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Der Glaube an die Wirksamkeit magisch-ritueller Praktiken war in der Antike weit verbreitet. Sundige wehrten mit "Beichtinschriften" die Schande der Gotter ab. Sportler versuchten, ihre Konkurrenten mittels sogenannter... more
Der Glaube an die Wirksamkeit magisch-ritueller Praktiken war in der Antike weit verbreitet. Sundige wehrten mit "Beichtinschriften" die Schande der Gotter ab. Sportler versuchten, ihre Konkurrenten mittels sogenannter "Fluchtafelchen" auszuschalten. Ein Einblick in Lebens- und Vorstellungswelten der antiken Bevolkerung.
From 2009 until 2013, the microregion around the Byzantine place of pilgrimage (Germia) was the focus of an epigraphic survey. In the course of the project, which was part of a wide-ranging archaeological study of the region, more than... more
From 2009 until 2013, the microregion around the Byzantine place of pilgrimage (Germia) was the focus of an epigraphic survey. In the course of the project, which was part of a wide-ranging archaeological study of the region, more than forty new inscriptions were discovered, analyzed subsequently and published in 2013. The fertile region around Germia has retained a mostly rural character; it was hardly ever mentioned in literary sources. All the more important are the new texts which further our knowledge of the history and historical geography of the area and shed new light on the people and their living conditions in the Roman Imperial and the Early Byzantine period.
Es werden rund 40 neue Inschriften veröffentlicht, die bei einem Survey in der Gegend von Germia (heute Gümü¸skonak) im nordwestlichen Galatien aufgenommen wurden. Die Inschriften gehören je etwa zur Hälfte in die Kaiserzeit und in die... more
Es werden rund 40 neue Inschriften veröffentlicht, die bei einem Survey in der Gegend von Germia (heute Gümü¸skonak) im nordwestlichen Galatien aufgenommen wurden. Die Inschriften gehören je etwa zur Hälfte in die Kaiserzeit und in die frühbyzantinische Epoche. Unter den kaiserzeitlichen Texten verdienen folgende besondere Beachtung: 1: Der Rat und das Volk der Sebastenoi Tolistobogioi ehrten im späteren 1. Jh. den aus Pessinous stammenden primipilaris der legio III Augusta Lucius Pontius Varronius Seneca, der von Vespasian im Jüdischen Krieg ausgezeichnet wurde. Die Inschrift liefert auch neue Informationen zur historischen Geographie der Region. 6: Als Ex-voto für die Rettung seiner Herren und seiner Familie errichtete ein Freigelassener, der vermutlich auf einer privaten Domäne tätig war, eine Weihung für den Kyrios Asklepios Soter und die Kyria Hygeia. 7–9: Drei Weihungen bezeugen einen bisher nicht bekannten Kult für Men, der den Beinamen Mantalenos trägt. Die Epiklese lässt vermuten, dass eine bei Stephanos von Byzanz aufgeführte Polis Mantalos bei Ayvalı, dem Fundort der Inschrift, zu lokalisieren ist. 12–14: Drei Grabstelen aus dem 2. oder frühen 3. Jh. für Frauen, darunter eine threpte, zeichnen sich durch ihre Dekoration aus. 38: Ein Verband von Kolonen einer kaiserlichen Domäne ehrte 247 oder 248 den Kaiser Philippus Arabs. Die Inschrift, die erstmals epigraphisch die Siegerbeinamen Carpicus und Germanicus bezeugt, wurde später vollständig eradiert. Bei den Inschriften aus frühbyzantinischer Zeit handelt es sich überwiegend um einfache christliche Grabinschriften, etwa eines Angehörigen eines Klosters des Hl. Konstantin aus Germia (20), eines Händlers aus Apameia in Syrien (21), eines Mönchs (22), eines Goldgiessers (23), eines Schmieds (24), eines als «Diener der Theotokos» bezeichneten dekanos (29) oder eines scriniarius aus Konstantinopel (31). Hinzu kommen weitere Monumente wie eine jüdische Inschrift aus Goeleon/Kayakent (40), eine Inschrift mit dem Psalm 120, 8 als Segenswunsch (18) oder der Grenzstein eines Landgutes, das einem christlichen Hospiz gehörte (35).This article presents about forty inscriptions, which were gathered during a survey in the area of Germia (today Gümü¸skonak) in the northwestern part of Galatia. About half of the inscriptions are from the imperial era while the other half are dated to the early Byzantine period. Among the texts from the imperial period, the following ones deserve special attention: 1: At the end of the 1st century, the council and the People of the Sebastenoi Tolistobogioi honored the primipilaris of the legio III Augusta Lucius Pontius Varronius Seneca, from Pessinus, who was decorated by Vespasian during the Jewish Roman war. The inscription also provides new information regarding the historical geography of the region. 