53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia Andrea Rimpf Abstract This paper presents tobacco clay pipes from unknown sites in the area of Ilok, Croatia, which were donated to the Ilok Town Museum. The pipes typologically belong to the eastern Mediterranean type. They originate from the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire and date from the middle of the 16th to the end of the 19th century. tobacco – eastern Mediterranean type – clay pipes – Ilok 1. INTRODUCTION The presented clay pipes, which are part of the museum collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, originate from systematic or rescue archaeological excavations in the area of Ilok (Fig. 1). The small number presented in this paper – a total of twenty finds – were donated to the museum by the citizens of Ilok. The pipes were found during the construction of private houses or garden cultivation from the 1950s until the 1970s. To date, just over three hundred clay pipes have been collected and preserved in full or in fragments, covering the period from the second half of the 16th to the end of the 19th century. They are a typologically valuable source of information on trade routes and their distribution in Ilok, especially during the 19th century. 2. TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN EARLY MODERN CROATIA The tobacco plant originates from Central and South America. It was named after the Tabasco region in present-day Mexico. The indigenous population enjoyed tobacco by rolling it in bundles or placing it in Y-shaped pipes. Such pipes would be placed in the nostrils by inhaling tobacco and the smoke was released through the mouth (Gačić 2011, 12). Sailors brought tobacco to Spain and Portugal, where the first introduction of this plant in local gardens was recorded (Gačić 2011, 13; Brković/Petričević 2013, 6). The name of the nicotiana plant has been used since Jean Nicot de Villemain (1530–1604), the French ambassador in Portugal, studied the medicinal properties of tobacco and recommended it to Queen Catherine Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 Fig. 1: Location of the town of Ilok, Croatia. Created by A. Rimpf. de Medici for the treatment of migraines (Gačić 2011, 13). Another direction of the spread of this plant is considered to be the Far East, such as China and Japan, from where it was distributed to Syria and Egypt during the 16th century, and thus to other countries of the Ottoman Empire in the early 17th century (Simpson 2009, 67, 68). The word tobacco used in our country comes from the Turkish word duhān, Croatian duhan, meaning steam or smoke (Brković/Petričević 2013, 6). In the beginning, spahis (Ottoman cavarlymen) and other Muslims were engaged in trade, while the rural population joined the production in later decades. Imported Turkish tobacco varieties called bošča and proseča were mostly used. Planting in the area of today’s Serbia is reported by numerous travel writers during the 17th century.1 In the area of the Morava and Drina rivers, two types of tobacco were grown, large krdžan and bajinovac.2 They were of poorer quality than tütün (another Ottoman word for tobacco), which was imported from Turkey. Craftsmen called avandžije3 were engaged in the processing and sale of tobacco (Gačić 2011, 17, 18). Tobacco came to the area of Syrmia from 1 In 1611, French traveler Lefevre wrote that he saw some Turks in Prokuplje smoking tobacco in the shade near their shop over coffee (Mijatović 2006, 11). today’s territory of Serbia and Bosnia by movements of army troops and trade. The first mention of tobacco in the area of the Syrmia Sanjak is in Sanjak of Syrmia mufassil tahrir defter from 1566– 1574, which mentions tobacco tax collection on Muslim houses in today’s village of Nijemci, nahiye4 Nijemci, in the amount of 396 akçe (Ottoman monetary unit), i.e., the tax was paid by 66 houses in the amount of 6 akçe (McGowan 1983, 409). Given the previous dating of clay pipes and scientific interpretations of the time of the appearance of tobacco in the Balkan regions of the Ottoman Empire, especially in the east of today’s Croatia, its use has been reported since the late 16th and first decade of the 17th century. Data on the mention of tobacco in Nijemci should be taken into account in further archaeological research and the archaeological dating of objects, in this case tobacco clay pipes. The first visual image of a clay pipe and tobacco smoking was recorded in the nearby city of Vukovar on a depiction made by the imperial ambassador Maximilian Prandstätter in 1608, which shows the inhabitants of the town smoking pipes on the nearby island of Adica at the foot of the fortress (Fig. 2). The use of tobacco in the area of Syrmia was also recorded during the great plague in 1795, when the authorities issued an order: “Houses should be kept clean, washed, houses should often be ventilated with a