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Background: Currently treatment for prosopagnosia is limited. Methods: We report the reversal of acquired associative-type prosopagnosia (AAP) using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG)-guided transcranial laser therapy (qGLT) in a... more
Background: Currently treatment for prosopagnosia is limited. Methods: We report the reversal of acquired associative-type prosopagnosia (AAP) using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG)-guided transcranial laser therapy (qGLT) in a subject with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results: Objective and subjective measures of improvement in AAP, TLE, and MCI are presented. Additional improvement, measured through qEEG, was found 1-month post-treatment. Conclusions: There was no recurrence of AAP for 1 year. We conclude that further research into the utility of qGLT in the treatment of AAP is warranted.
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Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often continues into adulthood. Recent neuroimaging studies found lowered baseline dopamine tone in the brains of affected individuals that may place them at risk for Substance Use Disorder... more
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often continues into adulthood. Recent neuroimaging studies found lowered baseline dopamine tone in the brains of affected individuals that may place them at risk for Substance Use Disorder (SUD). This is an observational case study of the potential for novel management of Adult ADHD with a non-addictive glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex KB200z. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) was used to evaluate the effects of KB220z on a 72-year-old male with ADHD, at baseline and one hour following administration. The resultant z-scores, averaged across Eyes Closed, Eyes Open and Working Memory conditions, increased for each frequency band, in the anterior, dorsal and posterior cingulate regions, as well as the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during Working Memory, with KB220z. These scores are consistent with other human and animal neuroimaging studies that demonstrated increased connectivity volumes in reward...
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ABSTRACT The literature dealing with the behavioral effects produced by ablation of the septum and related medial cortical structures in a large number of species (including rodents, carnivores, and primates) is reviewed. Relevant... more
ABSTRACT The literature dealing with the behavioral effects produced by ablation of the septum and related medial cortical structures in a large number of species (including rodents, carnivores, and primates) is reviewed. Relevant neuroanatomical and electrophysiological data are included when they lend support to a point of view or when they clarify a point of information. It is concluded that septal function cannot be explained in terms of a unitary mechanism, but rather there appears to be a functional anatomical localization within the septum. The posteroventral septum modulates water intake via possible efferents to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, which in turn controls neurosecretion at the neurohypophysis. Increases in water intake and deficits in passive avoidance after septal ablation are not related. The lateral septal nuclei and their afferent connections with the hippocampus and diencephalic connections with the hypothalamus exert control over the formation of conditioned emotional responses. Deficits in passive avoidance and one-way active avoidance, and facilitation in two-way active avoidance after septal ablation are most parsimoniously explained in terms of decreased “fear.” This hypothesis is supported by both behavioral and endocrinological data. The medial septal nucleus and its connections with fields CA1, CA2, and CA3 of the hippocampus regulate motor mechanisms. Overresponding on various operant schedules and deficits in alternation and reversal problems are specific to damage to the medial septal nucleus and are highly correlated with abolition of the hippocampal theta rhythm. An inability to efficiently utilize response-produced proprioceptive feedbac, rather than a response disinhibition model, appears to be the best hypothesis available for an explanation of these deficits. The role of the septum in stimulus processing is also reviewed, and a physiological mechanism for hyperreactivity to sensory stimuli often observed after septal ablation is discussed. Finally, it is hypothesized that the cingulate gyrus is probably not involved in response facilitation but rather with the organization of sequential behavior.
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Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Dementia, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Controller Design, and 15 moreMedicine, Executive Function, Cognitive Aging, Memory, Humans, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Male, Cognitive Process, Cognitive Performance, Aged, Cognitive Function, Age Related Cognitive Decline, Alpha Rhythm, and Cognition disorders
Sixteen-channel topographic brain mapping of electroencephalograms of 25 right-handed males, 9-12 years of age, with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder revealed increased theta (4-7.75 Hz) and decreased beta 1 (12.75-21 Hz) when... more
Sixteen-channel topographic brain mapping of electroencephalograms of 25 right-handed males, 9-12 years of age, with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder revealed increased theta (4-7.75 Hz) and decreased beta 1 (12.75-21 Hz) when compared with 27 controls matched for age and grade level. The differences were greater when patients were tested for reading and drawing skills, but were decreased when they were at rest during visual fixation. Although the differences in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder were generalized, increased theta was more prominent in frontal regions, while beta 1 was significantly decreased in temporal regions. Principal component analysis was used to combine the variables into 2 components which accounted for 82% of the total variance. A discriminant function analysis using these components was able to predict group membership for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder patients 80% of the time and 74% for controls. These findings support the use of topographic electroencephalography for further elucidation of the neurophysiology of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
Research Interests: Cartography, Attention, Electroencephalography, Comparative Study, Medicine, and 15 moreBrain Mapping, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Child, Cerebral Cortex, Male, Exploration, Arousal, Learning Disorders, Neurosciences, Nino, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Paediatrics and reproductive medicine, and Macho
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ABSTRACT Damage to the medial and dorsal septal nuclear groups or to the ventral sector of gyrus proreus impaired performance of cats during DRL 40 acquisition. The deficit was diminished during the presentation of a feedback stimulus... more
ABSTRACT Damage to the medial and dorsal septal nuclear groups or to the ventral sector of gyrus proreus impaired performance of cats during DRL 40 acquisition. The deficit was diminished during the presentation of a feedback stimulus signaling the termination of the required delay, but reappeared when feedback was withdrawn. In the absence of feedback, deficient animals generated response distributions correlated with each other, but not correlated with distributions generated by controls. During feedback, all group distributions were correlated. Collateral behavior was evident in all animals during non-feedback periods, and was reduced during feedback. The results support the view that damage to the septum, or frontal cortex impairs the effective utilization of response produced proprioceptive stimuli.
