- Department of History, Palacky University
Na Hrade 5
771 80 Olomouc
Czech Republic
Antonín Kalous
Palacky University, Olomouc, Department of History, Faculty Member
- Renaissance Platonism, Renaissance Studies, Renaissance Art, Hagiography, Saints' Cults, East European Renaissance, and 68 moreRenaissance Culture (History), Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, Medieval Church History, Medieval History, Crusades, Diplomatics (Medieval), Medieval Studies, Cardinals (Medieval Church History), Medieval Historiography, Medieval urban history, Medieval Ecclesiastical History, Medieval Literature, Medieval Latin Literature, Renaissance Humanism, Renaissance History, Matthias Corvinus, History of Renaissance Science, Intellectuals of Renaissance, Papal Legates, Manuscript Studies, History, Theory of History, Military History, Historiography, Diplomacy, Hungary, Czech Republic, Royal court, Moravia, Bohemia, Olomouc, Utraquism, George of Poděbrady, Mohács, Navigate Sancti Brendani Abbatis, Papacy and Cardinals, Renaissance Church History, Medieval Philosophy, Central Europe, Central European history, Medieval Europe, Central European Studies, Medieval Art, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and East European Studies, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Economic and Social History, Indulgences, Late Middle Ages, Medieval Canon & Roman Law, Franciscan Studies, Royal Towns, Heraldry, Heraldry and Vexillology, Medieval Heraldry, Heraldic, Heraldica, Textual Criticism, Latin Language and Literature, Manuscripts (Medieval Studies), Pius II, Bessarione, Cardinal Bessarion, History of Venice, Pius II Piccolomini, 15th Century, and Veniceedit
- I have studied at Palacký University, Olomouc (Department of History) and at Central European University (Department ... moreI have studied at Palacký University, Olomouc (Department of History) and at Central European University (Department of Medieval Studies). I have my PhD from Olomouc (2005) and habilitation from Olomouc as well (2011). My research interests are medieval and early Renaissance history in general, with the specialisation in later Middle Ages, church and religious, cultural and political history. I am writing about medieval papal legates and nuncios and diplomacy, about mendicants, and also about Matthias Corvinus (Hunyadi), Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary and Central Europe in general.
Currenty, I teach at the Department of History (Palacký University), concentrating on the Midlle Ages (from various aspects) and I am also the Director of Studies of Euroculture Erasmus Mundus Programme at the same department.edit
The legation of Angelo Pecchinoli, bishop of Cività Castellana and Orte, belongs among legations that are relatively well documented. Angelo Pecchinoli served as papal nuncio cum potestate legati de latere in 1488–1490 at the court of... more
The legation of Angelo Pecchinoli, bishop of Cività Castellana and Orte, belongs among legations that are relatively well documented. Angelo Pecchinoli served as papal nuncio cum potestate legati de latere in 1488–1490 at the court of Matthias Hunyadi (Corvinus), the King of Hungary and Bohemia. He recorded the last year and a half of King Matthias’s reign and briefly also the happenings after his death in April 1490.
Angelo Pecchinoli was sent to the court of King Matthias in September 1488, but first accounts of his presence in Austria, where the royal court resided, come only from December of that year. Since then the nuncio followed the court and reported on the events and happenings at the court and most importantly recounted the discussions with the king, the queen and other members of the court, especially the bishops in service of the king. On 6 April 1490, Angelo wrote a quick letter about the death of King Matthias and continued to be present in the centre of happenings that led to the election of the new king, King Wladislas (Vladislav) II of Bohemia as king of Hungary (as II. Ulászló). The nuncio returned back to Rome only after the coronation of Wladislas in September 1490. His legation then lasted for about two years; from this point of view the fourteen dispatches that were preserved do not constitute a large dossier of texts. However, the late fifteenth century still belongs to the period before the reorganisation of papal diplomacy, the new system of the papal nunciatures of the sixteenth century. Even the keeping and preserving of reports of the legates and nuncios was chaotic and not really organised in any way. That is why the fourteen reports of Angelo Pecchinoli could be considered as almost extraordinary, definitely so in the context of Central Europe. Apart from the nuncio’s reports the edition contains also other documents related to the legation; most importantly the mandates (twelve in number) of the nuncio and his instructions (two), which clearly define the legation in legal terms (the mandates) as well as in terms of procedure and tasks (instructions) that were to be achieved by Angelo. The largest group of sources (twenty-two letters), which, however, are less crucial in this sense is further papal correspondence with the potentates of the region as well as with Angelo (those sent from the pope in the form of breve); and finally two documents of the Papal Chamber which define the amount of the nuncio’s salary. Publishing the actual charters and letters of Angelo Pecchinoli that are still preserved in many local archives could be a possibility, but that would require much more time and effort to collect them all, so many of these are only hinted at in the introduction; the edition itself concentrates on the sources of papal provenance.
As a papal nuncio, Angelo Pecchinoli had many tasks to deal with during his legation; rather following the general papal policy of the period. To briefly sketch these topics, first the issues of war and peace can be mentioned. The nuncio should help bringing about the peace among Christian rulers. In the case of King Matthias in the later 1480s, it was naturally the conflict with Emperor Frederick III and his son, King of the Romans Maximilian that was followed very closely by the Papal Curia. Peace treaties with the other great adversary of King Matthias, King Wladislas of Bohemia, were also often remembered, even though the war stopped a decade ago. The conflicts with the Jagiellonian kings of Bohemia and Poland were still burning in the mind of the king of Hungary. One of the key issues related to peace monitored by the nuncio and talked about at the court of Matthias Corvinus was the peace among the Christian rulers and states of Italy. The king was directly connected to the Italian milieu (even related to the King of Naples through marriage), and thus had an excellent insight into what happened there. His conflicts with the Venetians, negotiations with Milan about a possible marriage for his son, and the scandal with Ancona even strengthened the attention he dedicated to Italy. Then, on the contrary, the nuncio was to be informed about a possible war, namely the war against the Ottoman Turks. The Turkish threat, which at this point was slightly downplayed by the presence of Sultan Djem in Europe, was a constant topic of the discussions between the king and the nuncio. The kingdom is seen as antemurale Christianitatis, which the king tried to use for his advantage to support all his claims with the pope. The problems of war and peace have much to do with the role of the pope as peace-maker and an organiser of the defence of Christianity.
The instructions as well as the reports of Angelo show the emphasis that is given to the libertas ecclesiastica, which was again put forward by the theologians in the end of the fifteenth century. A few cases that are treated by the nuncio are exemplary: the captivity of prelates, who were held by the king (Archbishop Péter Váradi and others); attention to the Church property, or rather the alienated property of various ecclesiastical institutions (monasteries and bishoprics); and a greater significance is given to the proper behaviour of the Church subjects, whose absolute loyalty is a key to good government of the Church and must not be transferred to anyone else (the case of Ancona or Camerino). These matters of ecclesiastical politics introduce issues which are even more related to the functioning of the Church as institution. With his absolute authority, very much stressed by the nuncio, the pope exerted his governance over the whole Church in the region of activity of the nuncio. As an extended arm of his lord and master, the nuncio (with the power of legate de latere) came to the region to correct the Church and its members. He dealt with bishops and clerics, he administered order reforms and reformed their houses, he incited the struggle against the heretics (even though not really successfully), and – most importantly for most of the believers – brought spiritual benefits that were otherwise available only in Rome at the Apostolic See. Moreover, the nuncio represented the highest judicial power of the pope, who was iudex ordinarius omnium. This means that by the nature of the office of the legate de latere the nuncio could even replace the ecclesiastical judicial court of local bishops in the first instance.
In this framework, the nuncio clearly represented the renewed papal government of the Church after the successful defeat of the conciliarist ideas of the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The present volume thus purports to elucidate this development of the Church and of papal administration as well as bring to light crucial sources for Central European history of the late fifteenth century.
Angelo Pecchinoli was sent to the court of King Matthias in September 1488, but first accounts of his presence in Austria, where the royal court resided, come only from December of that year. Since then the nuncio followed the court and reported on the events and happenings at the court and most importantly recounted the discussions with the king, the queen and other members of the court, especially the bishops in service of the king. On 6 April 1490, Angelo wrote a quick letter about the death of King Matthias and continued to be present in the centre of happenings that led to the election of the new king, King Wladislas (Vladislav) II of Bohemia as king of Hungary (as II. Ulászló). The nuncio returned back to Rome only after the coronation of Wladislas in September 1490. His legation then lasted for about two years; from this point of view the fourteen dispatches that were preserved do not constitute a large dossier of texts. However, the late fifteenth century still belongs to the period before the reorganisation of papal diplomacy, the new system of the papal nunciatures of the sixteenth century. Even the keeping and preserving of reports of the legates and nuncios was chaotic and not really organised in any way. That is why the fourteen reports of Angelo Pecchinoli could be considered as almost extraordinary, definitely so in the context of Central Europe. Apart from the nuncio’s reports the edition contains also other documents related to the legation; most importantly the mandates (twelve in number) of the nuncio and his instructions (two), which clearly define the legation in legal terms (the mandates) as well as in terms of procedure and tasks (instructions) that were to be achieved by Angelo. The largest group of sources (twenty-two letters), which, however, are less crucial in this sense is further papal correspondence with the potentates of the region as well as with Angelo (those sent from the pope in the form of breve); and finally two documents of the Papal Chamber which define the amount of the nuncio’s salary. Publishing the actual charters and letters of Angelo Pecchinoli that are still preserved in many local archives could be a possibility, but that would require much more time and effort to collect them all, so many of these are only hinted at in the introduction; the edition itself concentrates on the sources of papal provenance.
As a papal nuncio, Angelo Pecchinoli had many tasks to deal with during his legation; rather following the general papal policy of the period. To briefly sketch these topics, first the issues of war and peace can be mentioned. The nuncio should help bringing about the peace among Christian rulers. In the case of King Matthias in the later 1480s, it was naturally the conflict with Emperor Frederick III and his son, King of the Romans Maximilian that was followed very closely by the Papal Curia. Peace treaties with the other great adversary of King Matthias, King Wladislas of Bohemia, were also often remembered, even though the war stopped a decade ago. The conflicts with the Jagiellonian kings of Bohemia and Poland were still burning in the mind of the king of Hungary. One of the key issues related to peace monitored by the nuncio and talked about at the court of Matthias Corvinus was the peace among the Christian rulers and states of Italy. The king was directly connected to the Italian milieu (even related to the King of Naples through marriage), and thus had an excellent insight into what happened there. His conflicts with the Venetians, negotiations with Milan about a possible marriage for his son, and the scandal with Ancona even strengthened the attention he dedicated to Italy. Then, on the contrary, the nuncio was to be informed about a possible war, namely the war against the Ottoman Turks. The Turkish threat, which at this point was slightly downplayed by the presence of Sultan Djem in Europe, was a constant topic of the discussions between the king and the nuncio. The kingdom is seen as antemurale Christianitatis, which the king tried to use for his advantage to support all his claims with the pope. The problems of war and peace have much to do with the role of the pope as peace-maker and an organiser of the defence of Christianity.
The instructions as well as the reports of Angelo show the emphasis that is given to the libertas ecclesiastica, which was again put forward by the theologians in the end of the fifteenth century. A few cases that are treated by the nuncio are exemplary: the captivity of prelates, who were held by the king (Archbishop Péter Váradi and others); attention to the Church property, or rather the alienated property of various ecclesiastical institutions (monasteries and bishoprics); and a greater significance is given to the proper behaviour of the Church subjects, whose absolute loyalty is a key to good government of the Church and must not be transferred to anyone else (the case of Ancona or Camerino). These matters of ecclesiastical politics introduce issues which are even more related to the functioning of the Church as institution. With his absolute authority, very much stressed by the nuncio, the pope exerted his governance over the whole Church in the region of activity of the nuncio. As an extended arm of his lord and master, the nuncio (with the power of legate de latere) came to the region to correct the Church and its members. He dealt with bishops and clerics, he administered order reforms and reformed their houses, he incited the struggle against the heretics (even though not really successfully), and – most importantly for most of the believers – brought spiritual benefits that were otherwise available only in Rome at the Apostolic See. Moreover, the nuncio represented the highest judicial power of the pope, who was iudex ordinarius omnium. This means that by the nature of the office of the legate de latere the nuncio could even replace the ecclesiastical judicial court of local bishops in the first instance.
In this framework, the nuncio clearly represented the renewed papal government of the Church after the successful defeat of the conciliarist ideas of the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The present volume thus purports to elucidate this development of the Church and of papal administration as well as bring to light crucial sources for Central European history of the late fifteenth century.
