”.

Celem niniejszej monografii jest zaprezentowanie alternatywnego spojrzenia na fonematykę języka polskiego, które pozwoliłoby pokazać znane fakty empiryczne w nowym świetle i zaproponować innowacyjne rozwiązania dla ich interpretacji. Aparat pojęciowy przyjęty na potrzeby opisu to teoria funkcjonalizmu aksjomatycznego, która stanowi spójny system semiotyczny odwołujący się do osiągnięć funkcjonalistycznie zorientowanych kierunków językoznawstwa strukturalistycznego. Teoria ta podkreśla potrzebę precyzji oraz adekwatności opisu lingwistycznego i daje odpowiednie narzędzia do przeprowadzenia szczegółowej analizy deskryptywnej zjawisk fonetycznych współczesnej polszczyzny. W wyniku zastosowania rygorystycznej pod względem metodologicznym procedury sformułowano spójną interpretację polskiego systemu fonematycznego, która pod wieloma względami różni się od tradycyjnych ujęć.

The paper discusses Jan Łoś’s "Słowniczek wyrazów dotyczących pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa z zabytków językowych do końca XVI w." (ie. ‘A dictionary of kinship and affinity terms from monuments till the 16th century’) whose manuscript is stored in the collections of the Silesian Library in Katowice. The article contains a physical description of the unit and a metalexicographic analysis of its micro- and macrostructure, contrasted with Łoś’s conception of Słownik staropolski (‘Old Polish dictionary’). Furthermore, the paper indicates content and source relationships between the analysed work and another text by Łoś (Nazwy stopni pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa w dawnej Polsce ‘Names of degrees of kinship and affinity in old Poland’) and draws attention to the lack of reception of the manuscript in later linguistic works. The article also presents the history of the manuscript, so far as it could be reconstructed  It ends with conclusions about the significance of the manuscript for linguistics, in times when it was written, and currently

Prof dr. hab. Bańczerowski Janusz, az MTA nyelvészprofesszora, az ELTE professor emeritusa, aki 1983-tól 2010-ig volt az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Karán működő Lengyel Filológiai Tanszék vezetője, 2003-tól 2007-ig volt a Szláv és Balti Filológiai Intézet igazgatója, 2007 és 2019 között pedig a Szláv Nyelvészeti Doktori Iskola igazgatója és a Szlavisztikai Nyelvtudományi Program vezetője, 2021-ben tölti be 80. életévét. Az ünnepelt sokoldalú, nem csupán Magyarországon és Lengyelországban, de nemzetközi szinten is ismert és elismert, kiváló nyelvtudós, számos magas kitüntetés és díj birtokosa. A professzor úr nyelvészeti munkássága igen széles területet ölel fel, az őt foglalkoztató kutatási témák között megtalálhatók a lengyel – magyar kontrasztív fonetika, a glottodidaktika, a metanyelv, a szemantika, a nyelvészeti pragmatika, a kommunikáció-elmélet, a nyelvfilozófia, a kognitív nyelvészet és a világ nyelvi képének (VNyK) problémái. A jeles évforduló alkalmából megjelent, nyelvészeti, irodalmi, történelmi és kultúrtörténeti tárgyú tanulmányokat tartalmazó köszöntő kötet, amelyet most a kezében tart a kedves olvasó, tisztelgés az ünnepelt több mint fél évszázados iskolateremtő nyelvészi és oktatói pályája előtt. /
Profesor doktor habilitowany Janusz Bańczerowski, profesor językoznawstwa Węgierskiej Akademii Nauk, profesor emeritus Uniwersytetu im. Loránda Eötvösa w Budapeszcie, który od 1983 roku do 2010 był kierownikiem Katedry Filologii Polskiej tegoż uniwersytetu, w latach 2003 – 2007 dyrektorem Uniwersytetu im. Loránda Eötvösa w Budapeszcie, a między 2007 i 2019 rokiem dyrektorem Slawistycznej Językoznawczej Szkoły Doktorskiej, w 2021 roku będzie obchodził swoje 80 urodziny. Jubilat jest wszechstronnym naukowcem, znanym nie tylko na Węgrzech, ale też w Polsce. Jego działalność naukowa zdobyła rozgłos także za granicą. Profesor Bańczerowski za wybitne wyniki w dziedzinie językoznawstwa otrzymał wiele odznaczeń. Jego badania obejmują rozmaite obszary językoznawstwa. Zajmował się polsko–węgierską fonetyką kontrastywną, glottodydaktyką, metajęzykiem, semantyką, pragmatyką językoznawczą, teorią komunikacji, filozofią języka, a także problemami językowego obrazu świata (JOS). Właśnie z okazji okrągłych urodzin Pana Profesora został wydany niniejszy tom, zawierający publikacje z dziedziny językoznawstwa, literatury, historii oraz historii kultury. Publikacja ta jest wyrazem szacunku dla Pana Profesora ze strony jego kolegów i koleżanek oraz uczniów za ponad 50 lat jego pracy naukowej i dydaktycznej.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird das sprachliche Weltbild (LWV) des Wortes chrzan/Kren anhand polnischer und deutscher Redensarten untersucht und vorgestellt. Es kann festgestellt werden, dass die mit dem Wort chrzan/Kren gebildeten Phraseologismen in beiden Sprachen eher eine negative Bedeutung haben. Die einzige Ausnahme bildet die wienerische Wendung für etwas a Kren sein, die eine positive Bedeutung hat. Dies hängt damit zusammen, dass Kren als Nutzpflanze meistens nur gering geschätzt wird.