blueberry, tobacco or sage plant.” (Glesinger 1973, 38, 39). Reports of trade in the city of Brod on the River Sava from 1800 mention that 148 pounds of tobacco and 7.5 pounds of pipes were imported into the monarchy. In 1810, 13,760 quintal of tobacco was transported to the Slavonian frontier on the Sava with twelve ships (Matanović 2002, 99, 100). Sporadic records of several stalks of planted tobacco in Ilok, whose cultivation was banned in the late 19th and early 20th century, primarily due to state monopolies, are mentioned by Julije Benešić in his notes “Turnips, onions, hemp and, where there is moisture, stork potatoes grow very well, and it’s extraordinarily convenient land for tobacco. Tobacco has only a few stalks in sheltered places, because this culture is forbidden.” (Benešić 1910, 5). 2 Bajinovac was named after the Bajina Bašta area in which it was grown. 3 They were named after avan, a device used for cutting tobacco. 54 4 Ottoman administrative unit. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 Fig. 2: Depiction of Vukovar from 1608 by Maximilian Prandstätter. Graphic collection of the Croatian State Archives, Zagreb. Created by A. Rimpf. 3. BASIC FORMS OF CLAY PIPES After the first phase of growth in tobacco consumption, pipes developed into two basic forms: the western form – with a small bowl, a long stem and kamış (common reed) in one piece; and the eastern Mediterranean type with a larger bowl and a small stem (Bekić 2000, 250). Eastern-type ceramic pipes consist of three parts: a bowl, a stem and a mouthpiece. The stem was made of cherry or jasmine wood, and could be decorated with more precious metals, pearls or silk material. The length of the stem varied from 1 m to 4 m. The last part of the pipe is a mouthpiece made of amber, coral or metal (Gusar 2008, 137). The connection between the bowl and the stem in the eastern type is one connecting hole (Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman type) or three connecting holes (Italian-chioggia type). Eastern, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman pipes all have their subtypes depending on the place of production (Fig. 3). 3.1 AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN PRODUCTION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES The most famous centre is Schemnitz, with famous master pipemakers Hőnig and Johanes Partsch. Another well-known centre is Theresienfeld near Wiener Neustadt, with the workshops of Anton Partscha, Franz Kocha and Podries from Podrečany. The 19th century is marked by the appearance of the “Coffehouse” style pipe with a brass lid on the bowl of the pipe. Schemnitz pipes are made of black clay in a mould, with polished surfaces, a high bowl and a short stem. Such pipes usually have a master’s seal (Bekić 2000, 252). It should be noted that this type of pipe also has its regional subtypes, i.e., Austrian, Hungarian, Austro-Hungarian and local production (production in Zelovo). A mould from Ilok found during archaeological excavations in the historic centre of Ilok indicates smaller local production. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 55 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 to their useful function they also have a decorative one (Gusar 2008, 137). Some specimens of Ottoman pipes certainly arrived in Ilok by trade during the earlier centuries, but from the 19th and early 20th century onwards some items could be souvenirs from a trip to the Middle East, as written by Marko Šamšalović from Ilok, who visited it in 1905 together with his wife. During his visit to Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre on April 18, 1905, he wrote in his journal: “As soon as he entered the church, the loggia where the Turks kept watch caught his eye. They were sitting there drinking coffee and smoking, ignoring the fact that it is a holy place.” (Černi 2014, 39; Fig. 4). Fig. 3: “Western” pipe shape; “Mediterranean” pipe shape; according to Robinson 1985. 3.2 OTTOMAN PRODUCTION The consumption of tobacco was accepted very early in the territory of today’s Turkey, and consequently in other regions of the Ottoman Empire. Production has been recorded since 1605, and the first restrictions appeared in the time of Sultan Murad IV (1623–1640) due to the fire hazard (Gusar 2008, 137). In the first period they were made of white clay embossed in a mould and richly decorated, and from the end of the 17th century they were made of red clay often coated with red engobe. A Meerschaum (sea foam) pipe with a special decoration and a gold coloured patina, reminiscent of ivory, also originates from Turkey.5 Well-known production centres are in Syria, Egypt, Morocco, Burgas, Sofia, Varna, Istanbul and Diyarbakir (Bekić 2000, 253). According to M. Stančeva, as the pipes are small in size, sometimes artistically processed, and some examples of eastern pipes are even decorated with gold or silver threads, they are more of a goldsmith’s product than a ceramic one, and therefore pipes were separated from ceramic masters early on (Stančeva 1976, 95, 135; Bekić 2000, 254). All these production centres actually form an additional sub-typology. The pipes of the Ottoman type are richly decorated, so in addition 5 Meerschaum is a mineral consisting of magnesium that can be found in the ground at a depth of approximately 10 metres. The characteristic of this material is that it is light, very porous and easy to carve. 