Research Interests: Medieval Studies, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, Papal Legates, Medieval Europe, and 10 moreMedieval Hungary, History of Diplomacy, Late Medieval History, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Diplomacy, Papal Diplomacy, History of the Papacy, Medieval Bishops, Apostolic Nunciatures, and Papal Diplomatics
The present volume brings an edition of documents related to the legation of papal nuncio Angelo Pecchinoli, who travelled to the Hungarian royal court in 1488. He stayed at the court of Matthias Corvinus until the king’s death and... more
The present volume brings an edition of documents related to the legation of papal nuncio Angelo Pecchinoli, who travelled to the Hungarian royal court in 1488. He stayed at the court of Matthias Corvinus until the king’s death and followed closely the struggle for the throne of Hungary until the coronation of the new king, Wladislas II, in September 1490.
The edition brings to light various types of sources: first and most importantly, the reports of Angelo Pecchinoli, which were sent from the royal court to Pope Innocent VIII in Rome; second, two sets of instructions that were given to the nuncio by the Curia; third, the mandates with faculties for the nuncio, which clearly defined the legal standards of the legation; four, the documents of the Apostolic Chamber, which clearly explain the financial terms of the legation. Apart from these four types further papal correspondence with the nuncio as well as with the mighty of the region is included. There exist many other charters published by the nuncio in local archives, but collecting and editing them in their entirety will take much more time and efforts.
Even though there were many reports that were lost and not preserved, the current dossier may be extremely useful to a historian. Firstly, the reports are extremely relevant sources which elucidate the events in Central Europe in the late 1480s in relation to the papal policy towards the region; and secondly, all the sources illustrate very clearly the functioning of the late medieval papal legations in a particular instance. Angelo Pecchinoli was defending the ecclesiastical liberty in the region using (sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessfully) the authority of the Apostolic See.
The volume contains also an introductory study, which analyses all these aspects of the edited sources and sets them in general context of the times and of the papal government in late-medieval Europe.
--------------------------------------
Az angol nyelvű és főcímű kötet olyan dokumentumok sorozatát tartalmazza, amely Angelo Pecchinoli pápai nuncius legációjához kapcsolódnak, aki 1488-ban érkezett meg a magyar királyi udvarba. Itt Mátyás király haláláig maradt és közelről követte a küzdelmet Magyarország trónjáért az új király, II. Ulászló 1490. szeptemberi megkoronázásáig.
A forráskiadás különböző típusú, latin nyelvű forrásokat vonultat fel. Először is, ezek közül a legfontosabbak Angelo Pecchinoli jelentései, amelyeket a királyi udvarból VIII. Ince pápának küldött Rómába. Másodsorban találunk közöttük két instrukciósorozatot, melyet a nunciusnak küldtek a Kúriából. Harmadsorban a nunciusnak adott megbízásokat a fakultásokkal, amelyek világosan meghatározzák a legáció jogi kereteit. Végül az Apostoli Kamara dokumentumait, melyekből egyértelműen körvonalazódik a legáció pénzügyi háttere. E négy típus mellett további pápai levelezés is szerepel benne a nunciussal, valamint a régió hatalmasságaival. Léteznek egyéb, a nuncius által kiadott oklevelek is a helyi levéltárakban, de valamennyi összegyűjtése és egybeszerkesztésük sokkal több időt és erőfeszítést igényelne.
Habár több jelentés készült, amelyek elvesztek és nem maradtak fenn az utókornak, a jelenlegi gyűjtés szerfelett hasznos lehet a történészek számára. Először is, a jelentések rendkívül jelentős források, amelyek érthetővé teszik Közép-Európa történéseit az 1480-as években a régió irányában folytatott pápai politikával összefüggésben. Másodsorban, az összes forrás világosan szemlélteti a késő középkori pápai legációk működését egy konkrét példán keresztül. Angelo Pecchinoli az Apostoli Szentszék tekintélyét felhasználva (hol sikeresen, hol sikertelenül) igyekezett megvédeni Közép-Európában az egyházi immunitást, jogokat és kiváltságokat.
A kötet tartalmaz egy angol nyelvű bevezető tanulmányt is, amely elemzi a források fent említett aspektusait, és elhelyezi őket a korszak és a késő-középkori Európában történő pápai kormányzás általános kontextusában.
The edition brings to light various types of sources: first and most importantly, the reports of Angelo Pecchinoli, which were sent from the royal court to Pope Innocent VIII in Rome; second, two sets of instructions that were given to the nuncio by the Curia; third, the mandates with faculties for the nuncio, which clearly defined the legal standards of the legation; four, the documents of the Apostolic Chamber, which clearly explain the financial terms of the legation. Apart from these four types further papal correspondence with the nuncio as well as with the mighty of the region is included. There exist many other charters published by the nuncio in local archives, but collecting and editing them in their entirety will take much more time and efforts.
Even though there were many reports that were lost and not preserved, the current dossier may be extremely useful to a historian. Firstly, the reports are extremely relevant sources which elucidate the events in Central Europe in the late 1480s in relation to the papal policy towards the region; and secondly, all the sources illustrate very clearly the functioning of the late medieval papal legations in a particular instance. Angelo Pecchinoli was defending the ecclesiastical liberty in the region using (sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessfully) the authority of the Apostolic See.
The volume contains also an introductory study, which analyses all these aspects of the edited sources and sets them in general context of the times and of the papal government in late-medieval Europe.
--------------------------------------
Az angol nyelvű és főcímű kötet olyan dokumentumok sorozatát tartalmazza, amely Angelo Pecchinoli pápai nuncius legációjához kapcsolódnak, aki 1488-ban érkezett meg a magyar királyi udvarba. Itt Mátyás király haláláig maradt és közelről követte a küzdelmet Magyarország trónjáért az új király, II. Ulászló 1490. szeptemberi megkoronázásáig.
A forráskiadás különböző típusú, latin nyelvű forrásokat vonultat fel. Először is, ezek közül a legfontosabbak Angelo Pecchinoli jelentései, amelyeket a királyi udvarból VIII. Ince pápának küldött Rómába. Másodsorban találunk közöttük két instrukciósorozatot, melyet a nunciusnak küldtek a Kúriából. Harmadsorban a nunciusnak adott megbízásokat a fakultásokkal, amelyek világosan meghatározzák a legáció jogi kereteit. Végül az Apostoli Kamara dokumentumait, melyekből egyértelműen körvonalazódik a legáció pénzügyi háttere. E négy típus mellett további pápai levelezés is szerepel benne a nunciussal, valamint a régió hatalmasságaival. Léteznek egyéb, a nuncius által kiadott oklevelek is a helyi levéltárakban, de valamennyi összegyűjtése és egybeszerkesztésük sokkal több időt és erőfeszítést igényelne.
Habár több jelentés készült, amelyek elvesztek és nem maradtak fenn az utókornak, a jelenlegi gyűjtés szerfelett hasznos lehet a történészek számára. Először is, a jelentések rendkívül jelentős források, amelyek érthetővé teszik Közép-Európa történéseit az 1480-as években a régió irányában folytatott pápai politikával összefüggésben. Másodsorban, az összes forrás világosan szemlélteti a késő középkori pápai legációk működését egy konkrét példán keresztül. Angelo Pecchinoli az Apostoli Szentszék tekintélyét felhasználva (hol sikeresen, hol sikertelenül) igyekezett megvédeni Közép-Európában az egyházi immunitást, jogokat és kiváltságokat.
A kötet tartalmaz egy angol nyelvű bevezető tanulmányt is, amely elemzi a források fent említett aspektusait, és elhelyezi őket a korszak és a késő-középkori Európában történő pápai kormányzás általános kontextusában.
Research Interests: Diplomatic History, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Medieval Church History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), and 15 moreHistory of Hungary, History of Roman Catholicism, Medieval Europe, Church History, Medieval Hungary, History of Vatican Diplomacy, Vatican Archives, History of Diplomacy, Catholic Church, Medieval Diplomacy, Catholic Church History, History of the Papacy, Történelem, Medieval Hungarian History, and Egyháztörténet
Late Medieval Papal Legation is a result of long term study of papal legates in the late medieval period. Even though this crucial institution of the reform papacy of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries kept its standards as... more
Late Medieval Papal Legation is a result of long term study of papal legates in the late medieval period. Even though this crucial institution of the reform papacy of the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries kept its standards as designed in the classical canon law, it was transformed according to the current needs of the papacy in later periods. A substantial change came after the conciliar crisis and before the radical transformation of the first half of the sixteenth century. In the second half of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, papal legates de latere, as cardinals, travelled all around Europe in support of the recovered papal authority after the conciliar period and before the outbreak of the German Reformation.
This volume attempts to systematise the changes of this specific period in the development of the papacy. It is based on extensive research in the Vatican Archives and Library, other Italian and especially Central European archives and libraries, and published sources of the period. The volume focuses on the terminology and theory of papal legation, on the sources and expression of legatine authority and on the system in relation to practical matters (ceremonial, travelling, finance), and political, diplomatic and ecclesiastical tasks and topics. The study of the legatine office is exceptionally complex and ranges from high diplomacy and spiritual benefits brought for distinct provinces, to the personal interests and involvement of individual cardinals. This book tries to open discussion on research that has only just started and needs to be developed as an integral part of our understanding of medieval papal and European history.
This volume attempts to systematise the changes of this specific period in the development of the papacy. It is based on extensive research in the Vatican Archives and Library, other Italian and especially Central European archives and libraries, and published sources of the period. The volume focuses on the terminology and theory of papal legation, on the sources and expression of legatine authority and on the system in relation to practical matters (ceremonial, travelling, finance), and political, diplomatic and ecclesiastical tasks and topics. The study of the legatine office is exceptionally complex and ranges from high diplomacy and spiritual benefits brought for distinct provinces, to the personal interests and involvement of individual cardinals. This book tries to open discussion on research that has only just started and needs to be developed as an integral part of our understanding of medieval papal and European history.
Research Interests: European History, Canon Law, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Medieval Ecclesiastical History, and 24 moreMedieval Church History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Papal Legates, Church History, Medieval Canon & Roman Law, Cardinals (Medieval Church History), Renaissance Rome, Medieval Canon Law, Ecclesiastical History, Histoire du cérémonial, Late Medieval History, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Rome, Church and State, Catholic Church History, Papacy (Early Modern and Modern Church History), History of Canon Law, History of the Papacy, Roman Catholic Canon Law, Fifteenth century papacy, Papacy and Cardinals, Liturgical Ceremonial, Medieval Popes, and History of Popes
The Transformation of Confessional Cultures in a Central European City results from a series of projects about the history of Olomouc, a medium-sized royal city in Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic. Set in its regional as well as... more
The Transformation of Confessional Cultures in a Central European City results from a series of projects about the history of Olomouc, a medium-sized royal city in Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic. Set in its regional as well as wider contexts, this study of Olomouc contributes to research into ecclesiastical and religious developments of both the late medieval and early modern periods, and in particular the confessional divisions that followed the German Reformation.
The chapters of this book are divided along chronological lines and also divided by topics and themes including: Hussitism and Utraquism, the early Czech Reformation, the impact and influences of the German Reformation, and the revival of the Catholic Church from the second half of the seventeenth century. Even though the struggles between rival confessions in the city only took place between the 1530s and 1650s, the council had asserted the city’s Catholicity against the Hussites in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. This emphasis on the city’s Catholic spirituality, and the importance to the urban community of Catholic ritual and ceremonies was restored from the second half of the seventeenth century. The image of religious life in Olomouc that emerges from this study is of a society with competing Catholic bodies and individuals not only opposed to non-Catholic churches but also with sharp internal rivalries between Catholic institutions over forms of ritual and styles of worship.
CONTENTS
Foreword
Introduction. Olomouc – The City and Its History, by Jaroslav Miller
1. A Catholic City in the Hussite Era, 1400-1450s, by Jan Stejskal
Death of Margrave Jobst
Catholic City versus Hussite Nobility
Bishops of Olomouc
The Besieged City
Capestrano in the City
Conclusion
2. Between Hussitism and Reformation, 1450s-1520s, by Antonín Kalous
King George
Competing Catholic Institutions
The Bishop, the Chapter and the City
King Matthias
Religious Orders
The City and the German Reformation
Conclusion
3. The Divided City, 1520s-1600, by Ondřej Jakubec
Conflict and Coexistence
1556-1558: Confessional Reversal
The Olomouc Bishops and Their Confessional Politics in a Divided City
The Olomouc City Council versus the Olomouc Bishops
The City School at the Church of St Maurice
Lutheran Preachers and “Agitators”
The Death of Georg Thaller in 1570 and non-Catholic Burials in Olomouc
Disciplining of Religious Life in Olomouc
The Confessional Topography of Olomouc and Its Visual Manifestations
Conclusion
4. The Stormy Path to a Single Religion, 1600-1650, by Tomáš Parma
Difficult Continuity: Olomouc in the pre-White Mountain Period
Revolt of the Estates: The Temporary Hegemony of non-Catholics
State Enforced re-Catholicisation and Decline of the City
Swedish Occupation
Conclusion
5. The Evolution of Catholic Identity, 1650-1700, by Radmila Prchal Pavlíčková
Pilgrimage and Baroque Spirituality
Bishop Charles
Revival of Catholic Piety
Active Religious Life
Conclusion
6. Consolidation, 1700-1750, by Martin Elbel
Balance of Power
Self-Assured Triumph
New Challenges
Conclusion
Afterword, by Graeme Murdock
List of Olomouc Bishops, 1397-1776
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Archival Sources
Bibliography
Index
The chapters of this book are divided along chronological lines and also divided by topics and themes including: Hussitism and Utraquism, the early Czech Reformation, the impact and influences of the German Reformation, and the revival of the Catholic Church from the second half of the seventeenth century. Even though the struggles between rival confessions in the city only took place between the 1530s and 1650s, the council had asserted the city’s Catholicity against the Hussites in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. This emphasis on the city’s Catholic spirituality, and the importance to the urban community of Catholic ritual and ceremonies was restored from the second half of the seventeenth century. The image of religious life in Olomouc that emerges from this study is of a society with competing Catholic bodies and individuals not only opposed to non-Catholic churches but also with sharp internal rivalries between Catholic institutions over forms of ritual and styles of worship.