The present paper deals with two universal linguistic phenomena, homeostasis and compensation. The author examines their function in relation to two categories, aspect and tense in the history of the Slavic languages. It is beyond doubt that one of the most important categories of the Slavic verb is aspect the origin of which may lie in the Proto-Indo-European language. The effects of its emergence as a verbal category were far-reaching and can be well traced in the history of the most Slavic languages. Taking a close look to the linguistic data, it seems quite obvious that the categories of tense and aspect were closely related and did interact, creating different patterns in modern Slavic languages. A certain competition between the category of aspect and that of tense can already be observed in Old Slavic and also in Old Russian and Old Polish where tenses like the aorist and the imperfect were becoming increasingly obsolete. The perfect, on the contrary, has gained ground, while the pluperfect has almost completely fallen into disuse. In the further development, the aspectual opposition also extended to the future tenses thereby affecting the entire tense system. This scenario took place everywhere in the East and West Slavic languages with some nuanced differences. Consequently, in the aspect-tense system of the modern East and West Slavic languages the tendency of the category of aspect to prevail over the category of tense together with the gradual decline in the number of tenses seems to be quite clear. The South Slavic languages, however, have taken a slightly different path showing perhaps the most complex picture. Although the Serbian and Croatian languages have preserved the old tenses, their use is rather limited. In terms of their aspectual development, these languages are getting closer and closer to the Eastern and Western Slavic language groups. In contrast, in Bulgarian and Macedonian one can see an intricate interplay of the aspectual system and the developed tense system. In the case of the change of the different Slavic languages, the phenomenon of linguistic compensation can be observed in all cases on the example of aspect and tense categories as the main means of striving to maintain linguistic homeostasis.

Szajbel-Keck, Małgorzata. 2014. Prepositional secondary predication in Polish: Adjectives in complex constructions. In Cassandra Chapman, Olena Kit & Ivona Kučerová (eds.), Annual Workshop on formal approaches to Slavic linguistics: The McMaster Meeting 2013 (Michigan Slavic Materials 60), 361–379. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Publications.

Tematem artykułu jest polski socjolekt wędkarski. Po wyjaśnieniu nieścisłości terminologicznych związanych z właściwym klasyfikowaniem języków środowiskowych autor udowadnia, że wędkarze posługują się socjolektem. Analiza zgromadzonego materiału leksykalno-frazeologicznego jest podstawą do omówienia charakterystycznych cech tego socjolektu, takich jak internacjonalizacja leksyki, ekspresywność języka, związana z nią twórczość językowa wędkarzy oraz zapożyczenia wewnątrzjęzykowe.

This talk will examine the application of the Movement Theory of Control (Hornstein 2001, inter alia) to Russian, Polish, and Bulgarian reflexive data and consider where it can handle the data and where it cannot. Difficult issues within Slavic include long-distance antecedents, homonyms with either reflexive or reciprocal interpretation (i.e., Polish siebie), and the (non-standard) Bulgarian nego si, which seems to behave both as a reflexive and as a pronoun. This theory has difficulties in accounting for the full range of Slavic data. For example, the MTC states that the reflexive is a lower copy of the antecedent, which is changed into a reflexive to save the derivation at Spell-Out. This can easily account for the binding interpretation between a reflexive and a local antecedent, but greater distances of hypothetical movement become difficult with respect to the principles of shortest move and move-over-merge, especially given the optionality of coreference. Some work has been done on reflexives using the MTC (Boeckx, Hornstein, and Nunes 2008, Drummond 2011, among others), but little or none within Slavic.

A magyarországi polonisztikai kutatások nagy és gazdag múltra tekintenek vissza. Ezekben a kutatásokban jelentős szerep jut az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetemen 1978 óta önállóan működő Lengyel Filológiai Tanszéknek, ahol immár hagyománnyá vált, hogy a legújabb eredményeket nemzetközi tudományos konferenciákon ismertetik, melyeknek anyagát időről időre kötetben adják közre. A jelen kötet, amely e sorozatban már a hetedik, az 1994. május 24-én és 25-én a Lengyel Filológiai Tanszék rendezésében, fennállásának 15. évfordulója alkalmából „A polonisztika Magyarországon — tudományos kutatások, módszertani eredmények, fejlesztési távlatok" címmel tartott.