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Research Interests: Engineering, Electrophysiology, Cognition, Attention, Cognitive Neuroscience, and 15 moreMedicine, Humans, EEG Biofeedback, Female, Clinical, Male, Cognitive Performance, Clinical Neurophysiology, Digit span, Adult, Elsevier, Individual Difference, Alpha Rhythm, Brain injuries, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Anat Barnea DSc , Donald Bars PhD , Donald R. Bars PhD , Eugenia Bodenhamer-Davis PhD , Tonya Callaway MS , Grant Bright PhD , Valdeane W. Brown PhD , V. Shannon Burkett MA , John M. Cummins PhD , Robert M. Dickson LPC , Malcolm H.... more
Anat Barnea DSc , Donald Bars PhD , Donald R. Bars PhD , Eugenia Bodenhamer-Davis PhD , Tonya Callaway MS , Grant Bright PhD , Valdeane W. Brown PhD , V. Shannon Burkett MA , John M. Cummins PhD , Robert M. Dickson LPC , Malcolm H. Skolnick PhD and JD , Jeffrey A. Carmen PhD , Marco Congedo PhD , Joel Lubar PhD , David Joffe MS , B. Robert Crago PhD , Lonnie A. Nelson MA , Raymond M. Daly PhD , Bella Lev MSW , Roger deBeus PhD , J. D. Ball PhD , Mary E. deBeus PhD & Richard Herrington PhD Published online: 08 Sep 2008.
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This checklist is intended to encourage robust experimental design and clear reporting for clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback experiments.
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Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Addiction, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Brain Mapping, and 15 moreBrain, Humans, Personality Assessment Inventory, Cerebral Cortex, EEG Biofeedback, Alcoholism, Female, Male, Electroencephalogram, Applied Psychophysiology, Middle Aged, Adult, Insular Cortex, Low Resolution, and Delta Rhythm
ABSTRACT Poster session
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Research Interests: Cognition, Electroencephalography, Pediatric Neurology, Humans, Child, and 15 moreMale, Reaction Time, Exploration, Modification, Electroencephalogram, Rating Scale, Activity, Performance Indicator, Case Control Study, Neurosciences, Nino, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Continuous Performance Test, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
A study with three component parts was performed to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The subject pool consisted of 23 children and adolescents ranging in age from 8... more
A study with three component parts was performed to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The subject pool consisted of 23 children and adolescents ranging in age from 8 to 19 years with a mean of 11.4 years who participated in a 2- to 3-month summer program of intensive neurofeedback training. Feedback was contingent on the production of 16-20 hertz (beta) activity in the absence of 4-8 hertz (theta) activity. Posttraining changes in EEG activity, T.O.V.A. performance, (ADDES) behavior ratings, and WISC-R performance were assessed. Part I indicated that subjects who successfully decreased theta activity showed significant improvement in T.O.V.A. performance; Part II revealed significant improvement in parent ratings following neurofeedback training; and Part III indicated significant increases in WISC-R scores following neurofeedback training. This study is significant in that it examines the effects of neurofeedback training on both objective and subjective measures under relatively controlled conditions. Our findings corroborate and extend previous research, indicating that neurofeedback training can be an appropriate and efficacious treatment for children with ADHD.
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Nonparametric Statistics, Attention, Electroencephalography, and 11 moreTreatment Outcome, Adolescent, Child Behavior, Humans, Child, Applied, Female, Male, Children and Adolescents, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Neurophysiological correlates of Attention Deficit Disorder with and without Hyperactivity (ADD/HD) and effects of methylphenidate are explored using electroencephalographic (EEG) and auditory eventrelated potentials (ERPs). In the first... more
Neurophysiological correlates of Attention Deficit Disorder with and without Hyperactivity (ADD/HD) and effects of methylphenidate are explored using electroencephalographic (EEG) and auditory eventrelated potentials (ERPs). In the first of four studies, a database of ADD/HD individuals of varying ages and matched adolescent/adult controls is presented. Study 2 compares controls and age-matched children with ADD, and children with ADHD on and
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... The only major change in procedure involved the elimination of the movement of the boxes during the ITI since the animal was re-quired ... was almost complete destruction of nuclei septi lateralis and septi medialis in all sub-jects... more
... The only major change in procedure involved the elimination of the movement of the boxes during the ITI since the animal was re-quired ... was almost complete destruction of nuclei septi lateralis and septi medialis in all sub-jects and no differences in extent of damage between ...
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Research Interests: Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, Psychometrics, Cognition, Anterior Cingulate, and 15 moreAttention, Neurofeedback, Electroencephalography, Adolescent, Prefrontal Cortex, Brain Mapping, Humans, Female, Male, Feedback, Adult, Functional Neuroimaging, Neural pathways, Neurosciences, and Functional Laterality
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Research Interests: Cognition, Electroencephalography, Pediatric Neurology, Humans, Child, and 15 moreMale, Reaction Time, Exploration, Modification, Electroencephalogram, Rating Scale, Activity, Performance Indicator, Case Control Study, Neurosciences, Nino, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Continuous Performance Test, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
ABSTRACT Rats with septal lesions were compared to non-operated controls in an investigation of gross bodily movement in response to shocks of various intensities. The results of two experiments indicated that septal-operated rats: (a)... more
ABSTRACT Rats with septal lesions were compared to non-operated controls in an investigation of gross bodily movement in response to shocks of various intensities. The results of two experiments indicated that septal-operated rats: (a) display the same detection threshold for electric shock as controls; (b) do not display a greater magnitude of response to supra-threshold shocks although they tend to respond to a greater proportion of shock intensities between the 50 per cent and 100 per cent thresholds; (c) do not display more rapid habituation to repeated shock presentations; and, (d) are more active during the inter-shock interval. These results are discussed with reference to the literature on avoidance learning in septal-operated animals.
