Bit Error Rate

Key issues related to the modeling of ultra-high speed transmission are discussed in this paper. These topics include components modeling, link modeling and BER estimation. Different solutions for the transport of 100 Gb/s over a single wavelength including technologies such as coherent detection, polarization multiplexing, optical OFDM, and digital signal processing are reviewed and compared with means of numerical simulations.

Let A×B be the product space of two sets A and B which is divided into a (pairs representing the same entity) and nonmatches (pairs representing different entities). Linkage rules are those that divide A×B into links (designated matches), possible links (pairs for which we delay a decision), and nonlinks (designated nonmatches). Under fixed bounds on the error rates, Fellegi

This paper considers a design of signal constellations for trans-modulation (constellation rearrangement: CoRe) in a relay system with the multiple links in which the same signal is decoded-and-forwarded to the destination over N time slots, each assigned to the different relay node. Demonstrating that the minimal accumulated squared Euclidean distance (MASED) is not an ultimate design metric to minimize the bit error rate (BER), we choose the BER for the joint log-likelihood ratio (LLR) combining scheme as a design metric, so as to find bit-to-symbol mapping for the multiple relay links. To handle the prohibitive amount of computational complexity associated with an exhaustive search over enumeration of all possible mappings, which grows exponentially with the number of relay links, genetic algorithm is employed for searching for the sub-optimal bitto-symbol mappings in the multiple relay links. We show that a new type of CoRe design without the gray-mapping constraint is critical ...

Objective To determine the incidence of errors in preparing and administering intravenous (i.v.) drugs, identify the stages in the process at which errors occurred and evaluate their clinical importance. Methods A prospective ethnographic study using disguised observation was carried out on two wards in one German non-university hospital. Results We observed 22 nurses administering 122 i.v. drug preparations and administrations. One or more errors occurred in the preparation and administration of 58 of 122 i.v. drug doses (error rate 48%, 95% confidence interval 39–57%). In total, 65 errors were identified. Of doses, 4 had potentially severe errors (3%), 38 (31%) potentially moderate errors and 16 (13%) potentially minor errors. Common errors included multiple step preparations and the co-administration of potentially incompatible drugs as intermittent infusions. Conclusion A high incidence of i.v. drug errors was found in the study hospital. Effective strategies to reduce potentially harmful errors are urgently needed. Measures could include a reduction in the number of ward-based i.v. drug preparations, improvement of staff training and the introduction of ward-based clinical pharmacy services.

We present simulation results for 192 Gb/s (16 ×12) OTDM transmission with different time delays over standard fiber G.652. The optical 192 Gb/s to 12 Gb/s demultiplexing (OTDM) is used and the results compared with 160 Gb/s to 10 Gb/s OTDM demultiplexing. The observations show the feasibility of an error free 192 Gb/s OTDM transmission with a minimum time delay of 1 ps which yields BER as low as 3.38E-89 while the minimum BER obtained at 1 ps time delay for 160 Gb/s OTDM is 1.21E-244, which is practically error free.

In this paper, an exact closed-form bit error rate expression for M-PSK is presented for multi-hop Decode-and-Forward Relaying (MDFR) scheme, in which selection combining technique is employed at each node. We have shown that the proposed protocol offers remarkable diversity advantage over direct transmission as well as the conventional decode-and-forward relaying (CDFR) scheme. Simulations are performed to confirm our theoretical analysis.

Recognizing the potential for identifying, and possibly preserving large reserves of wildlife habitats, the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife (WDFW) took the initiative to develop an open space plan for Spokane County's Comprehensive Plan. The goal of this open space plan was to identify, in a minimal amount of time, enough land to maintain the current native biodiversity of

Page 1. FAST ACTIVE CONSTELLATION EXTENSION FOR MIMO-OFDM PAR REDUCTION Brian S. Krongold ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Melbourne, Australia ...

After collecting a data base of fingerprint images, we design a neural network algorithm for fingerprint recognition. When presented with a pair of fingerprint images, the algorithm outputs an estimate of the probability that the two images originate from the same finger. In one experiment, the neural network is trained using a few hundred pairs of images and its performance is subsequently tested using several thousand pairs of images originated from a subset of the database corresponding to 20 individuals. The error rate currently achieved is less than 0.5%. Additional results, extensions, and possible applications are also briefly discussed.