56 4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY The technology of pipemaking is complex. First, a wooden model of a pipe was made, which was then used as a model for a mould. The mould had two parts made of wood or a soft stone (Gusar 2008, 139). The mould’s interior was then smeared with lead or tin with decoration. A well-purified clay would be pressed into the mould, after which wedges were inserted to model the space for the tobacco chamber in the bowl and the hollow in the stem, into which kamış was later inserted. After drying and firing, the pipe would be taken out and a connecting hole between the hollow stem and tobacco bowl was created. This was followed by the polishing, glazing or engobing of the surface (Gusar 2008, 139). 5. CLAY PIPES FROM THE MODERN PERIOD COLLECTION OF THE ILOK TOWN MUSEUM At the beginning of the 16th century, Ilok became part of the Ottoman Empire, and from the middle of the 16th century until 1663 it was the centre of the Sanjak6 of Syrmia. In 1688, it became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Modern period collection of the Ilok Town Museum contains tobacco pipes of the eastern Mediterranean type: Austro-Hungarian pipes with their subtypes, Ottoman, and local types, as well as pipes whose origin 6 Ottoman administrative unit. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 Fig. 4: Marko and Adela Šamšalović in Istanbul in 1905, Ilok Town Museum, inv. no. MGI-11148. cannot be determined. The pipe collection presented in this paper belong to the eastern Mediterranean type and has about twenty finds without an archaeological context, as they belong to an old museum inventory created by donations from the citizens of Ilok. Since the founding of the museum in 1952, many lovers of Ilok’s history have donated objects they found during agricultural and urban planning works to the museum. Due to the historical circumstances the institution has experienced for almost 70 years, some items have lost their subject card or received an inventory mark without the data being entered in the inventory book. Nine pipes belong to the Austro-Hungarian type. When we talk about the workshops of the masters, only three pipes from this group have the seal of the workshop: Podries,7 Podrecs and M. Hőnig We – Schemnitz. 7 The Podries workshop was located in the village of Podrečany near the town of Lučenec in present-day Slovakia. Juraj Krčiaški, a village clerk, started the production in 1794. Pipes were made by hand, without a mould, and he soon gained great fame. However, precisely because of the intoxication with fame, other pipemakers appeared in the village and took on a leading role, although their products were of poorer quality (Bielich/ Čurný 2009, 350). 5.1 TYPE 1 PIPES The T. 1.1 clay pipe is partially preserved and the upper part of the bowl is missing. The ridge is pronounced on the lower part and profiled in the shape of a shell, connected by one hole. The hoop is squarely profiled and decorated with oblique lines, while the remains of a metal cover are visible. The pipe is made of clay, polished and black fired, which made it grey-black in colour. On the right side of the stem is an oval area with the seal of M. HŐNIG. WE _ SCHEMNITZ. On the left side of the stem in a round area is the coat of arms of the town of Banská Štiavnica, dated to the first half of the 19th century, i.e., around 1830 (Nagy 2001, 50). Analogies for this type of pipe can be found at the sites Varaždin – Vodnikova Street (Drpić 2018, T.2.8), Dubrovnik – Gornji ugao Tower (Milošević/Topić 2011, fig. 4), Nitra (Bielich/ Čurný 2009, 345) and in Serbia (Gačić 2011, 125, fig. 174). The difference between these pipes is in the hoop, which can be decorated with rhombuses or oblique lines. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 57 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 The T.1.2 pipe belongs to the same group of pipes. The bowl is hexagonal and highly profiled with a ridge modelled in the shape of a shell and connected by a single connecting hole. It is missing part of the stem. The surface is polished and greyblack in colour. The third clay pipe, T.1.3, from the first half of the 19th century has only been partly preserved in the form of a stem and a hoop. The hoop is squarely thickened, and below it is a strip with parallel lines. A piece of the metal part on it has been preserved. In the area of the ridge, a V-shaped decoration was made with a wheel. The stem was connected to the bowl with one connecting hole. On the right side of the stem in the oval seal is the name of the workshop PODRECS. The pipe is black with a polished surface. This type of pipe was produced in the Slovak town of Podrečany. Analogies to these pipes can be found in Varaždin (Drpić 2018, tab. VII.28), Hainburg on the Danube (Vyšohlíd 2016, tab. 3.3.), and Petrovaradin Fortress (Gačić 2011, 13). The T.1.4 pipe has a partially damaged bud-shaped bowl (rolled tobacco leaves?) and a hoop. It is connected to the stem by a prominent ridge and a single connecting hole. The prominent hoop has a horizontal incised line for the lid. The pipe is grey-black. The PODRIES seal is in the rectangular space on the left side of the stem and on the right side of the stem is an illegible coat of arms in the square seal. The pipe dates to the early 19th century. Earlier production of clay pipes can be attributed to the so-called Hungarian sub-type dating to the 18th and early 19th century (T.1.5–10). The bright orange pipes are characterised by a short stem, a thickened turban hoop and a cylindrical bowl. Like all pipes of the eastern Mediterranean type, they have one connecting hole. The pipe (T.1.5) has a partially preserved bowl and a prominent ridge. The stem ends with a thickened hoop decorated with oblique incisions. The decoration is made with horizontal lines along the ridge and on the underside of the stem. The bowl is decorated with vertical lines and orange-red in colour. According to Divna Gačić, Debrecen can be considered as the place of production, and we can also find them in the area of Vojvodina in today’s Serbia (Gačić 2011, figs. 141, 142). Debrecen production 58 also includes a clay pipe (T.1.6) with a partially preserved bowl and a prominent ridge. The stem ends with a thickened hoop decorated with oblique incisions and a horizontal line incised below the hoop. The decoration on the bowl consists of stylised floral elements formed by circles and lines. The pipe is orange-red in colour, has one connecting hole and dates to the second half of the 18th century. The pipe with a partly preserved bowl (T.1.7) belongs to the same type. The lower part of the bowl is circular in shape and is connected to the stem with a prominent ridge and a connecting hole. The stem ends with a thickened hoop decorated with oblique incisions, while below the hoop is a double incised horizontal line. The decoration on the cup consists of stylised floral elements formed by circles and lines. The pipe is orange-red. Analogies to these pipes can be found in Sremski Karlovci, Petrovaradin Fortress (Gačić 2011, figs. 135, 136), and Oradea (Gruia 2013, figs. 5, 9a). The clay pipe (T.1.8) is missing most of its bowl. The stem is short and at an acute angle. The rim of the stem is profiled and thickened. The decoration is embossed in the form of irregular lines. The pipe is orange-red in colour, has one connecting hole and dates to the first half of the 18th century. Analogies to this pipe can be found in Ruma, Srijemski Karlovci, and Bač (Gačić 2011, figs. 131–133). 5.2 TYPE 2 PIPES Twelve items belong to Ottoman production. Two specimens of pipes bear the seals of the workshops and both date to the 19th century. The fragmentarily preserved clay pipe T. 2.1 has a bell-shaped bowl (reminiscent of a lily blossom). It is orange-red in colour and has a polished surface. Below the edge, three horizontal lines are drawn with a dot. Along the upper edge of the bowl and inside the circular field is an inscription in Arabic. An analogy to the mentioned pipe can be found at the Belgrade Fortress, Kragujevac and Vranje (Gačić 2011, figs. 92, 98, 103). The T. 2.2 clay pipe is missing a part of the rim of the bowl made in the shape of a lily. The decoration on the bowl is profiled in the shape of a beehive over the entire surface. The rim of the stem is thickened, octagonal in shape, decorated with semi-circular incisions and connected by a single hole. The pipe is Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 red, polished and coated. According to de Vincenz, the stamped ornament is attributed to the master Babalık. He produced numerous typologically different pipes in the late 19th century in Istanbul (Vincenz 2014, 71, 72; Bakla 2007, tab. 302). Parallels for this pipe can be found in Israel at the Jaffa site (Vincenz, in press, type J-19F), at the Romanian site Babadag (Costea et al. 2007, tab.VII/4, 5), Stari Bar in Montenegro (Vincenz 2014, figs. 5, 6), Belgrade Fortress (Bikić 2012, fig. 5/12), and Dubrovnik-Gornji Ugao Tower (Milošević/Topić 2011, 323, fig. 75). Identical specimens were also recorded in Corinth in Greece, a larger number in the area of Sofia, Varna, and Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria (Robinson 1985, 167, tab. 59.123). The T. 2.3 clay pipe is missing its stem