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Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Addiction, Electroencephalography, Emotions, Brain Mapping, and 15 moreBrain, Humans, Personality Assessment Inventory, Cerebral Cortex, EEG Biofeedback, Alcoholism, Female, Male, Electroencephalogram, Applied Psychophysiology, Middle Aged, Adult, Insular Cortex, Low Resolution, and Delta Rhythm
Research Interests: Behavior, Electroencephalography, Pediatric Neurology, Humans, Child, and 12 moreSpectral analysis, Male, Rating Scale, Analysis of Variance, Methylphenidate, Neurosciences, Performance Measure, Psychomotor Performance, Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Central nervous system stimulants, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
This electroencephalographic (EEG) study was designed to explore the differences in power spectra and coherence associated with subjective levels of engrossment, or absorption, in an auditory task. Quantitative referential EEG activity... more
This electroencephalographic (EEG) study was designed to explore the differences in power spectra and coherence associated with subjective levels of engrossment, or absorption, in an auditory task. Quantitative referential EEG activity was recorded using 19 electrodes while subjects (n = 17) listened to a story and indicated on a continuous basis, by means of a hand held switch, whether they were engrossed or non-engrossed in the story content. Results from power spectra data indicated significant differences between subjective engrossed and non-engrossed states (particularly in the theta and betal bands) with increased mean power during engrossed states. Differences in coherence were not shown to be significantly different. The results suggest that engrossed and non-engrossed states have different EEG correlates for power measures during specific complex tasks.
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Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) as a tool for the diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric disorders is receiving increased interest. While QEEG analysis is restricted to the scalp, the recent development of electromagnetic... more
Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) as a tool for the diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric disorders is receiving increased interest. While QEEG analysis is restricted to the scalp, the recent development of electromagnetic tomography (ET) allows the study of the electrical activity of all cortical structures. Electrical measures from a patient can be compared with a normative database derived from a large
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Research Interests: Psychophysiology, Depression, Audiology, Speech perception, Laterality, and 28 moreElectroencephalography, Comparative Study, Tomography, Humans, Child, Chronic Disease, Female, Male, Depressive Disorder, Cochlear Implants, Current Density, Asymmetry, Electromagnetic, Clinical Sciences, Middle Aged, Electromagnetic phenomena, Power Spectrum, Parietal Lobe, Auditory Cortex, X ray Computed Tomography, Frontal Lobe, Right Handed, Low Resolution, Tomografía, Telencephalon, Frequency Domain, Control Group, and Case Control Studies
Research Interests: Biomedical Engineering, Sustained Attention, Traumatic Brain Injury, Cognition, Anterior Cingulate, and 20 moreElectroencephalography, Brain Computer Interface, Tomography, Brain Mapping, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Female, Male, Feedback, Current Density, Electroencephalogram, Experimental Study, Undergraduate Student, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Electrical And Electronic Engineering, Clinical Application, Low Resolution, and Region of Interest
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Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12--14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats.A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The... more
Enhanced voluntary motor inhibition regularly accompanies conditioned increases in the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), a 12--14-Hz Rolandic EEG rhythm in cats.A similar rhythm, presumably SMR, has also been identified in the human EEG. The clinical effectiveness of SMR operant conditioning has been claimed for epilepsy, insomnia, and hyperkinesis concurrent with seizure disorders. The present report attempts to follow up and replicate preliminary findings that suggested the technique's successful application to hyperkinesis uncomplicated by a history of epilepsy. SMR was defined as 12--14-Hz EEG activity in the absence of high-voltage slow-wave activity between 4 and 7 Hz. Anticipated treatment effects were indexed by systematic behavioral assessments of undirected motor activity and short attention span in the classroom. EEG and behavioral indices were monitored in four hyperkinetic children under the following six conditions: (1) No Drug, (2) Drug Only, (3) Drug and SMR Training I, (4) Drug and SMR Reversal Training, (5) Drug and SMR Training II, (6) No Drug and SMR Training. All hyperkinetic subjects were maintained on a constant drug regimen throughout the phases employing chemotherapy. Contingent increases and decreases in SMR occurred in three of four training subjects and were associated with similar changes in classroom assessments of motor inactivity. Combining medication and SMR training resulted in substantial improvements that exceeded the effects of drugs alone and were sustained with SMR training after medication was withdrawn. In contrast, these physiological and behavioral changes were absent in one highly distractible subject who failed to acquire the SMR task. Finally, pretraining levels of SMR accurately reflected both the seve-ity of original motor deficits and the susceptibility of hyperkinetic subjects to both treatments. Although the procedure clearly reduced hyperkinetic behavior, a salient, specific therapeutic factor could not be identified due to the dual EEG contingency imposed combined with associated changes in EMG. Despite these and other qualifying factors, the findings suggested the prognostic and diagnostic value of the SMR in the disorder when overactivity rather than distractibility is the predominant behavioral deficit.