CONTENTS
Foreword
Introduction. Olomouc – The City and Its History, by Jaroslav Miller
1. A Catholic City in the Hussite Era, 1400-1450s, by Jan Stejskal
Death of Margrave Jobst
Catholic City versus Hussite Nobility
Bishops of Olomouc
The Besieged City
Capestrano in the City
Conclusion
2. Between Hussitism and Reformation, 1450s-1520s, by Antonín Kalous
King George
Competing Catholic Institutions
The Bishop, the Chapter and the City
King Matthias
Religious Orders
The City and the German Reformation
Conclusion
3. The Divided City, 1520s-1600, by Ondřej Jakubec
Conflict and Coexistence
1556-1558: Confessional Reversal
The Olomouc Bishops and Their Confessional Politics in a Divided City
The Olomouc City Council versus the Olomouc Bishops
The City School at the Church of St Maurice
Lutheran Preachers and “Agitators”
The Death of Georg Thaller in 1570 and non-Catholic Burials in Olomouc
Disciplining of Religious Life in Olomouc
The Confessional Topography of Olomouc and Its Visual Manifestations
Conclusion
4. The Stormy Path to a Single Religion, 1600-1650, by Tomáš Parma
Difficult Continuity: Olomouc in the pre-White Mountain Period
Revolt of the Estates: The Temporary Hegemony of non-Catholics
State Enforced re-Catholicisation and Decline of the City
Swedish Occupation
Conclusion
5. The Evolution of Catholic Identity, 1650-1700, by Radmila Prchal Pavlíčková
Pilgrimage and Baroque Spirituality
Bishop Charles
Revival of Catholic Piety
Active Religious Life
Conclusion
6. Consolidation, 1700-1750, by Martin Elbel
Balance of Power
Self-Assured Triumph
New Challenges
Conclusion
Afterword, by Graeme Murdock
List of Olomouc Bishops, 1397-1776
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Archival Sources
Bibliography
Index
Research Interests: Medieval History, Early Modern History, Urban History, Medieval urban history, Reformation History, and 25 moreReformation Studies, Lutheranism, Central Europe, Central European history, Medieval Church History, Urban Studies, Protestantism, History of the Reformation, Intellectual History of the Baroque Period, Central European Studies, Baroque art and architecture, Confessionalization, Czech Republic, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and East European Studies, Reformation, Moravia, Olomouc, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Catholic Church History, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), Counter-Reformation, Bishop, Hussites, and Czech Republic History
Research Interests: Renaissance Studies, Medieval Historiography, Reformation History, Reformation Studies, Cult of Saints, and 7 moreMedieval Church History, History of Egyptology, Medieval Hungary, Middle Ages, Olomouc, Christianisation of Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages, and Christianisation of Scandinavia
http://www.matice-moravska.cz/kniznice.htm#KMM_kalous_legati http://www.kosmas.cz/knihy/159921/plenitudo-potestatis-in-partibus-/ The system of papal representation began to develop at a very early stage of the papal claims to... more
http://www.matice-moravska.cz/kniznice.htm#KMM_kalous_legati
http://www.kosmas.cz/knihy/159921/plenitudo-potestatis-in-partibus-/
The system of papal representation began to develop at a very early stage of the papal claims to sovereignty within the Church. It was, however, not a stable structure; the system was changing under the influence of the advance of papal claims to spiritual and secular government, general political and social development of medieval Europe and of course, the general system of representation and diplomacy. Yet, the “diplomacy” of the Holy See is different from the secular diplomacy in more than one respect. Like others, the papal representatives wield power on the basis of the position of their lord in secular matters, but their position was also based on the power of the Church itself not in secular, but in political, administrative, judicial and spiritual matters of the Church.
The papal representatives were divided in a few categories, which were changing over the centuries and even if the title itself (the term) was preserved, powers, position and authority may have changed substantially. The papal representatives gained more importance with the reform papacy of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and it was clearly and minutely defined by the canon law of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. According to Liber Extra, the canonists differentiated between three levels of legates. First and most importantly, it was the legate de latere (from the side of the pope), who wielded the highest authority and from the beginning was the embodiment of the pope himself. Only cardinals were entitled to hold this office. The other two levels were a legate not sent from the side, later called legatus missus, and the legatus natus, which meant his legatine power was linked to the office of an archbishop. Only some metropolitan sees were endowed with such a dignity. Other representatives of the pope were nuncios, whose position was created on the basis of the general system of diplomatic activity; i.e. they originally did not participate in the spiritual power of the pope. The system, as designed in the thirteenth century, however, was not constant and it changed completely in mid-sixteenth century. The nuncios became the crucial representatives of the pope in individual power centres and rulers’ courts as permanent envoys of the Holy Father. The legates de latere were gradually loosing their position, their importance and were less used. The office was reserved to representative positions of highest dignity.
The system of the later Middle Ages, as described here, was not invariable either. Between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries papal representation was following the trends of politics, position of the pope in international setting and, unsurprisingly, the aims, goals and intentions of papal politics both in secular as well as in ecclesiastical and spiritual matters. In the fourteenth century the papacy concentrated on the finalisation of the diocesan structures and their links to the papal curia; these structures were supposed to be the communication canal for the institutional centralism. The pope changed his attitude toward the secular power. Boniface VIII tried to secure the position of the highest secular ruler, his followers in Avignon clearly left this trail and attempted to become the arbiters of international politics, especially in the conflict between France and England. These may be the reasons for a lower number of papal legates de latere, who were sent in the fourteenth century, and a higher number of nuncios.
This book concentrates on the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which also witnessed changes in implementation of papal diplomacy. The decisive moment of the papal policy was the schism and the clash with the council. The sources show clearly that in their efforts to revitalise the papal power, popes were using legates as one of the instruments, which substituted, in a way, the outdated administrative institutional centralism. The second half of the fifteenth century presents a revival of the office and power of the papal legates de latere just like it presents the revival of the power of cardinals. The system is changed again to fit the new challenges of the government of the church. The pope sent cardinals with the highest possible authority of the legates de latere; cardinals were no longer sent as nuncios as it was common in the previous century. A new office was introduced – a nuncio with the powers of the legate de latere (nuntius cum potestate legati de latere) – which radically increased the authority of the nuncios, gave them possibilities to wield also spiritual and judicial powers and amplified their position for negotiations with local powers without the need for them to hold the office of cardinals. These are the crucial elements of the fifteenth-century system, which are, however, changing again since the early sixteenth century as mentioned earlier.
The main interests of the present book are the legates de latere and the nuncios cum potestate legati de latere. Their powers and authority are quite similar, even though the legates de latere without question precede the nuncios in dignity. The sources for the study of their legations are the same and may be divided in three main groups: curial, legatine and local sources. It is mainly the curial sources, which could be used for a clear treatment of the aims and authority of the legates and nuncios, since they elucidate not only the preparations and procedure in Rome, but also communication with the individual legates (faculties, instructions, breve, diaries, curial and cameral entries, registers etc.). The same accounts for the legatine sources, i.e. documents which were published by the individual legates and nuncios as reports back to the papal curia, but also charters and letters of local significance (relations, registers, judicial decisions, charters, indulgence letters etc.). The local sources are produced by local authorities or private persons and may be extremely variable in their form. The most fruitful ones are letters of higher political dignitaries, chronicles, diplomatic reports etc. What is specific about the local sources is that they may be imprecise in naming the legates and especially nuncios with proper titles (everyone is usually a legate), even though the legatine sources may also defer from the curial ones, which are usually accurate due to the different legal authority and position of the legates and nuncios.
The office of legate was primarily defined by canon law and by faculties which were given out by the pope. Certainly – as every office – the authority was limited in terms of time and geographic scope. Also these elements were defined by the canon law, but in the fifteenth century they were often further delineated by faculties, which could allow the legates and nuncios to re-enter their legatine provinces (which was not allowed by canon law, or only under certain circumstances), to wield their powers even before they entered their respective provinces etc. Their provinces themselves were usually defined in the bull of the legation, but may have been expanded by other faculties. A wide range of possibilities is attested for by the individual sources. They also show that the legatine provinces usually did not follow the ecclesiastical divisions but rather the political borders (even countries under the rule of a certain king) or roughly defined terms like Germany or “places adjacent”. The fifteenth-century practice is also showing that usually no temporal constraints were given and the legation did not end with the death of the pope who originally sent the legate. Legates were occasionally recalled, but usually their legations were terminated when they left their provinces. The authority defined by the canon law in the thirteenth century was supplemented by the faculties, which entitled the legates and nuncios to secure powers reserved to the pope. They always had to be explicitly named in the – in the later medieval period still more frequent – faculties. Such powers could have been delegated by the pope to the legates even if they were typically transferred to various central offices in the papal curia. Most commonly this concerned the powers of the Papal Penitenciary.
The uniqueness of the papal legates was constituted by the fact that apart from representing the pope as diplomats, they stood in for the Holy Father in other matters as well. Such quality of the legates de latere is common as early as the eleventh century, but the fifteenth century is bringing new possibilities for the advancing power of the pope. Papal legates were to come in splendour unseen on the local level and a number of ceremonial instructions were written down. The fact that they were followed is proved by the local sources in the cases of Juan Carvajal, Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, Marco Barbo, Tommaso De Vio and many others. Even though not many sources can be used for the description of the actual retinue of a legate (detailed descriptions of the chanceries come from Juan Carvajal and Bernardino Carvajal), local as well as legatine sources may be used to identify at least some members of the legates’ entourage. The curial sources, on the other hand, elucidate partially the question about the financial support of the legates. While earlier profits of the legatine provinces were used (especially the procuratio canonica) and therefore the central incomes of cardinals on legation stopped, in the fifteenth century more and more central sources were utilised. Cardinals often participated in the incomes of the sacred college, even when on legations, and got support from other funds as well (e.g. funds for crusade). The typical salary of a legate de latere, as shown by various sources, would be 500 florins per month, nuncios cum potestate legati de latere would have much less, but still...
http://www.kosmas.cz/knihy/159921/plenitudo-potestatis-in-partibus-/
The system of papal representation began to develop at a very early stage of the papal claims to sovereignty within the Church. It was, however, not a stable structure; the system was changing under the influence of the advance of papal claims to spiritual and secular government, general political and social development of medieval Europe and of course, the general system of representation and diplomacy. Yet, the “diplomacy” of the Holy See is different from the secular diplomacy in more than one respect. Like others, the papal representatives wield power on the basis of the position of their lord in secular matters, but their position was also based on the power of the Church itself not in secular, but in political, administrative, judicial and spiritual matters of the Church.
The papal representatives were divided in a few categories, which were changing over the centuries and even if the title itself (the term) was preserved, powers, position and authority may have changed substantially. The papal representatives gained more importance with the reform papacy of the eleventh and twelfth centuries and it was clearly and minutely defined by the canon law of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. According to Liber Extra, the canonists differentiated between three levels of legates. First and most importantly, it was the legate de latere (from the side of the pope), who wielded the highest authority and from the beginning was the embodiment of the pope himself. Only cardinals were entitled to hold this office. The other two levels were a legate not sent from the side, later called legatus missus, and the legatus natus, which meant his legatine power was linked to the office of an archbishop. Only some metropolitan sees were endowed with such a dignity. Other representatives of the pope were nuncios, whose position was created on the basis of the general system of diplomatic activity; i.e. they originally did not participate in the spiritual power of the pope. The system, as designed in the thirteenth century, however, was not constant and it changed completely in mid-sixteenth century. The nuncios became the crucial representatives of the pope in individual power centres and rulers’ courts as permanent envoys of the Holy Father. The legates de latere were gradually loosing their position, their importance and were less used. The office was reserved to representative positions of highest dignity.