and has a cylindrically shaped bowl in the upper and discoid lower part. The ridge of the pipe is accentuated and has one connecting hole. The decoration is made with the help of a wheel by imprinting dashed lines, under which there is a series of stylised floral ornaments made with a seal. The polished red-orange pipe roughly dates to the first half of the 19th century. Similar pipes were found in Belgrade (Gačić 2011, figs. 104, 105). The group of clay pipes includes those with a cylindrically shaped bowl, a bevelled rim and a rounded ridge with one connecting hole, which date back to the second half of the 18th century. The T.2.4 clay pipe has a cylindrically shaped bowl, a bevelled edge and a rounded ridge. The stem is short and at a sharp angle, while the hoop is star-shaped with indentations. The pipe is red with remnants of a red coating. The T.2.5 pipe with a cylindrically shaped bowl and a beveled rim belongs to the same group. It is missing a part of the bowl and the stem. The pipe is red with the remnants of coating and visible traces of polishing. This group also includes a fragment of a clay pipe (T.2.6) which only has the preserved bottom of the bowl. The pipe is red in colour and with the remnants of coating. Parallels are found throughout the Ottoman Empire as well as in the border areas of the Habsburg Monarchy, especially in Bulgaria. According to Robinson, they originate from Kyustendi near Sofia in Bulgaria (Robinson 1985, 164). To date, they have been recorded at the sites of the Belgrade Fortress (Bikić 2012, fig. 2/2; Gačić 2011, fig. 44); in Corinth, though it should be emphasised that this clay pipe is only identical in shape because it is made of kaolin clay (Robinson 1985, 165, tab. 48C10); in Doboj Fortress, where it is dated to the 19th century (Jašarević 2018, tab. II.28); and in Timișoara (Craiovan 2017, 164, 165). The T.2.7 clay pipe is missing most of its bowl. The stem is short and connected to the bowl with one connecting hole. The hoop is profiled and in the shape of a turban. The decoration is applied by incising oblique lines along the stem on the underside. A small part of the sealed rosette can be seen on the right side of the preserved part of the bowl. The pipe is orange in colour and can be roughly dated to the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century according to similar examples from the Smederevo fortress (Gačić 2011, fig. 7). Based on the shape, the T.2.8 clay pipe was also dated to the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. It has a preserved part of a cylindrically shaped bowl and a part of a stem with a hoop stylised in the shape of a turban. The stem and the bowl are connected by one connecting hole, and the ridge is slightly bevelled. The decoration is embossed, with the motifs of the petals placed in fields, while the hoop is decorated with oblique lines. The pipe is pink in colour, made of refined clay in a mould. This type of pipe could belong to the Austro-Hungarian subtype, for which it is not yet possible to establish parallels and therefore the question of its distribution remains open. Four specimens of clay pipes are made of kaolin clay, dating to the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. The pipe (T. 2.9) has a cylindrically shaped bowl, a bevelled rim and a rounded ridge. The bowl and the stem are connected by a single connecting hole. The stem is short, has a 90° angle, and ends with a square profiled hoop. The pipe has a polished white surface. Parallels for this pipe can be found in Corinth (Robinson 1985, C10), Babadag, Eger, Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo (Costea et al. 2007, tab. III/3, 4), and Belgrade (Bikić 2012, fig. 4/22). The T. 2.10 clay pipe is partially preserved, missing most of the upper part of the bowl, which is cylindrically shaped. The lower part of the bowl is discoid. The ridge is accentuated by a V line and a vertical strip obtained from Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 59 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 a toothed wheel. The stem is long and ends with a thickened hoop. The identical decoration is ringshaped on the stem as well as on the hoop in the form of two parallel lines. The pipe is made of kaolin, with white-pink coloured polished surface. A similar specimen is found in Timișoara, Szeged, and Buda (Kopeczny/Dincă 2012, 175, fig. 74). A similar example is a fragmented pipe (T. 2.11). The bowl of the pipe is profiled in the shape of a tulip, while the edge of the bowl and the hoop are missing. The ridge is accentuated by an imprint of a V-shaped wheel. The stem is short and placed at a sharp angle decorated with a wheel featuring a double horizontal line. The pipe is made of kaolin clay, white in colour, has a polished surface and one connecting hole. A similar example was found in the historic centre of Timișoara (Kopeczny/ Dincă 2012, 175, fig. 