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2-way active avoidance responses (AAR) to an auditory CS (buzzer) were studied in cats with lesions of the medial aspect of the lateral and posterolateral gyri (striate cortex). Compared with normal Ss and Ss with small scattered lesions... more
2-way active avoidance responses (AAR) to an auditory CS (buzzer) were studied in cats with lesions of the medial aspect of the lateral and posterolateral gyri (striate cortex). Compared with normal Ss and Ss with small scattered lesions of lateral gyrus (lateral controls), both lateral and posterolateral Ss were deficient in AAR learning and showed stronger emotionality during training. Based
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30 college students received 5-minute auditory, visual and combined audiovisual stimulation at the dominant alpha rhythm (DA) while a 19-channel 10-20 standard EEG was recorded. The three stimulation conditions were presented in... more
30 college students received 5-minute auditory, visual and combined audiovisual stimulation at the dominant alpha rhythm (DA) while a 19-channel 10-20 standard EEG was recorded. The three stimulation conditions were presented in counterbalanced order, after a five-minute eyes-closed baseline from which the DA at O1 was determined. A four-minute post-stimulation eyes-closed baseline was recorded after each stimulation condition. Coherence and spectral correlation (SC) differences from the initial baseline were evaluated among all locations at 0.75-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-12, 12-21, 21-31 Hz, and at each participant's DA, and tested for significance with Wilcoxon's sign rank test. Very few (consistent with type I error) significant effects were observed during auditory stimulation or during the post-stimulation baselines. During the visual and combined conditions, widespread, significant amplitude increases were observed in the DA, 8-12, 12-21 and 21-31 Hz bands. These conditions also ...
Barkley (1998) reports that 36% of students with ADHD never finish high school. DuPaul and Eckert (1997) reported that academic improvement was “almost uniformly low” with school-based interventions, even for a significant minority of... more
Barkley (1998) reports that 36% of students with ADHD never finish high school. DuPaul and Eckert (1997) reported that academic improvement was “almost uniformly low” with school-based interventions, even for a significant minority of children on stimulant medication. A primary objective of this study was to explore how AVS and HEG interventions affect the psychoeducational and physiological states of the student with ADHD. There is little information published in peer-reviewed journals regarding the use of these interventions for children with ADHD. Fifteen participants from the ADHD population, having varied psychoeducational and physiological manifestations of the disorder, including girls and boys ages 8-15 were chosen for the study. This was done in an effort to define changes that may occur in an ADHD population, as a result of AVS or HEG, laying the foundation for further investigations of narrower focus. Five participants received AVS, five received HEG, and five were matche...
The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces "reward" when dopamine (DA) is... more
The dopaminergic system, and in particular the dopamine D2 receptor, has been implicated in reward mechanisms. The net effect of neurotransmitter interaction at the mesolimbic brain region induces "reward" when dopamine (DA) is released from the neuron at the nucleus accumbens and interacts with a dopamine D2 receptor. "The reward cascade" involves the release of serotonin, which in turn at the hypothalmus stimulates enkephalin, which in turn inhibits GABA at the substania nigra, which in turn fine tunes the amount of DA released at the nucleus accumbens or "reward site." It is well known that under normal conditions in the reward site DA works to maintain our normal drives. In fact, DA has become to be known as the "pleasure molecule" and/or the "antistress molecule." When DA is released into the synapse, it stimulates a number a DA receptors (D1-D5) which results in increased feelings of well-being and stress reduction. A consensus...
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ABSTRACT Abstract of poster session.
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ABSTRACT Poster session
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Neurophysiological correlates of Attention Deficit Disorder with and without Hyperactivity (ADD/HD) and effects of methylphenidate are explored using electroencephalographic (EEG) and auditory eventrelated potentials (ERPs). In the first... more
Neurophysiological correlates of Attention Deficit Disorder with and without Hyperactivity (ADD/HD) and effects of methylphenidate are explored using electroencephalographic (EEG) and auditory eventrelated potentials (ERPs). In the first of four studies, a database of ADD/HD individuals of varying ages and matched adolescent/adult controls is presented. Study 2 compares controls and age-matched children with ADD, and children with ADHD on and
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For nearly 25 years, EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) has been utilized in research and clinical settings for the treatment and investigation of a number of disorders ranging from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to seizure... more
For nearly 25 years, EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) has been utilized in research and clinical settings for the treatment and investigation of a number of disorders ranging from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to seizure disorders as well as many other established and investigational applications. Until recently, mechanisms underlying the generation and origins of EEG have been poorly understood but now are beginning to become much more clarified. Now it is important to combine the information gathered on the genesis of EEG and neocortical dynamics with the findings from neurofeedback investigations. This will help us to develop models of how neurofeedback might operate in producing the changes in EEG and in clinical symptomatology. We know that the cortex operates in terms of resonant loops between neocortical columns of cells known as local, regional, and global resonances. These resonances determine the specific EEG frequencies and are often activated by groups of cells...
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2-way active avoidance responses (AAR) to an auditory CS (buzzer) were studied in cats with lesions of the medial aspect of the lateral and posterolateral gyri (striate cortex). Compared with normal Ss and Ss with small scattered lesions... more
2-way active avoidance responses (AAR) to an auditory CS (buzzer) were studied in cats with lesions of the medial aspect of the lateral and posterolateral gyri (striate cortex). Compared with normal Ss and Ss with small scattered lesions of lateral gyrus (lateral controls), both lateral and posterolateral Ss were deficient in AAR learning and showed stronger emotionality during training. Based
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Page 1. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1973, Vol. 83, No. 2, 260-270 EFFECT OF SEPTAL AND FRONTAL ABLATIONS ON SPECIES-TYPICAL BEHAVIOR IN THE RAT1 JOEL F. LUBAR,2 THOM F. HERRMANN ...