The system of the later Middle Ages, as described here, was not invariable either. Between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries papal representation was following the trends of politics, position of the pope in international setting and, unsurprisingly, the aims, goals and intentions of papal politics both in secular as well as in ecclesiastical and spiritual matters. In the fourteenth century the papacy concentrated on the finalisation of the diocesan structures and their links to the papal curia; these structures were supposed to be the communication canal for the institutional centralism. The pope changed his attitude toward the secular power. Boniface VIII tried to secure the position of the highest secular ruler, his followers in Avignon clearly left this trail and attempted to become the arbiters of international politics, especially in the conflict between France and England. These may be the reasons for a lower number of papal legates de latere, who were sent in the fourteenth century, and a higher number of nuncios.
This book concentrates on the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which also witnessed changes in implementation of papal diplomacy. The decisive moment of the papal policy was the schism and the clash with the council. The sources show clearly that in their efforts to revitalise the papal power, popes were using legates as one of the instruments, which substituted, in a way, the outdated administrative institutional centralism. The second half of the fifteenth century presents a revival of the office and power of the papal legates de latere just like it presents the revival of the power of cardinals. The system is changed again to fit the new challenges of the government of the church. The pope sent cardinals with the highest possible authority of the legates de latere; cardinals were no longer sent as nuncios as it was common in the previous century. A new office was introduced – a nuncio with the powers of the legate de latere (nuntius cum potestate legati de latere) – which radically increased the authority of the nuncios, gave them possibilities to wield also spiritual and judicial powers and amplified their position for negotiations with local powers without the need for them to hold the office of cardinals. These are the crucial elements of the fifteenth-century system, which are, however, changing again since the early sixteenth century as mentioned earlier.
The main interests of the present book are the legates de latere and the nuncios cum potestate legati de latere. Their powers and authority are quite similar, even though the legates de latere without question precede the nuncios in dignity. The sources for the study of their legations are the same and may be divided in three main groups: curial, legatine and local sources. It is mainly the curial sources, which could be used for a clear treatment of the aims and authority of the legates and nuncios, since they elucidate not only the preparations and procedure in Rome, but also communication with the individual legates (faculties, instructions, breve, diaries, curial and cameral entries, registers etc.). The same accounts for the legatine sources, i.e. documents which were published by the individual legates and nuncios as reports back to the papal curia, but also charters and letters of local significance (relations, registers, judicial decisions, charters, indulgence letters etc.). The local sources are produced by local authorities or private persons and may be extremely variable in their form. The most fruitful ones are letters of higher political dignitaries, chronicles, diplomatic reports etc. What is specific about the local sources is that they may be imprecise in naming the legates and especially nuncios with proper titles (everyone is usually a legate), even though the legatine sources may also defer from the curial ones, which are usually accurate due to the different legal authority and position of the legates and nuncios.
The office of legate was primarily defined by canon law and by faculties which were given out by the pope. Certainly – as every office – the authority was limited in terms of time and geographic scope. Also these elements were defined by the canon law, but in the fifteenth century they were often further delineated by faculties, which could allow the legates and nuncios to re-enter their legatine provinces (which was not allowed by canon law, or only under certain circumstances), to wield their powers even before they entered their respective provinces etc. Their provinces themselves were usually defined in the bull of the legation, but may have been expanded by other faculties. A wide range of possibilities is attested for by the individual sources. They also show that the legatine provinces usually did not follow the ecclesiastical divisions but rather the political borders (even countries under the rule of a certain king) or roughly defined terms like Germany or “places adjacent”. The fifteenth-century practice is also showing that usually no temporal constraints were given and the legation did not end with the death of the pope who originally sent the legate. Legates were occasionally recalled, but usually their legations were terminated when they left their provinces. The authority defined by the canon law in the thirteenth century was supplemented by the faculties, which entitled the legates and nuncios to secure powers reserved to the pope. They always had to be explicitly named in the – in the later medieval period still more frequent – faculties. Such powers could have been delegated by the pope to the legates even if they were typically transferred to various central offices in the papal curia. Most commonly this concerned the powers of the Papal Penitenciary.
The uniqueness of the papal legates was constituted by the fact that apart from representing the pope as diplomats, they stood in for the Holy Father in other matters as well. Such quality of the legates de latere is common as early as the eleventh century, but the fifteenth century is bringing new possibilities for the advancing power of the pope. Papal legates were to come in splendour unseen on the local level and a number of ceremonial instructions were written down. The fact that they were followed is proved by the local sources in the cases of Juan Carvajal, Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, Marco Barbo, Tommaso De Vio and many others. Even though not many sources can be used for the description of the actual retinue of a legate (detailed descriptions of the chanceries come from Juan Carvajal and Bernardino Carvajal), local as well as legatine sources may be used to identify at least some members of the legates’ entourage. The curial sources, on the other hand, elucidate partially the question about the financial support of the legates. While earlier profits of the legatine provinces were used (especially the procuratio canonica) and therefore the central incomes of cardinals on legation stopped, in the fifteenth century more and more central sources were utilised. Cardinals often participated in the incomes of the sacred college, even when on legations, and got support from other funds as well (e.g. funds for crusade). The typical salary of a legate de latere, as shown by various sources, would be 500 florins per month, nuncios cum potestate legati de latere would have much less, but still...
Research Interests:
http://www.veduta-nakladatelstvi.cz/matyas-korvin-1443-1490-P0908002.html http://www.kosmas.cz/detail.asp?cislo=149538 SUMMARY (book in Czech) Matthias Corvinus (1443–1490): King of Hungary and Bohemia. A new king of Bohemia was... more
http://www.veduta-nakladatelstvi.cz/matyas-korvin-1443-1490-P0908002.html
http://www.kosmas.cz/detail.asp?cislo=149538
SUMMARY (book in Czech)
Matthias Corvinus (1443–1490): King of Hungary and Bohemia.
A new king of Bohemia was elected 540 years ago in 1469, even though the throne of Prague was occupied by George of Poděbrady. This election, held in the cathedral of Olomouc in Moravia, was the outcome of the negotiations of the Catholic Estates of the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and the Lusatias) with the King of Hungary Matthias Hunyadi, better known outside of Hungary as Matthias Corvinus. He became the new king of Bohemia thanks to his military intervention in the country, papal support and close cooperation with the Catholic opposition to the king in Prague. This was the second kingdom for Matthias Corvinus. As in the case of Hungary, he would have a long road ahead of him to secure the kingdom.
His father John Hunyadi bequeathed to his second son the glory of the great warrior against the Ottomans. After the tumultuous times of 1456 and 1457, Matthias, not yet fifteen years old, was elected the King of Hungary in January 1458, not because of his own achievements but thanks to inherited fame and property. He definitely proved to be worth his heritage: Matthias reconstructed royal power and revenues and laid them at the basis of his military and cultural achievements. He became a master of self-representation, using all possible means common in Italy as well as Central Europe. His failure was his inability to found a new royal dynasty: he did not have any offspring from his two marriages and his natural son John Corvinus could not follow in his footsteps as he was not eligible to the throne and his hereditary claims also did not count. What was common in the Italian politics of the fifteenth century was impossible in Central Europe, where there were many claimants to the Hungarian throne from old royal dynasties.
The book deals with crucial topics of the rule of Matthias Corvinus in the Kingdoms of Hungary as well as Bohemia. The first chapter concentrates on the tradition that Matthias inherited and his early achievements as King of Hungary until his coronation in 1464; the second chapter describes the system of government in late medieval Hungary with stress on the reforms of Matthias in the spheres of administration, legal procedures, finance and the military; the successful execution of the reforms led to expansion and military actions both at home (Transylvania, Hungary itself) and abroad (Moldavia, Czech lands) and these are analysed in the third chapter. Chapter four deals exclusively with the rule of Matthias in the Czech lands, where he claimed the rule in the whole Kingdom of Bohemia (since 1469), but effectively ruled in Moravia, Silesia and the Lusatias. After 1479, the agreement between the two Kings of Bohemia (Matthias and Vladislav II), the rule in the country was officially divided according to the land principle and Matthias continued to rule the lands mentioned. The fifth chapter examines the foreign policy of Matthias in its main fields: the relations to the Ottomans, Italy, the papacy, and the Holy Roman Emperor. Chapter six then sums up the other side of politics: the representations of the king, the cultural achievements which supported the political position of the king, the ceremonies, feasts, court pageants and festivities etc., which are an integral part of the sovereign’s image and his political strivings.
All in all, the book focuses on the political side of the life of Matthias Corvinus; it is, however, not an event-history, but rather an analysis of the political strategies of King Matthias in the sphere of administration as well as on the representational and cultural level. All the individual parts then complete the puzzle to give a balanced view of the kingship of Matthias Corvinus.
http://www.kosmas.cz/detail.asp?cislo=149538
SUMMARY (book in Czech)
Matthias Corvinus (1443–1490): King of Hungary and Bohemia.
A new king of Bohemia was elected 540 years ago in 1469, even though the throne of Prague was occupied by George of Poděbrady. This election, held in the cathedral of Olomouc in Moravia, was the outcome of the negotiations of the Catholic Estates of the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and the Lusatias) with the King of Hungary Matthias Hunyadi, better known outside of Hungary as Matthias Corvinus. He became the new king of Bohemia thanks to his military intervention in the country, papal support and close cooperation with the Catholic opposition to the king in Prague. This was the second kingdom for Matthias Corvinus. As in the case of Hungary, he would have a long road ahead of him to secure the kingdom.
His father John Hunyadi bequeathed to his second son the glory of the great warrior against the Ottomans. After the tumultuous times of 1456 and 1457, Matthias, not yet fifteen years old, was elected the King of Hungary in January 1458, not because of his own achievements but thanks to inherited fame and property. He definitely proved to be worth his heritage: Matthias reconstructed royal power and revenues and laid them at the basis of his military and cultural achievements. He became a master of self-representation, using all possible means common in Italy as well as Central Europe. His failure was his inability to found a new royal dynasty: he did not have any offspring from his two marriages and his natural son John Corvinus could not follow in his footsteps as he was not eligible to the throne and his hereditary claims also did not count. What was common in the Italian politics of the fifteenth century was impossible in Central Europe, where there were many claimants to the Hungarian throne from old royal dynasties.
The book deals with crucial topics of the rule of Matthias Corvinus in the Kingdoms of Hungary as well as Bohemia. The first chapter concentrates on the tradition that Matthias inherited and his early achievements as King of Hungary until his coronation in 1464; the second chapter describes the system of government in late medieval Hungary with stress on the reforms of Matthias in the spheres of administration, legal procedures, finance and the military; the successful execution of the reforms led to expansion and military actions both at home (Transylvania, Hungary itself) and abroad (Moldavia, Czech lands) and these are analysed in the third chapter. Chapter four deals exclusively with the rule of Matthias in the Czech lands, where he claimed the rule in the whole Kingdom of Bohemia (since 1469), but effectively ruled in Moravia, Silesia and the Lusatias. After 1479, the agreement between the two Kings of Bohemia (Matthias and Vladislav II), the rule in the country was officially divided according to the land principle and Matthias continued to rule the lands mentioned. The fifth chapter examines the foreign policy of Matthias in its main fields: the relations to the Ottomans, Italy, the papacy, and the Holy Roman Emperor. Chapter six then sums up the other side of politics: the representations of the king, the cultural achievements which supported the political position of the king, the ceremonies, feasts, court pageants and festivities etc., which are an integral part of the sovereign’s image and his political strivings.
All in all, the book focuses on the political side of the life of Matthias Corvinus; it is, however, not an event-history, but rather an analysis of the political strategies of King Matthias in the sphere of administration as well as on the representational and cultural level. All the individual parts then complete the puzzle to give a balanced view of the kingship of Matthias Corvinus.
Research Interests:
The chapters deals with liturgical and non-liturgical ceremonies of bishops and papal legates in late medieval Bohemia and central Europe.
Research Interests:
Antonín Kalous. "The Pope, the King, and the Bishops: Papal Nuncio Angelo Pecchinoli and the Limits of Papal Power in the late Fifteenth Century." In Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed Età moderna: Economia, Società,... more
Antonín Kalous. "The Pope, the King, and the Bishops: Papal Nuncio Angelo Pecchinoli and the Limits of Papal Power in the late Fifteenth Century." In Italia ed Europa centro-orientale tra Medioevo ed Età moderna: Economia, Società, Cultura, ed. by Andrea Fara, 159-178. Heidelberg: Heidelberg University Publishing, 2022. (Online-Schriften des DHI Rom. Neue Reihe – Pubblicazioni online del DHI Roma. Nuova serie, Vol. 7.)