6: A freedman, who presumably worked on a private estate, erected a dedication to Kyrios Asklepios Soter and to Kyria Hygeia as an ex-voto for the rescue of his masters and his family. 7–9: Three dedications testify a yet unknown cult of Men with the surname Mantalenos. The epiclesis gives rise to the supposition that a city Mantalos, mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium, can be located at Ayvalı, where the inscriptions were found. 12–14: Three funerary steles from the 2nd or the early 3rd century for women, among them a threpte, stand out due to their decoration. 38: An association of colons of an imperial estate honored in 247 or 248 the emperor Philip the Arab. The inscription, which epigraphically attests for the first time the epithets Carpicus and Germanicus, was completely erased later. Most of the inscriptions from the early Byzantine era are simple Christian funerary epitaphs, for instance, of a member of a monastery of Saint Constantine from Germia (20), of a trader from Apamea in Syria (21), of a monk (22), of a gold caster (23), of a forger (24), of a dekanos described as «Servant of the Theotokos» (29) or of a scriniarius from Constantinople (31). In addition are other monuments, like a Jewish inscription from Goeleon/Kayakent (40), an inscription with the psalm 120, 8 as a blessing (18) or a boundary stone of an estate, which belonged to a Christian hospice (35).Une quarantaine d’inscriptions, collectées lors des missions de reconnaissance dans la région de Germia (aujourd’hui Gümü¸skonak) dans le nord-ouest de la Galatie, sont présentées. Environ la moitié d’entre elles appartiennent à l’époque impériale alors que les autres se situent au début de l’époque byzantine. Parmi les textes de l’époque impériale, ceux-ci méritent une attention particulière: 1: Le conseil et le peuple des Sebastenoi Tolistobogioi honora, vers la fin du Ier siècle, le primipilaris de la legio III Augusta Lucius Pontius Varronius Seneca, originaire de Pessinonte, qui fut décoré par Vespasien pendant la guerre judéo-romaine. L’inscription fournit également de nouvelles informations sur la géographie historique de la région. 6:…
Der Glaube an die Wirksamkeit magisch-ritueller Praktiken war in der Antike weit verbreitet. Sundige wehrten mit "Beichtinschriften" die Schande der Gotter ab. Sportler versuchten, ihre Konkurrenten mittels sogenannter... more
Der Glaube an die Wirksamkeit magisch-ritueller Praktiken war in der Antike weit verbreitet. Sundige wehrten mit "Beichtinschriften" die Schande der Gotter ab. Sportler versuchten, ihre Konkurrenten mittels sogenannter "Fluchtafelchen" auszuschalten. Ein Einblick in Lebens- und Vorstellungswelten der antiken Bevolkerung.
Page 1. VESTIGIA BEITRÄGE ZUR ALTEN GESCHICHTE BAND 59 ANDREAS VICTOR WALSER Bauern und Zinsnehmer Politik, Recht und Wirtschaft im frühhellenistischen Ephesos VERLAG CK BECK MÜNCHEN Page 2. ...
A revision of several painted inscriptions discovered in a late antique chamber tomb in Tyre shows that they recorded verses from two Psalms (3, 6 and 62, 2-3), both not otherwise attested epigraphically. The article subsequently examines... more
A revision of several painted inscriptions discovered in a late antique chamber tomb in Tyre shows that they recorded verses from two Psalms (3, 6 and 62, 2-3), both not otherwise attested epigraphically. The article subsequently examines how these verses were received and interpreted in early Christian literature and by the Greek Fathers of the Church: The popular verse 6 of Psalm 3, with its reference to sleep and awakening, was understood by most—but not all—commentators as a reference to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The less famous first verses of Psalm 62 were usually just read as an expression of the longing for God. The juxtaposition of these two Psalms, which share the liturgical role of Morning Psalms, suggests that the verses from Psalm 62 as well as the one from Psalm 3 were understood as referring to the resurrection and used to express the deceased’s belief in salvation.