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Response-facilitation and fear-facilitation drive hypotheses were examined as possible explanations for active-avoidance deficits (AAR) found in cingulectomized cats given double-grill (2-way) training. Compared with normal Ss,... more
Response-facilitation and fear-facilitation drive hypotheses were examined as possible explanations for active-avoidance deficits (AAR) found in cingulectomized cats given double-grill (2-way) training. Compared with normal Ss, cingulectomized cats were deficient in both 2-way AAR learning and in transfer to a 2-way task from a previously learned 1-way task. Normal and cingulectomized Ss did not differ in acquiring a 1-way AAR
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Passive- and active-avoidance behavior of cats with combined lesions of limbic cortex-septal area and cingulate gyrus was studied. These Ss were compared with Ss having separate lesions of these 2 areas and with unlesioned controls. Ss... more
Passive- and active-avoidance behavior of cats with combined lesions of limbic cortex-septal area and cingulate gyrus was studied. These Ss were compared with Ss having separate lesions of these 2 areas and with unlesioned controls. Ss with the combined lesions showed normal passive avoidance, while Ss with only limbic cortex-septal lesions were defiicent (p =.027). All groups were similar in the acquisition of one-way, active-avoidance responses. A cingulectomy apparently protects S from the passive-avoidance deficit that follows limbic cortex-septal lesions. The absence of an active-avoidance deficit in the cingulectomized Ss, reported to previous studies, is discussed. (15 ref.)
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ABSTRACT Magnesium pemoline, a central nervous stimulant which may affect brain RNA production, produces a deficit in passive avoidance behavior. The main effect of the drug appears to be stimulation, with no effect on learning.
ABSTRACT Rats with posterior cingulate damage were statistically different from anterior cingulate Ss and controls in a discrete-trial passive-avoidance task. However, the extent of the debility did not parallel that usually seen after... more
ABSTRACT Rats with posterior cingulate damage were statistically different from anterior cingulate Ss and controls in a discrete-trial passive-avoidance task. However, the extent of the debility did not parallel that usually seen after massive hippocampectomy. Both a safe-island test and a continuous-trial situation failed to distinguish between the groups.
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ABSTRACT Considers the use of neurofeedback in the assessment and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADD/ADHD). The authors discuss quantitative EEG and topographic brain mapping and SPECT findings that indicate that... more
ABSTRACT Considers the use of neurofeedback in the assessment and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADD/ADHD). The authors discuss quantitative EEG and topographic brain mapping and SPECT findings that indicate that ADD/ADHD involves hypoactivation of the prefrontal lobes and medial central cortex, particularly during an intellectual or academic stress task. They suggest that, if different subtypes of ADD/ADHD can also be characterized as neurologically distinct, it is important to tailor neurofeedback treatment for the neurology presented by the subtype. They address the issue of patient selection criteria when using this form of treatment. Recording EEG and artifact considerations, EEG signal processing, termination issues, and the integration of neurofeedback with other psychological therapies, and other issues are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Molecular genetic studies have identified several genes that may mediate susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the "brain reward... more
Molecular genetic studies have identified several genes that may mediate susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A consensus of the literature suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," especially in the dopamine system, causing a low or hypo-dopaminergic trait, the brain may require dopamine for individuals to avoid unpleasant feelings. This high-risk genetic trait leads to multiple drug-seeking behaviors, because the drugs activate release of dopamine, which can diminish abnormal cravings. Moreover, this genetic trait is due in part to a form of a gene (DRD(2) A1 allele) that prevents the expression of the normal laying down of dopamine receptors in brain reward sites. This gene, and others involved in neurophysiological processing of specific neurotransmitters, have been associated with deficient functions and predispose individuals to have a high risk for addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behavioral propensiti...
ABSTRACT Magnesium pemoline, a central nervous stimulant implicated in brain RNA production, decreases both time and errors in the Hebb-Williams maze, a test of animal intelligence. The effect of the drug on errors is confounded with its... more
ABSTRACT Magnesium pemoline, a central nervous stimulant implicated in brain RNA production, decreases both time and errors in the Hebb-Williams maze, a test of animal intelligence. The effect of the drug on errors is confounded with its effect on time, but seems to have a component independent of the latter effect.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Electroencephalography, Controller Design, Executive Function, and 21 moreCognitive Aging, Memory, Problem Solving, Processing Speed, Humans, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Neuronal Plasticity, Cognitive Process, Cognitive Performance, Aged, Pilot study, Cognitive Function, Operant Conditioning, Pilot Projects, Reference Values, Neurosciences, Alpha Rhythm, and Cognition disorders
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ABSTRACT The daily food and water intake of hooded rats with small and large, bilateral lesions of the hippocampus as well as neocortical and sham-operated controls was measured for 16 days preoperatively and 60 days postoperatively.... more
ABSTRACT The daily food and water intake of hooded rats with small and large, bilateral lesions of the hippocampus as well as neocortical and sham-operated controls was measured for 16 days preoperatively and 60 days postoperatively. These same subjects were then tested in a continuous-trial passive-avoidance task. The results indicated that the hippocampectomized subjects did not consume any more food or water than did the operated control groups. Moreover, the hippocampal animals were not deficient, relative to the control subjects, in withholding a prepotent approach tendency to avoid a noxious stimulus. These results caution against an unequivocal acceptance of prevailing views implicating the hippocampus in the regulation of food and water consumption as well as certain response-inhibition debilities.