Angelo Pecchinoli became a papal nuncio with the powers of a legate de latere in summer 1488 and he was sent to the court of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Bohemia. His mission had a number of elements that could be categorised and analysed very well, because there is a number of documents that were preserved. There are not only his instructions and faculties, but also his reports, which survive – for the late fifteenth century – in a relatively high number. Also, other documents are preserved and when taken into account together, they give us a chance to analyse the tasks of the nuncio in detail. The topics are manifold and include the discussions on the crusade and the relation to Ottoman Turks, local church problems, libertas ecclesie, indulgences and many others. All together these create a clear picture of the functioning of a late medieval legation.
Angelo Pecchinoli became a papal nuncio with the powers of a legate de latere in summer 1488 and he was sent to the court of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Bohemia. His mission had a number of elements that could be categorised and analysed very well, because there is a number of documents that were preserved. There are not only his instructions and faculties, but also his reports, which survive – for the late fifteenth century – in a relatively high number. Also, other documents are preserved and when taken into account together, they give us a chance to analyse the tasks of the nuncio in detail. The topics are manifold and include the discussions on the crusade and the relation to Ottoman Turks, local church problems, libertas ecclesie, indulgences and many others. All together these create a clear picture of the functioning of a late medieval legation.
Research Interests: Communication, Medieval History, Central European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, and 14 morePapal Legates, Kingship (Medieval History), History of Communication, Medieval Italy, Medieval Hungary, Central and Eastern Europe, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papal Diplomacy, Trade and travel in medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, Royal Power, History of the Papacy, Medieval Bishops, Apostolic Nunciatures, and Bishop
Religious Reform and the Laity in Late Medieval Europe Modus Vivendi is a collection of essays by scholars who seek to discover lay men and women within the projects of reform and renewal in later medieval Europe. Religious life was never... more
Religious Reform and the Laity in Late Medieval Europe Modus Vivendi is a collection of essays by scholars who seek to discover lay men and women within the projects of reform and renewal in later medieval Europe. Religious life was never without change, yet religious orders, preachers, and institutions of learning proclaimed their desire to make religious life more sincere. In doing so, they occasionally developed a mission to lay people alongside professional religious. Such encounters with the laity-through the writing of theology in the vernacular, in the delivery of charismatic preaching, in the operation of inquisition into heresy, in the composition of new liturgies, and through networks of patronage-created modes of living religion-modus vivendi-of creativity as well as discipline. They contributed to religious life beyond the routine provisions of parish life, and often included women in novel ways. Modus Vivendi spans European regions across the period 1350-1500 in its studies, based on texts, objects , and images which have been little studied so far.
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In the later Middle Ages, papal legates de latere were exclusively cardinals and they were sent from the pope to fulfil political as well as ecclesiastical tasks. Another part of their job, however, was a participation in ceremonial... more
In the later Middle Ages, papal legates de latere were exclusively cardinals and they were sent from the pope to fulfil political as well as ecclesiastical tasks. Another part of their job, however, was a participation in ceremonial happenings and events of the royal courts they were sent to. Weddings might be considered best examples of such ceremonies, which, moreover, connect secular ceremonies and ecclesiastical rites.
Cardinal Pietro Isvalies functioned as a legate de latere in the central-European kingdoms between 1500–1503. He had tasks to solve especially in Hungary and in the kingdom of Bohemia, where he was supposed to negotiate with the heretical Utraquists as well as follow the disputations of the Unity of Brethren with the Dominican Heinrich Kramer (Institoris) in Olomouc. Hungary, in turn, was a field for the organisation of the crusade against the Turks – Pietro was dispatched together with other two legates who should cover the rest of Europe.
Cardinal Pietro, however, participated also in solemn festivities as well. Apart from processions in the city environment it was, most importantly (and most probably) the wedding of King Wladislas of Hungary and Bohemia and Princess Anne of Foix-Candale, who was related to the King of France. A French report as well as other sources describe Cardinal Pietro’s participation in the celebrations and one sources, as opposed to Venetian reports, even mentions he was the one who celebrated the matrimonial rites of the royal couple. The papal master of ceremonies Paride Grassi recorded in his Roman diary a liturgical ordo of the wedding ceremonies that were, according to Paride, performed by Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. The liturgical ordo does not differ much from the usual matrimonial rites of the Rituale Romanum even though this one was created for the occasion and even mentioned the name of Queen Anne. The ordo is analysed and published here as an appendix to the study.
Cardinal Pietro Isvalies functioned as a legate de latere in the central-European kingdoms between 1500–1503. He had tasks to solve especially in Hungary and in the kingdom of Bohemia, where he was supposed to negotiate with the heretical Utraquists as well as follow the disputations of the Unity of Brethren with the Dominican Heinrich Kramer (Institoris) in Olomouc. Hungary, in turn, was a field for the organisation of the crusade against the Turks – Pietro was dispatched together with other two legates who should cover the rest of Europe.
Cardinal Pietro, however, participated also in solemn festivities as well. Apart from processions in the city environment it was, most importantly (and most probably) the wedding of King Wladislas of Hungary and Bohemia and Princess Anne of Foix-Candale, who was related to the King of France. A French report as well as other sources describe Cardinal Pietro’s participation in the celebrations and one sources, as opposed to Venetian reports, even mentions he was the one who celebrated the matrimonial rites of the royal couple. The papal master of ceremonies Paride Grassi recorded in his Roman diary a liturgical ordo of the wedding ceremonies that were, according to Paride, performed by Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. The liturgical ordo does not differ much from the usual matrimonial rites of the Rituale Romanum even though this one was created for the occasion and even mentioned the name of Queen Anne. The ordo is analysed and published here as an appendix to the study.
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The paper focuses on the research of the papal legates in the end of the fifteenth century; it focuses on the legation of Angelo Pecchinoli, who stayed at the Hungarian royal court of Matthias Corvinus and whose relations are kept in the... more
The paper focuses on the research of the papal legates in the end of the fifteenth century; it focuses on the legation of Angelo Pecchinoli, who stayed at the Hungarian royal court of Matthias Corvinus and whose relations are kept in the Biblioteca nazionale Marciana in Venice. A list of sources related to the legation is prepared as a basis for a future edition.
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Cardinal Tamás Bakóc was chosen to represent the new pope Leo X in the lands of Central Europe, especially Hungary, as he was of Hungarian origin. He should have had a crucial role in negotiations with the Utraquists as well. He was,... more
Cardinal Tamás Bakóc was chosen to represent the new pope Leo X in the lands of Central Europe, especially Hungary, as he was of Hungarian origin. He should have had a crucial role in negotiations with the Utraquists as well. He was, however, very well prepared from Rome - with bulls, theologians and knowledge of the problems of Bohemia and Moravia, as he left in 1513 and stayed in the region until his death in 1521. However, not much is known of the actual talks and more is done in this matter only 12 years later, even though also without success.
Research Interests: Central European history, Medieval Church History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, Papal Legates, and 11 moreChurch History, Medieval Hungary, Central and Eastern Europe, Utraquism, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Catholic Church History, Papacy (Early Modern and Modern Church History), Hussite revolution (Bohemia), Jagiellonians, History of the Papacy, and Papacy and Cardinals
The chapter deals with the Bohemian and Moravian sources to the Vienna meeting in 1515.
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Hungarian version of an earlier English article. Relations of King Matthias Corvinus and the papacy have been studied by many historians since the nineteenth century. Uncovering and publishing sources that would elucidate this part of... more
Hungarian version of an earlier English article.
Relations of King Matthias Corvinus and the papacy have been studied by many historians since the nineteenth century. Uncovering and publishing sources that would elucidate this part of papal and central-European history was of prime interest. This paper tries to bring some new light to these relations thanks to a newly discovered instructions of the king to his envoy, Miklós Nyújtódi Székely, bishop of Knin, who travelled to Rome sometime in the beginning of 1472. On the basis of these instructions we can reconstruct the king's intentions and plans in the context of the political situation of central Europe in the early 1470s. At that time, relations to Bohemia and Poland set the framework of the policies, which were influenced from the papal side by the present papal nuncios, especially Lorenzo Roverella.
Relations of King Matthias Corvinus and the papacy have been studied by many historians since the nineteenth century. Uncovering and publishing sources that would elucidate this part of papal and central-European history was of prime interest. This paper tries to bring some new light to these relations thanks to a newly discovered instructions of the king to his envoy, Miklós Nyújtódi Székely, bishop of Knin, who travelled to Rome sometime in the beginning of 1472. On the basis of these instructions we can reconstruct the king's intentions and plans in the context of the political situation of central Europe in the early 1470s. At that time, relations to Bohemia and Poland set the framework of the policies, which were influenced from the papal side by the present papal nuncios, especially Lorenzo Roverella.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Croatian History, History of Hungary, and 11 moreMatthias Corvinus, Papal Legates, Poland, Medieval Croatian History, Medieval Hungary, Hungary, history of Poland, Italian Renaissance Diplomacy, Papal Diplomacy, Renaissance Diplomacy, and Medieval Poland
The article is dedicated to the description and usage of the seals of Matthias Corvinus in the context of his reign in the Bohemian lands. He used several seals with the power of the King of Bohemia, but also inappropriately some seals in... more
The article is dedicated to the description and usage of the seals of Matthias Corvinus in the context of his reign in the Bohemian lands. He used several seals with the power of the King of Bohemia, but also inappropriately some seals in the Bohemian and Moravian context that referred to him as the King of Hungary. The seals that appear in the Czech archives are described and analysed (in some cases dates of the usage that appear in literature are corrected).
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The chapter deals with the cardinalitial processions in Rome in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They are related to various ceremonials in Rome, especially entries of important personalities, such as cardinals, emperor,... more
The chapter deals with the cardinalitial processions in Rome in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They are related to various ceremonials in Rome, especially entries of important personalities, such as cardinals, emperor, kings, queens etc., to the creation of new cardinals (who have to be accompanied by all the cardinals to their homes) or papal legates de latere (who are accompanied by all cardinals after they are created - like new cardinals - and also accompanied to the gates of the city, when they leave for the legation).
Research Interests: Liturgy, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Papal Legates, Cardinals (Medieval Church History), Renaissance Rome, and 8 moreHistoire du cérémonial, Parades and Processions, Papacy (Early Modern and Modern Church History), History of the Papacy, Fifteenth century papacy, Papacy and Cardinals, Liturgical Ceremonial, and Medieval Popes
Relations of King Matthias Corvinus and the papacy have been studied by many historians since the nineteenth century. Uncovering and publishing sources that would elucidate this part of papal and central-European history was of prime... more
Relations of King Matthias Corvinus and the papacy have been studied by many historians since the nineteenth century. Uncovering and publishing sources that would elucidate this part of papal and central-European history was of prime interest. This paper tries to bring some new light to these relations thanks to a newly discovered instructions of the king to his envoy, Miklós Nyújtódi Székely, bishop of Knin, who travelled to Rome sometime in the beginning of 1472. On the basis of these instructions we can reconstruct the king's intentions and plans in the context of the political situation of central Europe in the early 1470s. At that time, relations to Bohemia and Poland set the framework of the policies, which were influenced from the papal side by the present papal nuncios, especially Lorenzo Roverella.
Research Interests: Central European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Croatian History, History of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, and 9 morePapal Legates, Renaissance Rome, Medieval Croatian History, Medieval Hungary, Medieval Diplomacy, History of the Papacy, Medieval Bishops, Fifteenth century papacy, and Papacy and Cardinals
The chapter deals with the relations of the papacy and the Bohemian lands in the troubled times of the Hussite wars and the subsequent period up to the ascension of Habsburgs to the throne of Bohemia and the sacco di Roma. It follows the... more
The chapter deals with the relations of the papacy and the Bohemian lands in the troubled times of the Hussite wars and the subsequent period up to the ascension of Habsburgs to the throne of Bohemia and the sacco di Roma. It follows the conflicts of papalism and conciliarism and its reflection in the local situation and also the negotiations for the church unity (Utraquists and Rome) on the eve of Reformation.
Research Interests: Central Europe, Central European history, Medieval Church History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Papal Legates, and 10 moreChurch History, Bohemia, Czech Republic, Central and Eastern Europe, Moravia, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papal History, Papal Diplomacy, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), and Bohemian Reformation
The chapter deals with papal legates in relation to Wladislas (Vladislav, Ulászló) and Louis (Ludvík, Lajos) in the end of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Diplomacy, History of Hungary, Papal Legates, and 13 moreKingship (Medieval History), Medieval Hungary, Hungary, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Diplomacy, Jagiellonians, Jagiellonowie, History of the Papacy, Fifteenth century papacy, Papacy and Cardinals, Papal Legats, Medieval Bohemia, and Jagellonian Diplomacy
The papal masters of ceremonies were defining clearly the festivities of the papal court and liturgy in general in a few books that were even printed. Paride Grassi is one of these, who was organising the ceremonies and carefully... more
The papal masters of ceremonies were defining clearly the festivities of the papal court and liturgy in general in a few books that were even printed. Paride Grassi is one of these, who was organising the ceremonies and carefully recording everything that was happening at the curia in his curial ceremonial diaries. His diary, however, contains also a text of the liturgical order of a royal wedding of the King and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia in 1502. It was performed by papal legate Cardinal Pietro Isvalies, who spent three years on his legation in Central Europe (1501-1503) with commission to solve problems of the heretics as well as work on the crusade against the Ottoman Turks. The liturgical order, which is edited in the appendix, is following the typical liturgy of the wedding ceremonies, as shown by the later 1523 Liber sacerdotalis published ritual book for priests by Alberto da Castello. The text of the order may confirm the activities of the legates as well as the role of them in spreading the Roman standardised liturgy in the early sixteenth century.