Die Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika nahmen wiederholt in ihren Urteilsbegründungen Bezug auf Platon. In Auseinandersetzung mit Platons Staatstheorie entwickelten die Richter grundlegende Überlegungen... more
Die Richter am Obersten Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika nahmen wiederholt in ihren Urteilsbegründungen Bezug auf Platon. In Auseinandersetzung mit Platons Staatstheorie entwickelten die Richter grundlegende Überlegungen zum Verhältnis zwischen Staat und Individuum, teils indem sie Platons Konzeptionen explizit verwarfen, teils indem sie seine Vorschläge be- fürwortend aufgriffen.
N.B: I am not allowed to upload the article here. Please get in contact and I am happy to send an offprint. A revision of several painted inscriptions discovered in a late antique chamber tomb in Tyre shows that they recorded verses... more
N.B: I am not allowed to upload the article here. Please get in contact and I am happy to send an offprint.

A revision of several painted inscriptions discovered in a late antique chamber tomb in Tyre shows that they recorded verses from two Psalms (3, 6 and 62, 2-3), both not other- wise attested epigraphically. The article subsequently examines how these verses were received and interpreted in early Christian literature and by the Greek Fathers of the Church: The popular verse 6 of Psalm 3, with its reference to sleep and awakening, was understood by most—but not all—commentators as a reference to the death and resur- rection of Jesus Christ. The less famous first verses of Psalm 62 were usually just read as an expression of the longing for God. The juxtaposition of these two Psalms, which share the liturgical role of Morning Psalms, suggests that the verses from Psalm 62 as well as the one from Psalm 3 were understood as referring to the resurrection and used to express the deceased’s belief in salvation.
Der Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung und Funktion der Bezüge auf die Antike in den Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Ausgangspunkt sind die zahlreichen Bezüge auf die Alte Welt in der von... more
Der Beitrag fragt nach der Bedeutung und Funktion der Bezüge auf die Antike in den Entscheidungen des Obersten Gerichtshofs der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Ausgangspunkt sind die zahlreichen Bezüge auf die Alte Welt in der von Justice Harry A. Blackmun verfassten Begründung des Ent­ scheids im berühmten und bis heute kontrovers diskutierten Abtreibungsprozess Roe v. Wade von 1973, durch den die Abtreibung in den USA legalisiert wurde. Wie die Analyse zeigt, wird darin auf die Antike rekurriert, um der restriktiven modernen Haltung, deren Ausdruck die kategorischen Verbote sind, eine legi­ time liberale Alternative gegenüberzustellen. Restriktive Gesetze, die den Schwangerschaftsabbruch verbieten, werden gerade vor dem Hintergrund der antiken Verhältnisse nicht als die Regel, sondern als die erklärungsbedürftige Ausnahme dargestellt. Damit tritt die Entscheidungsbegründung nicht zuletzt auch historischen Argumenten entgegen, die in zeitgenössischen politischen Debatten gegen die Abtreibung geäußert wurden. Besonders ausführlich setzte sich Blackmun während der mündlichen Verhandlung und in der Entscheidungs­ begründung mit dem Abtreibungsverbot auseinander, das im Hippokratischen Eid enthalten ist. Seine eingehende Diskussion wurde von juristischer Seite als für den Fall irrelevant vehement kritisiert. In ihr kommt jedoch Blackmuns Besorgnis zum Ausdruck, dass die Aufhebung der gesetzlichen Abtreibungsver­bote bedeutungslos bliebe, wenn die Berufsethik Ärztinnen und Ärzten nach wie vor verböte, Schwangerschaften abzubrechen.