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Ten adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with hemicholinium (HC-3) using mini-osmotic pumps over a 14 day period through bilateral, chronically implanted cannulae in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm). Ten matched controls... more
Ten adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with hemicholinium (HC-3) using mini-osmotic pumps over a 14 day period through bilateral, chronically implanted cannulae in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm). Ten matched controls were infused in the same fashion with saline. HC-3 rats receiving implants demonstrated a significant deficit in maze-learning ability compared with individual and group performances before receiving the implants. In saline rats there was no significant difference in maze-learning ability before and after receiving implants. The HC-3 group receiving implants demonstrated a significant deficit in maze-learning ability compared with the saline control group. Serial sections through nbm from control and HC-3 rats indicated that all cannulae were located within infusion range of nbm. In HC-3 subjects, cholinergic cell bodies were destroyed with concurrent degeneration of terminal fields in cortex. Except for cannula insertion damage, the cholinergic neurotransmitter system appeared unharmed in controls. Stains for neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary damage were negative in both groups. The memory deficit in experimental subjects supported by the demonstrated destruction of nbm cholinergic neurons suggests that HC-3 may be useful in the development of an animal model for Alzheimer's Disease.
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... '/0,1/o/o/y and &/lade. Vol. 2, I$. 115.-114. PtqlimOn ~ Ltd., 1967 IPtint~li Oimt llittila Non-visual Functions of Visual Cortex in the Cat' JOEL F. LUBAR, CLIFFORD J. SCHOSTAL* AND ADRIAN A. PERACHIOs Department of... more
... '/0,1/o/o/y and &/lade. Vol. 2, I$. 115.-114. PtqlimOn ~ Ltd., 1967 IPtint~li Oimt llittila Non-visual Functions of Visual Cortex in the Cat' JOEL F. LUBAR, CLIFFORD J. SCHOSTAL* AND ADRIAN A. PERACHIOs Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY ...
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Auditory stimuli were used to elicit a P300 event-related evoked potential (ERP) in rat. Test conditions were comparable to those for eliciting ERP's in humans. A train of background tones with a randomly inserted target tone at a... more
Auditory stimuli were used to elicit a P300 event-related evoked potential (ERP) in rat. Test conditions were comparable to those for eliciting ERP's in humans. A train of background tones with a randomly inserted target tone at a ten to one ratio were presented individually to ten unrestrained subjects in a baseline, a novel, and a trained condition. In the novel condition EEG's were averaged from subjects hearing both background and target stimuli for the first time. In the trained condition, subjects were previously trained using footshock in a shuttle box to discriminate the target tone. A statistical comparison of an ERP peak elicited at approximately 300 msec in both the novel and target condition compared with the baseline demonstrated the presence of the P300 in the rat.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Neuropsychology, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Electroencephalography, Adolescent, and 17 moreHumans, Child, Female, Male, Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), Attention Deficit Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Mental Disorder, Validity and Reliability, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, American Psychiatric Association, Indexation, Neurosciences, Affective Disorder, Control Group, and Power Output
Recently, audio-visual stimulation (AVS) has been proposed to be effective as an adjunct to EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) therapy, when used as a “priming stimulus” to activate desired cortical frequencies. Since standard neurofeedback... more
Recently, audio-visual stimulation (AVS) has been proposed to be effective as an adjunct to EEG biofeedback (neurofeedback) therapy, when used as a “priming stimulus” to activate desired cortical frequencies. Since standard neurofeedback therapies for ADD/HD involve training subjects to enhance activity in the 13-21 Hz bandpass, we hypothesized that this activity could also be enhanced by AVS at a constant frequency in this range. Further, we hypothesized that auditory or visual stimulation alone might induce an entrainment effect. EEG was recorded from fifteen college students under the following conditions: (A) auditory stimulation alone, with eyes open; (B) auditory stimulation alone, with eyes closed; (C) visual stimulation alone, with eyes closed; (D) both auditory and visual stimulation, with eyes closed. An eyes-closed and eyes-open baseline condition were recorded prior to the first session. An ANOVA on the differences between the four stimulation conditions and baseline revealed no significant differences between the conditions, so the averages of all four conditions were analyzed as a single group. A significant increase was observed in the 13-21 Hz band (p = 0.045). This increase was of greater magnitude and significance in the narrower, 16-20 Hz band (p = 0.008). When this band was analyzed in half-Hz intervals, a prominent peak was observed at 18.5 Hz (p = 0.001). Applying this same analysis to the individual conditions suggested that the eyes-closed conditions with auditory or visual stimulation alone had more generalized effects throughout the 16-20 Hz band. These results support the hypothesis that AVS entrains endogenous EEG rhythms, and suggest a possible adjunctive role for AVS in EEG biofeedback therapies. However, the relatively weak generalization to frequencies adjacent to the stimulation frequency suggests that variable-frequency AVS might be more effective at activating the desired range of frequencies within a given bandpass.
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ABSTRACT Background. Previous studies have observed differences in the quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) between individuals with reading difficulties and non-clinical controls during reading tasks. However, little has been... more
ABSTRACT Background. Previous studies have observed differences in the quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) between individuals with reading difficulties and non-clinical controls during reading tasks. However, little has been reported about the qEEG of reading tasks compared to qEEG at rest across a wide range of EEG frequencies. The present study explored the qEEG differences between resting and reading states in a group of 19 non-clinical college students. The purpose was to investigate the amplitude changes across five frequency bands: 8 to 10, 10 to 12, 12 to 21, 21 to 32, and 38 to 42 Hz.Methods. Nineteen channels of EEG were recorded at 256 samples per second during an initial resting baseline, during five different reading tasks while selectively engaging the visual, phonetic, and semantic modalities, and during a second resting baseline. Absolute EEG amplitude was measured as the dependent variable. Ninety ANOVAs (task × channel) were computed, comparing each reading task to each baseline, for each frequency band, for each of three cortical areas, frontal, centro-coronal, and posterior. Single-channel t-tests were computed for significant ANOVAs.Results. ANOVA analyses revealed significantly less amplitude for the 10 to 12 Hz band during all three reading tasks as compared to the second baseline. Single-channel t-tests showed this phenomenon to be lateralized towards the left hemisphere.Conclusions. Results are interpreted as a manifestation of language specific processing for the 10 to 12 Hz band. The absence of amplitude changes in the 12 to 21 Hz band was interpreted as motor inhibition. It is suggested that future studies employ a post-task baseline when studying cognitive tasks.