Les cérémoniaires pontificaux instituaient clairement les festivités de la cour papale et de la liturgie en général dans quelques livres qui étaient même imprimés. L’un d’entre eux était Paride Grassi qui organisait les cérémonies et consignait soigneusement tous les évènements de la curie dans ses diaires cérémoniaux curiaux. Néanmoins ce diaire contient aussi le texte d’un ordre liturgique d’un mariage royal du roi et de la reine de Hongrie et Bohème en 1502. Il était célébré par le légat papal cardinal Pietro Isvalies qui passa trois années de sa légation en Europe central (1501-1503) avec le mandat de résoudre les problèmes des hérétiques ainsi que de préparer la croisade contre les Turcs Ottomans. L’ordre liturgique qui est édité dans l’appendice suit la liturgie typique des rites nuptiaux, comme présentée dans le Liber sacerdotalis, le livre rituel pour prêtres, publié plus tard en 1523 par Alberto da Castello. Le texte de l’ordre pourrait confirmer les activités des légats de même que le rôle de ceux-ci dans la diffusion de la liturgie romaine standardisée au début du 16ème siècle.
Les cérémoniaires pontificaux instituaient clairement les festivités de la cour papale et de la liturgie en général dans quelques livres qui étaient même imprimés. L’un d’entre eux était Paride Grassi qui organisait les cérémonies et consignait soigneusement tous les évènements de la curie dans ses diaires cérémoniaux curiaux. Néanmoins ce diaire contient aussi le texte d’un ordre liturgique d’un mariage royal du roi et de la reine de Hongrie et Bohème en 1502. Il était célébré par le légat papal cardinal Pietro Isvalies qui passa trois années de sa légation en Europe central (1501-1503) avec le mandat de résoudre les problèmes des hérétiques ainsi que de préparer la croisade contre les Turcs Ottomans. L’ordre liturgique qui est édité dans l’appendice suit la liturgie typique des rites nuptiaux, comme présentée dans le Liber sacerdotalis, le livre rituel pour prêtres, publié plus tard en 1523 par Alberto da Castello. Le texte de l’ordre pourrait confirmer les activités des légats de même que le rôle de ceux-ci dans la diffusion de la liturgie romaine standardisée au début du 16ème siècle.
Research Interests: Liturgical Studies, Liturgy, Ritual, Central European history, History of Hungary, and 17 morePapal Legates, Medieval Hungary, Liturgical History, Marriage (History), Bohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary, Royal court, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Liturgy, Jagiellonians, Jagiellonowie, Catholic Liturgy, Medieval Rituals, History of Liturgy, Rituals and Symbols (Medieval), and Székesfehérvár, a királyi város
The chapter deals with King Louis II's attention to the danger of the Ottoman incursions, organisation of army and warfare and interests in the weapons and arms that could be brought to the fight against the Ottomans. Then, it focuses on... more
The chapter deals with King Louis II's attention to the danger of the Ottoman incursions, organisation of army and warfare and interests in the weapons and arms that could be brought to the fight against the Ottomans. Then, it focuses on his leaving of the city of Buda on 20 July 1526 before he went to the decisive battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526.
Research Interests: Military History, Ottoman History, Central European history, Habsburg Studies, Ottoman Studies, and 19 moreHistory of Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Early modern Ottoman History, Ottoman-Habsburg relations, Ottoman Balkans, Ottoman Military History, Medieval Hungary, Bohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, Medieval Warfare, Ottoman Hungary, Hungary, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Jagiellonians, Jagiellonowie, The Jagiellons, Jagiellon dynasty, History of Budapest, and History of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy
The chapter deals with the crusades as organised against the Hussites and the Ottoman Turks in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries and the role of the papal legates in this organisation.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Central European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, and 14 morePapal Legates, Medieval Europe, Medieval Hungary, Bohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary, Papacy, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papal History, Papal Diplomacy, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), History of the Papacy, Papacy and Cardinals, and Papal Legats
The chapter deals with the wedding of Wladislas II Jagiellonian, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Anna of Foix in 1502 in Székesfehérvár. It focuses on the activity of cardinal legate Pietro Isvalies. As an appendix the liturgical ordo... more
The chapter deals with the wedding of Wladislas II Jagiellonian, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Anna of Foix in 1502 in Székesfehérvár. It focuses on the activity of cardinal legate Pietro Isvalies. As an appendix the liturgical ordo for this event is edited, based on the Roman diary of Paride Grassi.
Research Interests: Liturgy, Courts, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, Papal Legates, and 14 moreKingship (Medieval History), Cardinals (Medieval Church History), Medieval Hungary, Court history, Bohemia, Hungary, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papal Diplomacy, Courtly Culture, Weddings, History of the Papacy, Cardinals, Papacy and Cardinals, and Székesfehérvár, a királyi város
This chapter deals with the income and money of the papal legates in general. It focuses on the developments of the second half of the fifteenth century, when procuratio canonica was no longer used for financing the legations, but the... more
This chapter deals with the income and money of the papal legates in general. It focuses on the developments of the second half of the fifteenth century, when procuratio canonica was no longer used for financing the legations, but the income came rather from the central resources of the Apostolic Chamber. A few cases are dealt with in detail to show the general tendencies: some papal legates de latere (Juan Carvajal, Bessarion, Nicholas of Cusa, Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, Marco Barbo, Oliviero Carafa, Ausias Despuig, Giovanni d'Aragona, Pietro Isvalies) and nuncios with the power of the legate (Rudolf of Rüdesheim, Lorenzo Roverella, Baltasar de Piscia, Domenico Camisati, Angelo Pecchinoli, Antonio Grassi, Bartolomeo Maraschi, Angelo Geraldini, Alexander Numai) come in the picture.
All the cases show a standardised procedure in accounting for the financial needs of the papal legates and nuncios in the second half of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It is clear that financing of the papal legations had changed substantially compared to the twelfth and thirteenth century procuratio canonica, which had come under criticism in the fourteenth century and obviously was not enough to meet the changing needs of the cardinal legates. The financial support of the legates was always a special expense of the Apostolic Chamber and only with the use of nuncios for permanent representation did the financial system start to change.
The legates could have utilised the resources of their legatine provinces. Instead of prcurations, however, these were teh regular (annates, services, spoils and so on) as well as extraordinary (crusade money, indulgence, Jubilee and so on) revenues of the Chamber. A detailed accounting for all income received from these sources was required from the legates after they returned to Rome. Generally, the salary of 500 florins per month was typical for the legates de latere, that is for the cardinal legates, who must have used their own money to support themselves during their legations. If the sources show that, in the 1460s, the legates could have been sent more money in more instalments in addition to the first advance payment for four months (2,000 florins) before their departure, it is clear that in the later periods the Apostolic Chamber was unable to pay further instalments to the legates during their legations. As a rule, the legates became the creditors of the Chamber. The debt was then redeemed from teh revenues of the Chamber, very often from its temporal income.
The late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries therefore represent a transitional period for the legatine system. Not only was the general position of the legates, legal framework, ceremony and so on, changing, but also the financial organisation and support went through crucial changes. Permanent nuncios became the rule in the sixteenth century and the system gradually developed. The nuncios, then, were better suited to the needs of a planned budgetary policy. The ad hoc legates de latere, who stayed in their legations for three years or more, became history during the substantial changes of the sixteenth century.
All the cases show a standardised procedure in accounting for the financial needs of the papal legates and nuncios in the second half of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It is clear that financing of the papal legations had changed substantially compared to the twelfth and thirteenth century procuratio canonica, which had come under criticism in the fourteenth century and obviously was not enough to meet the changing needs of the cardinal legates. The financial support of the legates was always a special expense of the Apostolic Chamber and only with the use of nuncios for permanent representation did the financial system start to change.
The legates could have utilised the resources of their legatine provinces. Instead of prcurations, however, these were teh regular (annates, services, spoils and so on) as well as extraordinary (crusade money, indulgence, Jubilee and so on) revenues of the Chamber. A detailed accounting for all income received from these sources was required from the legates after they returned to Rome. Generally, the salary of 500 florins per month was typical for the legates de latere, that is for the cardinal legates, who must have used their own money to support themselves during their legations. If the sources show that, in the 1460s, the legates could have been sent more money in more instalments in addition to the first advance payment for four months (2,000 florins) before their departure, it is clear that in the later periods the Apostolic Chamber was unable to pay further instalments to the legates during their legations. As a rule, the legates became the creditors of the Chamber. The debt was then redeemed from teh revenues of the Chamber, very often from its temporal income.
The late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries therefore represent a transitional period for the legatine system. Not only was the general position of the legates, legal framework, ceremony and so on, changing, but also the financial organisation and support went through crucial changes. Permanent nuncios became the rule in the sixteenth century and the system gradually developed. The nuncios, then, were better suited to the needs of a planned budgetary policy. The ad hoc legates de latere, who stayed in their legations for three years or more, became history during the substantial changes of the sixteenth century.
Research Interests: Finance, Economics, Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Renaissance Studies, and 17 moreCentral European history, Medieval Church History, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Papal Legates, Money and Banking, Medieval Europe, Cardinals (Medieval Church History), History of Finance, Papacy, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papal History, Papal Diplomacy, History of the Papacy, Cardinals, Renaissance Church History, Papacy and Cardinals, and Apostolic Chamber 15th Century
Research Interests: Historiography, Central Europe, Central European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, and 12 moreMatthias Corvinus, Papal Legates, Central European Studies, History of Historiography, Poland, Bohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, George of Poděbrady, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Papacy (Early Modern and Modern Church History), History of the Papacy, and Papacy and Cardinals
Research Interests: Early Modern History, Urban History, Medieval urban history, Central Europe, Central European history, and 12 moreMedieval Church History, Urban Studies, Church History, Central European Studies, Confessionalization, Central and Eastern Europe, Late Medieval History, Moravia, Utraquism, Olomouc, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, and Catholic Church History
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The paper deals with the general background and the text of De comparatione regni et rei publice, a text by Aurelio Brandolini, which was supposed to be dedicated to Matthias Corvinus. The King of Hungary, however, died and Brandolini... more
The paper deals with the general background and the text of De comparatione regni et rei publice, a text by Aurelio Brandolini, which was supposed to be dedicated to Matthias Corvinus. The King of Hungary, however, died and Brandolini dedicated his treatise to Lorenzo Medici.
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A biographical entry on Jan Filipec in the Biographical dictionary of the Bohemian lands. Jan Filipec was one of the most active and significant diplomats and politicians in the court of Matthias Corvinus in the second half of his reign.... more
A biographical entry on Jan Filipec in the Biographical dictionary of the Bohemian lands. Jan Filipec was one of the most active and significant diplomats and politicians in the court of Matthias Corvinus in the second half of his reign. Also bishop of Oradea (Várad, Wardein) and of Olomouc (or administrator, since never confirmed by the pope). An important figure for Central Europe in the late fifteenth century.
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The chapter deals with the origins of the Italian Renaissance Humanism, its spreading in Germany and in the Central European region, especially Hungary and the Bohemian Lands. Humanism of the Bohemian lands is linked to the activities of... more
The chapter deals with the origins of the Italian Renaissance Humanism, its spreading in Germany and in the Central European region, especially Hungary and the Bohemian Lands. Humanism of the Bohemian lands is linked to the activities of the Prague university, the royal chanceries (Charles IV, Sigismund of Luxemburg, George, Matthias Corvinus, Vladislav II Jagellonian) and the bishopric of Olomouc. Individual personalities mentioned in detail are Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Elia of Slaný, Wenceslas of Chrudim, Jan of Rabštejn, Prothasius (Tas) of Boskovice, Stanislas Thurzo, Augustin Käsenbrot (of Olomouc), Bohuslav Hasištejnský of Lobkovice, Jan Šlechta of Všehrdy.