SILESIAN: JARGON – DIALECT – LANGUAGE? AN OUTSIDER’S VIEW
The article is a voice of the outsider; a contribution to the discussion on the status of Silesian as a jargon, dialect or the self-governing, separate language. The author criticises the fact that because of the participants’ emotionalism, discussions about the subject in question, both current and academic, much too often overlook the latest theories and methods of language exchange research and sociolinguistics. On one hand, during its development, Silesian, both in its structural aspect (and not only due to the presence of Germanisms in it) and in the sociolinguistic one, drifted away from a prototypic dialect, on the other – neither its sociolinguistic nor structural aspects fully meet the terms of a prototype language as defined (at least implicitly) in the European context. The article’s attention-grabbing point is that in Europe, there are some other ‘lects’ of comparable characteristics to Silesian, which legally are recognized as languages or regional languages.
Keywords: language contact, dialect, language, regional language, Silesia

In diesem kurzen Artikel wurden die Funktionen des Verbalpräfixes po- im Polnischen skizziert (über die Grundbedeutungen von po- s. noch Garncarek 2001: 134). Zusammenfassend kann man feststellen, dass sich die folgenden Funktionen von po- aufzeigen lassen:
1) „rein aspektuelle” Funktion
2) aspektuell-modifizierende Funktion
delimitative oder determiantive (auch saturative) Funktion: Profilierung der äußeren Grenze der Situation diminutive Funktion: Profilierung der Abschwächung der Tätigkeit
ungressive Funktion: Profilierung des Beginns einer Situation
resultative Funktion: Profilierung der inneren Grenze einer Situation
pantive Funktion: Profilierung der Ingressivität und der Fordauer einer Situation
3) lexikalisch-modifizierende Funktion
4) stilistische Funktion

Based on corpus data from the Polish and Russian National Corpus and the Corpus of Modern Yiddish, this paper explores two competing subject resultative constructions - namely the construction based on the past participle and the construction based on the adverbial participle - in the three object languages. Classification trees reveal that for Russian, transitivity is decisive for the choice of syntactic encoding, whereas Polish and Yiddish display a tendency towards encoding subject resultativity with the help of an ergative structure. Furthermore, language contact between Polish and Yiddish seems to have perpetuated the co-existence of the two competing constructions in Yiddish.

A lengyel nyelv magyaroknak történő egyetemi oktatása során hangsúlyosan merül fel az igeaspektus és az aspektusformák helyes használatának kérdése. S bár az aspektus igen összetett, más nyelvi kategóriákkal is érintkező, több szinten megjelenő probléma, mégis gyakran lehet találkozni annak meglehetősen leegyszerűsített, mindössze néhány szabályszerűségre korlátozódó bemutatásával. A jelen munka egy, a témát érintő korábbi, lengyel nyelvű tanulmányunk (Pátrovics l995: l104-107) továbbviteleként gazdag nyelvi anyagra támaszkodva kísérli meg felvázo|ni a lengyel felszólító módú tagadó szerkezetekben megjelenő aspektusformák haszná|ati szabá|yainak elméleti hátterét. Az itt |eírtakat abban a reményben adjuk közre, hogy megfelelő támpontot nyújthatnak mind a lengyel nyelvet oktatók, mind pedig az azt magas szinten elsajátítani vágyók számára,

The paper deals with the problem of theaching verbal aspect, presenting the theoretical foundations of the teaching of the aspect of the Polish verb. In the second part of the chapter, the reader will find language exercices related to the Polish verbal aspect.

The subject of the article concentrates around typologies of social dialects functioning in Polish linguistic literature. The classifications proposed by Aleksander Wilkoń, Stanisław Grabias, Halina Satkiewicz, Grażyna Sawicka and Tomasz Piekot, which are divided on the basis of various criteria (e.g. dominating sociolectal category, kind of a social group, its attitude to reality, society and norms), have been reviewed and analyzed. The author not only indicates similarities between these typologies and emphasizes questionable solutions, but also tries to recognize and to solve terminological problems concerning variants of language functioning in different social groups.

Tematyka artykułu koncentruje się wokół typologii socjolektów funkcjonujących w polskiej literaturze językoznawczej. Omówieniu i analizie zostały poddane klasyfikacje Aleksandra Wilkonia, Stanisława Grabiasa, Haliny Satkiewicz, Grażyny Sawickiej i Tomasza Piekota, w których podstawą podziału stały się różne kryteria (np. dominująca kategoria socjolektalne, rodzaj grupy społecznej, jej stosunek do rzeczywistości, społeczeństwa, norm). Autorka nie tylko wskazuje podobieństwa przywoływanych typologii i zaznacza rozwiązania dyskusyjne, ale też próbuje wykazać i rozstrzygnąć kłopoty terminologiczne dotyczące odmian języka funkcjonujących w różnych grupach społecznych.