70). The T. 2.12 clay pipe is missing the upper part of its bowl. The lower part of the bowl is spherically profiled with an accentuated ridge and a short stem, which is placed at an acute angle and connected to the bowl by a single connecting hole. The hoop is thickened in the shape of a turban. The decoration is made with a V-shaped wheel in the form of dots and notches in the area of the ridge, while the lower part of the bowl consists of grooves and X-shaped ornaments. The decoration in the form of vertical parallel notches can be found on the hoop and the upper part of the stem. The pipe is white and made of kaolin clay. A similar example is found in Timișoara (Kopeczny/Dincă 2012, 175, fig. 50) and Nagykanizsa (Kovacs 2004, tab. 2/10), where this type of clay pipe dates to the second half of the 17th century. Conclusion The collection of ceramic pipes presented in this paper represents the first publication of pipes from Ilok. Although these pipes are without an archaeological context and are the result of random finds, they indicate important trade routes and the prevalence of individual masters of pipes in Central and Southeastern Europe and the Middle East in the wider context. Especially important within the entire collection of ceramic pipes at the Ilok Town Museum are pipes from the period of the Austrian Empire and the later monarchy, when the Odescalchi Palace in Ilok was renovated four times, which resulted in the arrival of many foreign workers and employees of the manor who brought the aforementioned items with them. References Bakla, E. 2007: Tophane Lüleciliği. Istanbul. Benešić, J. 1910: Nekoliko bilježaka o Iloku. Poseban otisak iz izvješća kr. trg. akademije u Zagrebu za šk. g. 1910/11. Zagreb. Bekić, L. 2000: Uvod u problematiku glinenih lula na području Hrvatske. Vjesnik Arheološkog Muzeja Zagreb 3. s., XXXII–XXXIII, 249–279. 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Kovacs, G. 2004: Cseréppipák a 17.–18. századból (Pipe collection from the 17th–18th centuries). Budapést Régisegei XXXVIII, 121–131. Kopeczny, Z. / Dincă, R. 2012: Tobacco Clay Pipes Discovered in the Historical Center of Timişoara. Ziridava Studia Archaeologica 26/1, 191–200. Matanović, D. 2002: Načela funkcioniranja unutrašnjeg tržišta Brodske pukovnije (1769–1857). Hrvatski institut za povijest, Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, Slavonski Brod. Povijesni prilozi 22, No. 22, 97–108. McGowan, B. 1983: Sirem Sancağı mufassal tahrir defteri (1566–1574). Ankara. Mijatović, B. 2006: Duvan i srpska država u XIX veku/ Tobacco and the Serbian State in the 19th Century. Centar za liberalno-demokratske studije/Center for liberal-democratic studies. Beograd. Milošević, B. / Topić, N. 2011: Keramičke lule s lokaliteta Kula Gornji ugao u Dubrovniku. Starohrvatska prosvjeta III. serija, svezak 38, 297–328. Nagy, Z. 2001: Dúnantúli cserépippa készítö mühelyek és termékeik a XIX. Században. Fontes Castriferriensis No.1. Szombathely. Robinson, R. W. 1985: Tobacco pipes of Corinth and of the Athenian Agora. Hesperiqa 54, 2/1985; 149–153. Simpson, St. J. 2009: The Archeology of the clay pipe in the Near East. AI – RĀFIDĀN, vol. XXX, 67–68. Stančeva, M. 1976: O proizvodnji keramičkih lula u Bugarskoj. Zbornik muzeja Primenjene umetnosti 19–20, 129–138. de Vincenz, A. 2014: Marks on the Pipes. In: Gelichi, S. / Sabbionesi, L. (eds.), Bere e fumare ai confini dell’impero. Caffè e tabacco a Stari Bar, 71–87. Vyšohlíd, M. 2016: Dýmky z archeologického výzkumu v dolnorakouském městě Hainburg an der Donau – Tobacco clay pipes from archaeological excavations in Hainburg an der Donau in Austria. História výroby fajok a archeologické nálezy fajok na Slovensku II. Levice, 4–10. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 61 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 CATALOGUE D.T.C. = diameter of tobacco chamber, I.D.S. = inner diameter of the stem, T.B.W. = thickness of the bowl wall, H.T.C. = height of the tobacco chamber. N/A is used for measurements that could not be added because the piece is fragmented. Measurements are in centimetres. Tab.1 1. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 1830 Seal: M. HŐNIG. WE_SCHEMNITZ, coat-of-arms of Banská Štiavnica D.T.C. = 1.45; I.D.S. = 1.07; T.B.W. = 0.4; H.T.C. = 2.31 Inv. No.: MGI-835 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 2. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Schemnitza? Middle of the 19th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 2; I.D.S. = 0.98; T.B.W. = 0.19; H.T.C. = 6.54 Inv. No.: MGI-842 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 3. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy First half of the 19th century Seal: PODRECS D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = 1.02; T.B.W. = N/A; H.T.C. = N/A Inv. No.: MGI-923 Found in the collection of Archaeological Department of Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 4. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Beginning of the 19th century Seal: In the rectangular field on the left side of the stem the seal is PODRIES, while on the right side of the stem is the coat of arms. D.T.C. = 1.57; I.D.S. = 1.27; T.B.W. = 0.4; H.T.C. = 3.0 Inv. No.: MGI-841 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 62 5. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Debrecen? End of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.16; I.D.S. = 0.78; T.B.W. = 0.32; H.T.C. = 1.66 Inv. No.: MGI-836 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 6. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Debrecen? Second half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.35; I.D.S. = 0.88; T.B.W. = 0.2; H.T.C. = 3.21 Inv. No: MGI-838 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 7. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Second half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.45; I.D.S. = 1.1; T.B.W. = 0.39; H.T.C. = 2.15 Inv. No.: MGI-840 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 8. Clay pipe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy First half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = 0.84; T.B.W. = 0.38; H.T.C. = 2.87 Inv. No.: MGI-929 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 Tab. 1: Catalogue. Type 1. Photo by A. Rimpf; created by V. Pincová. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 63 EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ 53–66 Tab. 2 1. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire Middle of the 19th century Seal: Along the upper edge of the bowl inside the circular field is an inscription in Arabic. D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = N/A; T.B.W. = 0.35; H.T.C. = 2.94 Inv. No.: MGI-837 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 2. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire End of the 19th century Seal: Decorative seal in the shape of a lily on the bowl of the pipe. D.T.C. = 1.95; I.D.S. = 1.33; T.B.W. = 0.38; H.T.C. = 3.65 Inv. No.: MGI-839 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 3. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire First half of the 19th century Seal: At the bottom of the bowl is a decorative seal in the shape of a tulip. D.T.C. = 1.49; I.D.S. = N/A; T.B.W. = 0.24; H.T.C. = 3.43 Inv. No.: MGI-931 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 4. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire Second half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.77; I.D.S. = 0.71; T.B.W. = 0.17; H.T.C. = 3.33 Inv. No.: MGI-924 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 5. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire Second half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.29; I.D.S. = N/A; T.B.W. = 0.20; H.T.C. = 3.36. Inv. No.: MGI-930 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 6. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire Second half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = N/A; T.B.W. = 0.24; H.T.C. = 1.57 Inv. No.: MGI-933 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 64 7. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire End of the 17th – first half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = 0.86; T.B.W. = 0.52; H.T.C. = N/A Inv. No.: MGI-926 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 8. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire End of the 17th – first half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = N/A; I.D.S. = 0.72; T.B.W. = 0.34; H.T.C. = 4.41 Inv. No.: MGI-932 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 9. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire, Varna (Bulgaria)? 17th–18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.40; I.D.S. = 0.74; T.B.W. = 0.56; H.T.C. = 3.40 Inv. No.: MGI-928 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 10. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire End of the 17th – first half of the 18th century Seal: none D.T.C = 1.67; I.D.S. = 0.75; T.B.W. = 0.31; H.T.C. = 3 Inv. No.: MGI-925 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 11. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire, Varna (Bulgaria)? 17th–18th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.55; I.D.S. = 0.64; T.B.W. = 0.5; H.T.C. = 2.78 Inv. No.: MGI-927 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. 12. Clay pipe Ottoman Empire Second half of the 17th century Seal: none D.T.C. = 1.82; I.D.S. = 1.62; T.B.W. = 0.56; H.T.C. = 1.91 Inv. No.: MGI-848 Found in the collection of the Archaeological Department of the Ilok Town Museum, Modern period. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 53–66 ̵ A. Rimpf ̵ EUROPA POSTMEDIAEVALIS 2/2020 Tab. 2: Catalogue. Type 2. Photo by A. Rimpf; created by V. Pincová. Clay Pipes from Unknown Sites in the Area of Ilok, Croatia 65