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The chapter deals with the intricate situation of the Bohemian Lands between 1469-1490 when two kings were holding the title of the King of Bohemia. King George of Poděbrady (1458-1471) and his follower in Prague Vladislav II Jagellonian... more
The chapter deals with the intricate situation of the Bohemian Lands between 1469-1490 when two kings were holding the title of the King of Bohemia. King George of Poděbrady (1458-1471) and his follower in Prague Vladislav II Jagellonian (1471-1516) in opposition to King Matthias Corvinus, who was elected by the Catholic estates in Olomouc and held the title until his death (1469-1490). The complicated situation of the double rule as well as the actual functioning of the government of Matthias is elucidated in the chapter.
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The paper deals with the wedding of Matthias Corvinus and Beatrix of Aragon in 1476. In detail, it examines three independent accounts of the wedding itself.
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The chapter deals with the rituals and ceremonial of the bishops, based on the Pontificale and chroniclers' reports, and papal legates, who transferred the papal ceremonial beyond the Alps.
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This short article deals with the interpretations and understandings of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the Czech lands and in Hungary.
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The article deals with the relations of Matthias Hunyadi, first as king of Hungary and then, most importantly, as the king of Bohemia, with the Moravian royal towns. They were the crucial element in his ruling the captured land.
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The article tries to illustrate the role of the papal legates in crusading in the later Middle Ages. The crusades always had a strong papal support and the papal proclamations were accepted even by the then intellectuals. The multiple... more
The article tries to illustrate the role of the papal legates in crusading in the later Middle Ages. The crusades always had a strong papal support and the papal proclamations were accepted even by the then intellectuals. The multiple creation of legates de latere is one of the examples of such papal support. However, if the results of the legatine activity in teh second half of the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries is analysed, it is clear that the impact was ideological rather than factual and concrete. The legates in this period were unable to reach success in terms of organisation of the crusades.
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An updated version (with some new sources) of the two of my articles ("The Politics of Church Unification" and "Tárgyalások").
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Two chapters in the book: one introducing the text of the Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis in Czech translation, the other briefly analysing the narrative of the medieval pictorial version ("comics") of the Voyage of St Brendan.
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Describes the differences of the general text of the Navigatio and the pictorial version of Liber depictus.
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Die Studie widmet sich einem sehr bedeutenden Aspekt des höfischen Lebens im Spätmittelalter: den Herrschertreffen und dem rituellen und zeremoniellen Verhalten bei diesen Ereignissen. Vorgestellt werden die allgemeinen Grundsätze, die... more
Die Studie widmet sich einem sehr bedeutenden Aspekt des höfischen Lebens im Spätmittelalter: den Herrschertreffen und dem rituellen und zeremoniellen Verhalten bei diesen Ereignissen. Vorgestellt werden die allgemeinen Grundsätze, die bei solchen festlichen Begegnungen eingehalten wurden, sowie deren faktische Ausprägungen bei den Treffen Matthias Hunyadis mit seinen Zeitgenossen Friedrich III., Georg von Podiebrad sowie Kasimir und Vladislav Jagiello. Bei diesen Begegnungen spielten sich komplizierte und offensichtlich bis ins Detail durchdachte Formen symbolischen Verhaltens ab, die häufig die Stellung der Herrscher oder zumindest das Bestreben ausdrückten, die Über- bzw. Unterordnung oder aber die Gleichheit der Verhandlungspartner zu repräsentieren. Für den Hof war der Reichtum der Feiern, Gastmähler und Gewänder von höchster Bedeutung; wichtig waren zudem andere Aspekte, auf die man auch bei Festen stoßen kann, bei denen zwar nicht berschiedene Herrscher aufeinander trafen, aber doch mehrere Personen königlichen Rangs anwesend waren wie König, Königin oder Königssohn als vermutlicher Nachfolger. Die jeweiligen Positionen in den Festumzügen spielten in allen Fällen ein wichtige Rolle. Die Treffen des Matthias Hunyadi illustrieren deutlich die Formen solcher Feierlichkeiten im mitteleuropäischen Raum, von denen sie sich nicht explizit abheben.
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An earlier version of a Hungarian article (Tárgyalások...), with an edition of a text of De origine bohemice heresis (a short Latin text about the Hussite heresy and the attempts to reconcile the Utraquists with Rome).
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"In the later middle ages, one might speak about the politics of church unification. In the case of the kingdom of Bohemia, during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, politics and faith connected over the question of accepting... more
"In the later middle ages, one might speak about the politics of church unification. In the case of the kingdom of Bohemia, during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, politics and faith connected over the question of accepting the Utraquists, who emerged after the Hussite wars, into the general fold of the Catholic Church. This question occupied the minds of the kings, nobles, or even common people, as well as popes or papal diplomats who visited Central Europe. Attempts at Church unification appeared in Bohemia several times in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. I would like to go over the attempts, their conditions and context. The last serious attempt can be dated to the mid-twenties of the sixteenth century and is connected with two papal diplomats in Hungary and Central Europe.
There were more attempts of unification and reconciliation of the Hussites and the Roman church – first attempts date back to the Council of Basle, which after prolonged negotiations agreed on the Compactata, the compacts. Their main point was the agreement with the communion in both kinds (sub utraque specie). In following attempts of reconciliation the compacts, apart from other things like creating and confirming an archbishop of Prague, played central role. Always, the confirmation was set as a conditio sine qua non. Often papal legates or nuncios were involved in the negotiations, e.g. Orso Orsini or Pietro Isvalies.
In 1524–25 these negotiations started again with changed conditions. The rise of Lutheranism was taken into account as well as other internal struggles of the kingdom. Three most important elements were the social struggle in the cities, conflicts within the clergy (the two consistories) and the interests of the higher and lower nobility. All these might are represented in the negotiations of the 1520s, as well as personal interests of the people involved in the talks. The last significant fact was the role of the papal diplomats, Antonio Burgio, papal nuncio, and Lorenzo Campeggi, papal legate in Central Europe. The interests of the papal curia were represented by them – to draw the Utraquists to the side of Catholicism against the growing Lutheran reformation.
There is no doubt that the union of the two denominations or confessions was quite a difficult task in Europe that entered the confessional age. It was definitely not only a decision based on ecclesiastical and faith matters, but much more so on the political basis. The Utraquists and Catholics had lived together out of necessity, but still the official the official reconciliation of the Utraquists was a matter of international politics of the papacy. The unification of the Utraquists was not only connected to the international politics, now strongly influenced by the events in Germany, but also (and more importantly) it was linked with domestic political struggles as well as personal interests of all members of the estates."
There were more attempts of unification and reconciliation of the Hussites and the Roman church – first attempts date back to the Council of Basle, which after prolonged negotiations agreed on the Compactata, the compacts. Their main point was the agreement with the communion in both kinds (sub utraque specie). In following attempts of reconciliation the compacts, apart from other things like creating and confirming an archbishop of Prague, played central role. Always, the confirmation was set as a conditio sine qua non. Often papal legates or nuncios were involved in the negotiations, e.g. Orso Orsini or Pietro Isvalies.
In 1524–25 these negotiations started again with changed conditions. The rise of Lutheranism was taken into account as well as other internal struggles of the kingdom. Three most important elements were the social struggle in the cities, conflicts within the clergy (the two consistories) and the interests of the higher and lower nobility. All these might are represented in the negotiations of the 1520s, as well as personal interests of the people involved in the talks. The last significant fact was the role of the papal diplomats, Antonio Burgio, papal nuncio, and Lorenzo Campeggi, papal legate in Central Europe. The interests of the papal curia were represented by them – to draw the Utraquists to the side of Catholicism against the growing Lutheran reformation.
There is no doubt that the union of the two denominations or confessions was quite a difficult task in Europe that entered the confessional age. It was definitely not only a decision based on ecclesiastical and faith matters, but much more so on the political basis. The Utraquists and Catholics had lived together out of necessity, but still the official the official reconciliation of the Utraquists was a matter of international politics of the papacy. The unification of the Utraquists was not only connected to the international politics, now strongly influenced by the events in Germany, but also (and more importantly) it was linked with domestic political struggles as well as personal interests of all members of the estates."
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"Various types of the representation of the popes in the middle ages started quite early. From the mid-eleventh century, however, the system of papal legates started to expand substantially; the system of papal representation developed... more
"Various types of the representation of the popes in the middle ages started quite early. From the mid-eleventh century, however, the system of papal legates started to expand substantially; the system of papal representation developed basically between the mid-eleventh and the thirteenth century, when it was finally grounded in the canon law. The system would differ between legatus a latere (de latere), who must have been cardinal and other ranks of papal representatives. In the later middle ages there were mostly non-cardinals who, however, had substantial faculties, usually named as nuncius cum potestate legati de latere, or even lower rank of nuncius, nuncius et orator, nuncius et commissarius etc. The system changed completely only during the sixteenth century. During the fourteenth century the role of the papal diplomacy changed as well. The pope wanted to become an arbiter in international conflicts and since the Avignon papacy it was a “spiritual duty” to organize peace; the papal legates were thus often called angeli pacis.
Central Europe in the later middle ages was in the centre of interest of the papal diplomacy for a few reasons: the Hussite wars, the Turkish wars and various attempts to bring local rulers to peace. Concerning the Czech lands, the papal legates would at the start rather organize the crusades and fight against the heretics. However, in mid-fifteenth century, the papal representatives started to come to Central Europe as peacemakers as well. First, they were trying to organize crusades against the Turks (and for this peace between Christian princes was needed) and later organizing peace in Austria or between the Roman Emperor Frederick III and Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus. Still, however, the fight against the heretics was very much supported, especially by Pope Paul II.
Right from the beginning of the pontificate of Sixtus IV the situation changed. A new papal legate, Marco Barbo, was sent to Central Europe to conclude peace between the kings – Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary and Casimir IV, king of Poland, who supported the claims of his son Wladislas II to the kingdom of Bohemia. The legation was one huge and long ritual based on the Roman ceremonial of the popes and cardinals. All the actions of the legate were formalized according to the ceremonial. The legation started in Rome with electing the legate and his taking leave from the City to go to the partes. Right after he left Rome, he was supposed to represent pope directly: wear read, bless the people, had a cross carried in front of him etc. Similarly, the procedure when the legate was coming back was highly formalized and ritualized.
In the case of Marco Barbo, a few descriptions of his entering the principal cities of the provinces where he was sent are preserved. In these the influence of the Roman ceremonial are traceable as well. Celebrating solemn masses, giving out indulgences, visiting churches and rejecting most of the presents are only a few requirements on the legate in the lands of his legation. He was, however, most importantly a diplomat with his political task. Marco Barbo was unable to complete his mission. It was only after he left Central Europe when the princes concluded an armistice and six years afterwards when they finally signed the peace treaty: in Olomouc in 1479. Nevertheless, the legation of Marco Barbo may be understood as a ceremonial or even a ritual that was supposed to lead towards the reconciliation of the kings. The whole journey of the legate could also contribute to the reconciliation of individuals with the church or their own conscience. Still, as angelus pacis Marco Barbo was trying to conclude peace: peace that had a double meaning because in the international politics of the period this was a peace that should lead to war – the crusade against the Ottoman Turks who were constantly threatening Christian Europe."
Central Europe in the later middle ages was in the centre of interest of the papal diplomacy for a few reasons: the Hussite wars, the Turkish wars and various attempts to bring local rulers to peace. Concerning the Czech lands, the papal legates would at the start rather organize the crusades and fight against the heretics. However, in mid-fifteenth century, the papal representatives started to come to Central Europe as peacemakers as well. First, they were trying to organize crusades against the Turks (and for this peace between Christian princes was needed) and later organizing peace in Austria or between the Roman Emperor Frederick III and Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus. Still, however, the fight against the heretics was very much supported, especially by Pope Paul II.
Right from the beginning of the pontificate of Sixtus IV the situation changed. A new papal legate, Marco Barbo, was sent to Central Europe to conclude peace between the kings – Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary and Casimir IV, king of Poland, who supported the claims of his son Wladislas II to the kingdom of Bohemia. The legation was one huge and long ritual based on the Roman ceremonial of the popes and cardinals. All the actions of the legate were formalized according to the ceremonial. The legation started in Rome with electing the legate and his taking leave from the City to go to the partes. Right after he left Rome, he was supposed to represent pope directly: wear read, bless the people, had a cross carried in front of him etc. Similarly, the procedure when the legate was coming back was highly formalized and ritualized.
In the case of Marco Barbo, a few descriptions of his entering the principal cities of the provinces where he was sent are preserved. In these the influence of the Roman ceremonial are traceable as well. Celebrating solemn masses, giving out indulgences, visiting churches and rejecting most of the presents are only a few requirements on the legate in the lands of his legation. He was, however, most importantly a diplomat with his political task. Marco Barbo was unable to complete his mission. It was only after he left Central Europe when the princes concluded an armistice and six years afterwards when they finally signed the peace treaty: in Olomouc in 1479. Nevertheless, the legation of Marco Barbo may be understood as a ceremonial or even a ritual that was supposed to lead towards the reconciliation of the kings. The whole journey of the legate could also contribute to the reconciliation of individuals with the church or their own conscience. Still, as angelus pacis Marco Barbo was trying to conclude peace: peace that had a double meaning because in the international politics of the period this was a peace that should lead to war – the crusade against the Ottoman Turks who were constantly threatening Christian Europe."