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This article presents about forty inscriptions, which were gathered during a survey in the area of Ger- mia (today Gümü ̧skonak) in the northwestern part of Galatia. About half of the inscriptions are from the imperial era while the... more
This article presents about forty inscriptions, which were gathered during a survey in the area of Ger- mia (today Gümü ̧skonak) in the northwestern part of Galatia. About half of the inscriptions are from the imperial era while the other half are dated to the early Byzantine period. Among the texts from the imperial period, the following ones deserve special attention: 1: At the end of the 1st century, the coun- cil and the People of the Sebastenoi Tolistobogioi honored the primipilaris of the legio III Augusta Lucius Pontius Varronius Seneca, from Pessinus, who was decorated by Vespasian during the Jewish-Roman war. The inscription also provides new information regarding the historical geography of the region. 6: A freedman, who presumably worked on a private estate, erected a dedication to Kyrios Asklepios Soter and to Kyria Hygeia as an ex-voto for the rescue of his masters and his family. 7–9: Three dedications testify a yet unknown cult of Men with the surname Mantalenos. The epiclesis gives rise to the supposition that a city Mantalos, mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium, can be located at Ayvalı, where the inscriptions were found. 12–14: Three funerary steles from the 2nd or the early 3rd century for women, among them a threpte, stand out due to their decoration. 38: An association of colons of an imperial estate honored in 247 or 248 the emperor Philip the Arab. The inscription, which epigraphically attests for the first time the epithets Carpicus and Germanicus, was completely erased later. Most of the inscriptions from the early Byzantine era are simple Christian funerary epitaphs, for instance, of a member of a monastery of Saint Constantine from Germia (20), of a trader from Apamea in Syria (21), of a monk (22), of a gold caster (23), of a forger (24), of a dekanos described as «Servant of the Theotokos» (29) or of a scriniarius from Constantinople (31). In addition are other monuments, like a Jewish inscription from Goeleon/Kayakent (40), an inscription with the psalm 120, 8 as a blessing (18) or a boundary stone of an estate, which belonged to a Christian hospice (35).
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Abstract: This paper examines religious practices related to boundaries. In Roman society these practices created, enforced and perpetuated boundaries as spatial structures. Through sacrifices when boundary-stones were set up by the... more
Abstract: This paper examines religious practices related to boundaries. In Roman society these practices created, enforced and perpetuated boundaries as spatial structures. Through sacrifices when boundary-stones were set up by the neighbors, through the rites that accompanied the drawing of boundary lines by officials or on the occasion of celebrations in the neighborhood or at city level held for Terminus, the god protecting boundaries, meaning was inscribed into the boundary. Such rituals allowed boundaries to become signifiers beyond their material presence. Regularly repeated and collectively performed ritual acts confirmed and transmitted the significance and the course of the boundary over generations. Boundaries were sanctified and put under divine protection. As a result they were observed even if no secular authority was watching over them. Therefore in some cases the boundaries remained effective even when they had long lost their original function in daily life or their concrete relation to the topographical realities. Such a hallowed boundary – e. g. the pomerium – could be moved only under certain specific conditions. The violation of such a boundary – necessary when hostilities were opened at the beginning of a war – had to be legitimized in front of the god in question and could again only be accomplished through ritual acts.
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"Am Ende eines mehrjährigen Krieges steckte die kleinasiatische Polis Ephesos zu Beginn des 3. Jh. v. Chr. in einer schweren Kreditkrise: Die verschuldeten Bauern waren nicht in der Lage, vor und während des Krieges aufgenommene... more
"Am Ende eines mehrjährigen Krieges steckte die kleinasiatische Polis Ephesos zu Beginn des 3. Jh. v. Chr. in einer schweren Kreditkrise: Die verschuldeten Bauern waren nicht in der Lage, vor und während des Krieges aufgenommene Hypothekardarlehen an ihre Gläubiger zurückzuzahlen. Ihnen drohte deshalb der Verlust ihres Grundbesitzes, den sie als Sicherheit eingesetzt hatten, an die Kreditgeber. Um dies zu verhindern und die Verschuldungskrise zu lösen, ordnete die Polis in einem eigens dafür geschaffenen Gesetz ein kompliziertes Tilgungsverfahren an, das den widerstreitenden Interessen von Bauern und «Zinsnehmern» Rechnung zu tragen suchte.