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Background A major limitation of current neurofeedback paradigma is the limited information provided by a single or a small number of electrodes placed on the scalp. A considerable improvement of the neurofeedback efficacy and specificity... more
Background A major limitation of current neurofeedback paradigma is the limited information provided by a single or a small number of electrodes placed on the scalp. A considerable improvement of the neurofeedback efficacy and specificity could be obtained feeding back ...
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... Learning Disabilities JF Lubar, PhD, KJ Bianchini, BA, WH Calhoun, PhD, EW Lambert, PhD, ZH Brody, MA and HS Shabsin, PhD ... The math I task involved adding first two, then three single digit numbers and summing two 2-digit numbers... more
... Learning Disabilities JF Lubar, PhD, KJ Bianchini, BA, WH Calhoun, PhD, EW Lambert, PhD, ZH Brody, MA and HS Shabsin, PhD ... The math I task involved adding first two, then three single digit numbers and summing two 2-digit numbers and three 2-digit numbers. ...
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Abstract This study evaluated the neuropsychological performance of adults with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computerized... more
Abstract This study evaluated the neuropsychological performance of adults with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) during the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Computerized Version 3 (WCST), ...
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Research Interests: Engineering, Electrophysiology, Traumatic Brain Injury, Cognition, Attention, and 17 moreWorking Memory, Performance, Humans, State, Female, Clinical, Male, Young Adult, Trait, Cognitive Performance, Clinical Neurophysiology, Digit span, Middle Aged, Adult, Short Term Memory, Individual Difference, and Alpha Rhythm
Research Interests: Psychology, Biological Psychology, Cognitive Science, Epilepsy, Electroencephalography, and 14 moreAdolescent, Intellectual Disability, Absence epilepsy, Humans, Child, Female, Male, Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Feedback, Somatosensory Cortex, Adult, Operant Conditioning, Neurosciences, and Functional Laterality
This study examined the effects of the relaxation response, elicited by autogenic training, on central nervous system (CNS) activity. We used computerized spectral analysis of EEG activity as a dependent measure. After baseline EEG data... more
This study examined the effects of the relaxation response, elicited by autogenic training, on central nervous system (CNS) activity. We used computerized spectral analysis of EEG activity as a dependent measure. After baseline EEG data were obtained for all subjects, the experimental group practiced standard autogenic exercises for 15 experimental sessions with home practice. The control subjects received the same number of sessions under identical conditions, except that they listened to a pleasant radio show without home practice. Subjects were then posttested to assess the acute and chronic effects of autogenic training and the relaxation response on CNS activity. The results indicated significant acute effects differences between groups; the experimental group showed greater increases in theta and greater decreases in alpha percent total power. The results suggest that the relaxation response elicited by autogenic training produces significant acute changes in EEG activity and a characteristic spectral pattern; the results also suggest that focusing attention on a repetitive, internal stimulus is a key element in Benson's relaxation response model.
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Eight epileptic patients with mixed seizures refractory to medical control participated in a double-blind crossover study to determine the effectiveness of operant conditioning of the EEG as an anticonvulsant procedure. Baseline levels of... more
Eight epileptic patients with mixed seizures refractory to medical control participated in a double-blind crossover study to determine the effectiveness of operant conditioning of the EEG as an anticonvulsant procedure. Baseline levels of seizures were recorded for four months prior to the beginning of treatment. Participants then received false (noncontingent) feedback for two months followed by an ABA-patterned training program lasting a total of ten months. Subjects were assigned to three treatment groups based on different schedules of EEG feedback. They were first trained (A1 phase) either to suppress slow activity (3 to 8 Hz), to enhance 12- to 15-Hz activity, or to simultaneously suppress 3- to 8-Hz and enhance 11- to 19-Hz activity. This was followed by a B phase, in which patients were trained to enhance slow activity (3 to 8 Hz). In the final phase (A2), the initial training contingencies were reinstated. Neuropsychological tests were performed before and after training, and changes in EEG activity as determined by Fast Fourier spectral analyses were analyzed. Five of eight patients experienced a decrease in their mean monthly seizure rate at the completion of feedback training as compared with their initial baseline level.
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Joel F. Lubar, PhD Editor Quantitative Electroencephalographic Analysis (QEEG) Databases for Neurotherapy: Description, Validation, and Application Quantitative Electroencephalographic Analysis (QEEG) Databases for Neurotherapy:... more
Joel F. Lubar, PhD Editor Quantitative Electroencephalographic Analysis (QEEG) Databases for Neurotherapy: Description, Validation, and Application Quantitative Electroencephalographic Analysis (QEEG) Databases for Neurotherapy: Description, Validation, and Application ...