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Itineraries in the Middle Ages are usually composed for kings or other rulers. However, in the fifteenth century the time comes, when there is material enough to create an itinerary for a non-sovereign personality. Jan Filipec, bishop of... more
Itineraries in the Middle Ages are usually composed for kings or other rulers. However, in the fifteenth century the time comes, when there is material enough to create an itinerary for a non-sovereign personality. Jan Filipec, bishop of Várad (Oradea) was one of the most significant politicians and diplomats of the Hungarian and Czech king Matthias Corvinus in the second half of his reign in Hungary. Since the late 1460s he was active in the chancery of Matthias and since the second half of the 1470s he became and instrumental diplomat in Corvinus’ service. Due to his activity, he was bound to travel all around Europe. The itinerary might show the speed of his travelling as well as the swiftness of moves when trying to solve difficult political or diplomatic tasks. Most importantly, he made a journey to Italy to fetch the new Hungarian queen Beatrix of Aragon and a journey to the king of France to fetch Sultan Djem. Apart from these demanding diplomatic journeys, he was quite active in central Europe solving the tasks in the Czech lands, Germany, Poland and obviously Hungary.
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Hungarian translation of the previous article.
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The lords of Boskovice were one of the most significant noble families in Moravia in the fifteenth century and their conversion from Utraquism back to Catholicism in 1451 was decisive for their role in Moravian history. This event opened... more
The lords of Boskovice were one of the most significant noble families in Moravia in the fifteenth century and their conversion from Utraquism back to Catholicism in 1451 was decisive for their role in Moravian history. This event opened a possibility for Tas (Protasius) of Boskovice to become a bishop of Olomouc in 1457 and set out on a career similar to the career of Janus Pannonius, his Hungarian fellow student from Italy. Tas became a highly valued diplomat in the service of the Czech king George of Poděbrady; in 1467, however, he left this service due to the papal urging to support the Catholic side in the fight against the ‘heretical’ king. And it was he, who representing the Catholic estates invited the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus to join the struggle and help the Catholics. Since that time, Tas was a foremost partisan and diplomat of the Hungarian and later Czech king, since Matthias was elected a king by the Czech Catholic estates.
It was not only Tas, who served king Matthias, but other members of the family too. A peculiar example of this is his nephew Jaroslav, who stood in for Tas as a governor of the Transylvanian bishopric in Alba Iulia. He later on served as a diplomat in Austria, Bohemia, and Poland and as the Czech chancellor of Matthias. Other diplomats in Matthias’ service of Boskovice family were Dobeš and Beneš, the two brothers of Tas, Václav, his cousin and his two sons, the afore-mentioned Jaroslav and Ladislav, who was the youngest of them all. The story of the Boskovice family shows very clearly the attitude Matthias had towards ‘new men’ in his administration; he had brought new people from his new domains. It, however, also illustrates the danger of it: they were not bound to him very closely and after a presumably unfair decapitation of Jaroslav in 1485 both Ladislav and Dobeš left the services of Matthias. The latter for the more changed sides and became a military commander of Frederick III in his fight against Matthias.
It was not only Tas, who served king Matthias, but other members of the family too. A peculiar example of this is his nephew Jaroslav, who stood in for Tas as a governor of the Transylvanian bishopric in Alba Iulia. He later on served as a diplomat in Austria, Bohemia, and Poland and as the Czech chancellor of Matthias. Other diplomats in Matthias’ service of Boskovice family were Dobeš and Beneš, the two brothers of Tas, Václav, his cousin and his two sons, the afore-mentioned Jaroslav and Ladislav, who was the youngest of them all. The story of the Boskovice family shows very clearly the attitude Matthias had towards ‘new men’ in his administration; he had brought new people from his new domains. It, however, also illustrates the danger of it: they were not bound to him very closely and after a presumably unfair decapitation of Jaroslav in 1485 both Ladislav and Dobeš left the services of Matthias. The latter for the more changed sides and became a military commander of Frederick III in his fight against Matthias.
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The paper is dealing with the mission of John of Capistrano in Central Europe and in particular in Bohemia and Moravia, including the sources that are available.
Research Interests: Preaching, Central European history, Franciscan Studies, Church Reform, Medieval Italy, and 11 moreBohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, Medieval Chronicles, Moravia, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Medieval Preaching, History of the Franciscan Order, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), Medieval Franciscans, Observant Reform, and Observant Franciscans
An interview for MECERN (mecern.eu) new series of podcasts about my most recent work on Angelo Pecchinoli and his legation to Central Europe and a new project on Franciscans and church reform in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries... more
An interview for MECERN (mecern.eu) new series of podcasts about my most recent work on Angelo Pecchinoli and his legation to Central Europe and a new project on Franciscans and church reform in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries as well as John of Capestrano's letters.
http://ceumedievalradiopodcast.ceu.hu/?name=2022-01-05_antonin_kalous_for_mecern.mp3
http://ceumedievalradiopodcast.ceu.hu/?name=2022-01-05_antonin_kalous_for_mecern.mp3
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An interview done by Orsolya Réthelyi and András Végh.
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An analysis of the heraldic terminology in English compared with Czech plus a dictionary of heraldic terms.
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Second biannual conference of MECERN (Medieval Central Europe Research Network), held in Olomouc (Czech Republic) by the Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University, Olomouc and Department of History, Faculty of Arts,... more
Second biannual conference of MECERN (Medieval Central Europe Research Network), held in Olomouc (Czech Republic) by the Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University, Olomouc and Department of History, Faculty of Arts, University of Ostrava, on 31 March–2 April 2016.
Research Interests: Medieval Philosophy, Medieval Literature, Medieval History, Czech History, Medieval Studies, and 30 moreRenaissance Studies, Crusades, Balkan History, Polish History, Medieval urban history, Central Europe, Central European history, Croatian History, Serbian history, Nobility, History of Hungary, Medieval Europe, History of Crusades, Hungarian Studies, Medieval Nobility, Central European Studies, Medieval Art, Medieval Croatian History, Medieval Hungary, Lithuanian History, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and East European Studies, Late Medieval History, Medieval Serbia, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, late medieval and early modern history of European nobility and courts, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), Medieval Poland, Medieval Economic and Social History, and Polabian Slavic Tribes
The lecture will focus on the activities of Angelo Pecchinoli, as nuncio with the powers of a legate de latere in Central Europe and predominanlty at the court of King Matthias Corvinus, his agenda and the direction of papal policy... more
The lecture will focus on the activities of Angelo Pecchinoli, as nuncio with the powers of a legate de latere in Central Europe and predominanlty at the court of King Matthias Corvinus, his agenda and the direction of papal policy towards the king and his lands. It is based on a variety of sources, mainly the reports of Angelo Pecchinoli.
Research Interests: Ottoman History, Medieval History, Czech History, Medieval Studies, Crusades, and 12 moreCentral European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), History of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus, Papal Legates, Medieval Hungary, Bohemia, Central and Eastern Europe, Utraquism, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, History of the Papacy, and Papacy and Cardinals
Research Interests: Historiography, Franciscan Studies, Bohemia, Religious Studies, Moravia, and 10 moreObservants, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, History of the Franciscan Order, Hussite revolution (Bohemia), History of Moravia, Bohemian Reformation, John Capistrano, Capistrano, Observant Reform, and Observant Franciscans
The paper is dealing with the Czech sources for the meeting of 1515, especially with letters and the print of Mikuláš Konáč of Hodiškov.
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The paper deals with the personal relations of the kings of Bohemia and Hungary and the papal legates in Central Europe in 1471-1526.
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The paper dealt with the special situation of Moravian estates in the fifteenth century and their development without a landlord who would be present in the land. The independent activity of the estates was analysed.
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The second biannual conference of the Medieval Central Europe Research Network, as announced at Central European University, Budapest in March 2014, will be organised in Olomouc (Czech Republic) by Palacký University, Olomouc and... more
The second biannual conference of the Medieval Central Europe Research Network, as announced at Central European University, Budapest in March 2014, will be organised in Olomouc (Czech Republic) by Palacký University, Olomouc and University of Ostrava, on 31 March–2 April 2016.
Research Interests: Medieval Philosophy, Medieval Literature, Late Middle Ages, Medieval History, Czech History, and 29 moreRomanian History, Medieval Studies, Balkan History, Polish History, Medieval urban history, Medieval Theology, Medieval Women, Medieval Church History, Medieval Archaeology, Croatian History, Serbian history, History of Hungary, Medieval Europe, Hungarian Studies, Polish Studies, Medieval Canon & Roman Law, Medieval Art, Poland, Medieval Croatian History, Central and Eastern Europe, Central and East European Studies, Austrian History, Bosnian History, Middle Ages, Late Medieval Bohemia and Central Europe, Late Medieval economic and social history, Medieval Economic and Social History, Social Order, and History of Slovakia
An Insider’s Experience of Coded Letters Writing. Giuseppe Garampi:
a Historian, an Archivist, Papal Legate in Warsaw and Vienna
a Historian, an Archivist, Papal Legate in Warsaw and Vienna
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Convegno Internazionale Dovoko - Ilok 10-12 novembre 2016.
Per ricordare i 600 anni dell'ingresso nell'Ordine di Giacomo della Marca e Giovanni da Capestrano (1416-2016) e i 560 anni della morte del Capestranense (Ilok, 23 Ottobre 1456)
Per ricordare i 600 anni dell'ingresso nell'Ordine di Giacomo della Marca e Giovanni da Capestrano (1416-2016) e i 560 anni della morte del Capestranense (Ilok, 23 Ottobre 1456)
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Research Interests: History, Central European history, Papacy (Medieval Church History), Croatian History, History of Hungary, and 11 moreMatthias Corvinus, Papal Legates, Renaissance Rome, Medieval Croatian History, Medieval Hungary, Medieval Diplomacy, Historical Studies, History of the Papacy, Medieval Bishops, Fifteenth century papacy, and Papacy and Cardinals
The present guide grew out of a first draft prepared for a Summer Institute held at CEU in cooperation with CARA in 2000. We decided to enlarge and revise it for the session at the 40th Medieval Congress in Kalamazoo, with the help of... more
The present guide grew out of a first draft prepared for a Summer Institute held at CEU in cooperation with CARA in 2000. We decided to enlarge and revise it for the session at the 40th Medieval Congress in Kalamazoo, with the help of friends and graduates of the Medieval Studies Department at Central European University (Budapest) and the support of the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto. None the less, it is still a draft, but we felt that half a loaf is more than none. The printed version is an abbreviated one; a more complete guide, with a list of major source-publications of the region will be available on CD-ROM as well as on the homepages of Medieval Studies, CEU and of the Centre of Medieval Studies in Toronto. The final editing and formatting of both the printed and electronic version was done by Zsolt Hunyadi, whom we all owe many thanks.
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KÖNYVBEMUTATÓ The Legation of Angelo Pecchinoli at the Court of the King of Hungary (1488–1490) Collectanea Vaticana Hungariae tom. II/8. ANTONÍN KALOUS (Palacký University Olomouc) könyvét a „Középkorász esték” keretében bemutatja:... more
KÖNYVBEMUTATÓ
The Legation of Angelo Pecchinoli at the Court of the King of Hungary (1488–1490)
Collectanea Vaticana Hungariae tom. II/8.
ANTONÍN KALOUS (Palacký University Olomouc)
könyvét a „Középkorász esték” keretében bemutatja:
HORVÁTH RICHÁRD – BTK TTI (ELKH)
NEMES GÁBOR – MTA-PPKE Fraknói Kutatócsoport
Időpont: 2021. szeptember 10., péntek, 17.00–18.00 óra (016-os terem)
Helyszín: ELTE Eötvös Collegium, 1118 BUDAPEST, Ménesi út 11–13.
Az alkalomra minden érdeklődőt hívunk és várunk!
The Legation of Angelo Pecchinoli at the Court of the King of Hungary (1488–1490)
Collectanea Vaticana Hungariae tom. II/8.
ANTONÍN KALOUS (Palacký University Olomouc)
könyvét a „Középkorász esték” keretében bemutatja:
HORVÁTH RICHÁRD – BTK TTI (ELKH)
NEMES GÁBOR – MTA-PPKE Fraknói Kutatócsoport
Időpont: 2021. szeptember 10., péntek, 17.00–18.00 óra (016-os terem)
Helyszín: ELTE Eötvös Collegium, 1118 BUDAPEST, Ménesi út 11–13.
Az alkalomra minden érdeklődőt hívunk és várunk!