Dieses als Inschrift überlieferte Gesetz steht im Zentrum der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Es zeigt exemplarisch, auf welche Weise eine Polis in einer turbulenten Phase der Stadtgeschichte ihre soziale Stabilität auf friedliche Weise zu bewahren versuchte. Darüber hinaus eröffnet das Gesetz detailgenaue Einblicke in die politischen, rechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Strukturen eines bedeutenden kleinasiatischen Stadtstaates, die unser Bild von der griechischen Polis im Hellenismus insgesamt bereichern."
"Populism" is a dazzling term that has recently gained prominence in political and media discourse. "Populist" is the term used above all to describe parties and tendencies on the periphery of the political spectrum in order to criticize... more
"Populism" is a dazzling term that has recently gained prominence in political and media discourse. "Populist" is the term used above all to describe parties and tendencies on the periphery of the political spectrum in order to criticize the aims and means of their politics and to question their legitimacy. At the same time, however, such groups have avowed their populism quite openly and tried to legitimize their radical objectives by invoking the "will of the people".
Populism is based on the demand that all political power should lie with the "people". It is based on the assumption of a fundamental antagonism between "the people" on the one hand and "the elite" on the other: The people, who in the original sense of the word should rule democracy, are supposed to be dominated, oppressed and exploited by an elite lacking any kind of legitimacy. This elite, to which only the opponents are reckoned to belong, ought to be eliminated, even destroyed, and the power to be transferred (again) as directly as possible to the people according to the populist demands. People and elite are presented as unified entities, which first of all are characterized only by their juxtaposition. On the basis of this opposition, tendencies can develop on both the right and left sides of the political spectrum that aim at a fundamental transformation of the current political order, which is believed to have made it possible to disregard the will of the people. "We are the people" is an assertion that can be made by all those who believe that "people's rule", democracy, has been replaced by elite rule.
Populism, especially in the social sciences, which in recent years have been intensively researching it, is usually seen as a phenomenon of modern democracies that have emerged since the American and French revolutions. However, democracy as a political system is much older and its roots lie in Greek antiquity. It emerged as a political system of the Greek polis, and its history is closely linked to the rise of Athens as the leading city state in the 5th century, where democracy was practiced in a form perceived as "radical". The Attic democracy with its tumultuous history has inspired philosophers, thinkers and poets of antiquity to often critical reflections, and it remains an important point of reference to this day. However, democracy is not only an Athenian phenomenon. In the Greek world of the Hellenistic period, democracy became the basic model of the political order of the polis in many forms, even where the city states lost their external independence to empires.
It seems reasonable to ask what role the phenomenon of populism played in the Greek polis under the specific conditions of ancient democracy. In contrast to most modern political systems, Greek democracy was a direct popular rule, in which roughly all important decisions were taken by the polis citizens in the People's Assembly. But even in the "radical" democracy of Athens, elites emerged whose members set the tone as demagogues, as "leaders of the people". In Hellenistic times, the role of the citizen elite, distinguished by education, origin and, above all, material wealth, seemed even more important, so that in research it was often questioned whether one could actually still talk of a people's rule.
The conference organized by the ZAZH - Zentrum Altertumswissenschaften Zürich, UZH and scheduled for February 12-14, 2020, aims to examine the phenomenon of populism under the specific conditions of democracy in the Greek world of antiquity outlined above with a view also to modern parallels: Were there already in the Greek polis political tendencies that could be qualified as populist? Did the direct democracy of antiquity leave room for populist politics at all – or rather was politics on the whole basically populist? Did the strengthening of the elites in the Hellenistic poleis lead to populist counter-movements? What role did authoritarian leaders play, who – paradoxically – are almost a feature of modern populist movements? The conference will discuss these and other questions from a broad perspective of classical studies. It is by no means intended to deal only with historical questions in the narrower sense: Also of interest are the reflections that populism has found in ancient political philosophy, literature or rhetoric.
A central concern of the conference is to lead the discussion about populism in antiquity in dialogue with the present. Current political science research will be actively included in the conference. We are convinced that modern research on democracy offers many connecting points and allows deeper insights into ancient phenomena. At the same time, we hope that the examination of populism in the Greek world will also contribute to a better understanding of populist movements in the present. The populism of the present is a challenge that we also want to meet by illuminating it as a historical phenomenon.
Seminar, Münster, 24.-26. November 2016
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