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The sleep EEGs of eight medically refractory epileptic patients were examined as part of a double-blind, ABA crossover study designed to determine the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback for the control of seizures. The patients were... more
The sleep EEGs of eight medically refractory epileptic patients were examined as part of a double-blind, ABA crossover study designed to determine the effectiveness of EEG biofeedback for the control of seizures. The patients were initially reinforced for one of three EEG criteria recorded from electrodes placed over sensorimotor cortex: (a) suppression of 3- to 7-Hz activity, (b) enhancement of 12- to 15-Hz activity, or (c) simultaneous suppression of 3- to 7-Hz and enhancement of 11- to 19-Hz activity. Reinforcement contingencies were reversed during the second or B phase, and then reinstated in their original form during the final A' phase. All-night polysomnographic recordings were obtained at the end of each conditioning phase and were subjected to both visual and computer-based power spectral analyses. Four of the patients showed changes in their nocturnal paroxysmal activity that were either partially or totally consistent with the ABA' contingencies of the study. The spectral data proved difficult to interpret, though two trends emerged from the analyses. Decreases in nocturnal 4- to 7-Hz activity were correlated with decreases in seizure activity, and increases in 8- to 11-Hz activity were correlated with decreases in seizure activity. These findings were shown to strengthen the hypothesis that EEG biofeedback may produce changes in the sleep EEG that are related to seizure incidence.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Semantics, Principal Component Analysis, Electroencephalography, and 12 moreInformation Processing, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Child, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Analysis of Variance, Learning Disorders, Learning Disabled, Reference Values, and Task Performance and Analysis
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Page 1. THE ROLE OF THE SEPTAL AREA IN THE REGULATION OF WATER INTAKE AND ASSOCIATED MOTIVATIONAL BEHAVIOR* Joel F. Lubar University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tenn. and Carl F. Schaefer and David G. Wells University of Rochester Rochester,... more
Page 1. THE ROLE OF THE SEPTAL AREA IN THE REGULATION OF WATER INTAKE AND ASSOCIATED MOTIVATIONAL BEHAVIOR* Joel F. Lubar University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tenn. and Carl F. Schaefer and David G. Wells University of Rochester Rochester, N . Y . ...
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... In neurofeedback we base our work on significant current findings. From current research, in press and in print, it appears that advanced mathematical analysis yields data not previously seen and, as an additional by-product, at... more
... In neurofeedback we base our work on significant current findings. From current research, in press and in print, it appears that advanced mathematical analysis yields data not previously seen and, as an additional by-product, at frequencies significantly above 40 Hz. ...
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It is well established that in both food- and drug-addicted individuals there is... more
It is well established that in both food- and drug-addicted individuals there is "dopamine resistance" associated with the DRD2 gene A1 allele. Based on earlier studies, evidence is emerging wherein the potential of utilizing a natural, nonaddicting, safe, putative D2 agonist may play a significant role in the recovery of individuals with reward deficiency syndrome, including those addicted to psychoactive chemicals. Positive outcomes demonstrated by quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) imaging in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study involving oral Synaptose Complex KB220Z™ showed an increase of alpha waves and low beta wave activity in the parietal brain region. Using t statistics, significant differences observed between placebo and Synaptose Complex KB220Z™ consistently occurred in the frontal regions after week 1 and then again after week 2 of analyses (P = 0.03). This is the first report to demonstrate involvement of the prefrontal cortex in the qEEG response to a natural putative D2 agonist (Synaptose Complex KB220Z™), especially evident in dopamine D2 A1 allele subjects. Independently, we have further supported this finding with an additional study of 3 serious polydrug abusers undergoing protracted abstinence who carried the DRD2 A1 allele. Significant qEEG differences were found between those who received 1 dose of placebo compared with those who were administered Synaptose Complex KB220Z™. Synaptose Complex KB220Z™ induced positive regulation of the dysregulated electrical activity of the brain in these addicts. The results are indicative of a phase change from low amplitude or low power in the brain to a more regulated state by increasing an average of 6.169 mV(2) across the prefrontal cortical region. In the first experiment we found that while 50% of the subjects carried the DRD2 A1 allele, 100% carried ≥ 1 risk allele. Specifically, based on the proposed addiction risk score for these 14 subjects, 72% had moderate-to-severe addiction risk. Similar findings were obtained by repeating the experiment in 3 additional currently abstinent polydrug abusers carrying the DRD2 A1 allele. This seminal work will provide important information that may ultimately lead to significant improvement in the recovery of individuals with psychostimulant and polydrug abuse problems, specifically those with genetically induced dopamine deficiency. Based on this small sample size, we are proposing that with necessary large populations supporting these initial results, and possibly even additional candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms, we may eventually have the clinical ability to classify severity according to genotype and possession of risk alleles, along with offering a safe, nonaddicting, natural dopaminergic receptor agonist that potentially upregulates instead of downregulates dopaminergic receptors, preferably the D2 subtype.
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A study with three component parts was performed to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The subject pool consisted of 23 children and adolescents ranging in age from 8... more
A study with three component parts was performed to assess the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The subject pool consisted of 23 children and adolescents ranging in age from 8 to 19 years with a mean of 11.4 years who participated in a 2- to 3-month summer program of intensive neurofeedback training. Feedback was contingent on the production of 16-20 hertz (beta) activity in the absence of 4-8 hertz (theta) activity. Posttraining changes in EEG activity, T.O.V.A. performance, (ADDES) behavior ratings, and WISC-R performance were assessed. Part I indicated that subjects who successfully decreased theta activity showed significant improvement in T.O.V.A. performance; Part II revealed significant improvement in parent ratings following neurofeedback training; and Part III indicated significant increases in WISC-R scores following neurofeedback training. This study is significant in that it examines the effects of neurofeedback training on both objective and subjective measures under relatively controlled conditions. Our findings corroborate and extend previous research, indicating that neurofeedback training can be an appropriate and efficacious treatment for children with ADHD.