Anthony R Turton

The previous upload was faulty, so this is a repeat. FAPLA intended to recapture Xangongo and advance on Ongiva in 1982 after losing both towns during Operation Protea. Operation Meebos was launched by the SADF to destroy PLAN capacity to mobilize, with the main thrust towards Cuvelai north of Ongiva. Simultaneously a small armoured unit from 10 Armoured Car Squadron was deployed to Xangongo after 61 Mech moved through to recover a Russian T34/85 tank shot out during Operation Protea. This was part of a deception strategy to discourage FAPLA to advance. Parts of the recovered tank were used to create the Southern Africa Medal, based on the history of the Victoria Cross that uses metal from the cascabel of captured guns in the Crimean War. The tank recovery took place on the same day (9 August) that a SAAF Puma was shot down killing all crew and paratroopers on board.

FAPLA intended to recapture Xangongo and advance on Ongiva in 1982. Operation Meebos was launched by the SADF to destroy PLAN capacity to mobilize, with the main thrust towards Cuvelai north of Ongiva. Simultaneously a small armoured unit from 10 Armoured Car Squadron was deployed to Xangongo to recover a Russian T34/85 tank shot out during Operation Protea. This was part of a deception strategy to discourage FAPLA to advance. Parts of the recovered tank were used to create the Southern Africa Medal, based on the history of the Victoria Cross that uses metal from the cascabel of captured guns in the Crimean War. The tank recovery took place on the same day that a SAAF Puma was shot down killing all crew and paratroopers on board.

As biodiversity comes under pressure in the Anthropocene, the loss of floodpulse in rivers becomes increasingly significant. South Africa has trapped 73.7% of its streamflow behind dams, so the flood-pulse is almost non existent. The last free-flowing river is the uMzimkhulu, which is as ecologically significant as the Okavango.

South Africa is a young democracy currently going through a crisis of leadership. The worst drought in recorded history has played out at regional level but against the backdrop of complex political dynamics. The government has lost significant capacity at the technical level, largely the result of political priorities driven by the need to decolonise society and the institutions of higher learning. This has manifest in the water sector as systemic failures of key instrumentation systems, rendering the El Niño event invisible until it hit. This case study of the El Niño event shows that drought management is embedded within a broader political process and is not simply a technical management issue. The Vaal River system sustains 60% of the national economy and 45% of the total population of the country, but water security in this system has been placed at risk because of political dynamics.

South Africa transitioned to a water  constrained economy circa 2002, so in effect water is being recycled from sewage systems back into agriculture and potable use.  This paper documents the human health hazards arising from both sewage and mine water effluent, specifically on the poor.

Little comparative research has been possible because of the secret nature of covert operations, so the effectiveness of such strategies is often unknown outside of the popular media. This paper gives insight into the evolution of covert operations in South Africa from the 1960's to the advent of democracy in 1994.

South Africa has a water-constrained mining-based national economy, not yet fully transitioned to a beneficiation, industrial or services economy. The mining sector is in crisis, a situation driven by various factors. In a survey of mining executives conducted by the Fraser Institute in 2013, South Africa was ranked 109th out of a possible 112 jurisdictions in terms of labour relations, with 17% of all executives canvassed noting their unwillingness to consider investment.

Governance as a concept has been interrogated in the various chapters of this book. A definition of governance was suggested along with a series of hypotheses that together formed the Trialogue Model of Governance. This new definition is revisited and the different hypotheses are evaluated against the empirical background provided by the respective case studies presented in this book.

Johannesburg is an unusual city because it is one of the few major cities of the world that does not lie on a river, a lake or a seafront. Since the discovery of gold in 1886, Johannesburg has grown from a dusty mining town to a major urban and industrial conurbation that houses ...

Although it is well known that the corticospinal system exerts more influence over distal (hand and fingers) than proximal (elbow and shoulder) upper limb muscles, differences in the importance of this system for voluntary activation of these muscle groups have not been demonstrated directly. Two investigations were carried out to provide a quantitative comparison of the contribution of fast corticospinal inputs to voluntary activity in proximal and distal muscles of normal subjects. The first study confirmed that the rate of increase in the amplitude of EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with voluntary activation of the muscles was significantly greater in a hand muscle (first dorsal interosseous, 1DI) than in biceps, which was in turn greater than that for deltoid. The second study demonstrated that this result reflected a genuine difference in corticospinal influence over these muscles and was not due to differences in the pattern and type of motor unit recruitment in proximal vs distal muscles. The voluntary activation of a pair of low-threshold single motor units (SMUs) in 1DI and deltoid was compared with their response to TMS. In both muscles only a small amount of additional effort was required to recruit the second SMU; increments were typically within 1% of maximum voluntary contraction, as assessed from EMG measurements. Subjects were asked to voluntarily discharge the lower threshold SMU at a steady rate, and then the threshold of responses of this SMU and that of the second unit to TMS were determined. In 1DI, only small increments in TMS intensity above the threshold for the first SMU were required to activate the second unit [mean 1.4% maximum stimulator output (MSO), SD +/- 1.0%, n = 7 subjects]. In contrast, in deltoid a significantly greater intensity increase was needed (mean 6%, SD +/- 1.2%, MSO n = 7, P < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when TMS thresholds of motor unit pairs were assessed in relaxed subjects. These experiments support the hypothesis that the fast corticospinal input that can be activated by TMS is of greater importance for the voluntary activation of hand than of shoulder muscles. This hypothesis served as a basis for testing deltoid responses in three stroke patients. In two patients smaller responses to TMS were obtained on the affected side than on the unaffected side during the production of equivalent voluntary contractions, suggesting that the patients achieved these contractions using inputs other than the fast corticospinal elements excited by TMS.

... 2002), some-times increasing by as much as tenfold in 5 years as has been recorded in several southern African countries (Sufian, 2000). ... The number of AIDS deaths result in a sharp increase of the 'death business' The number of AIDS-related deaths in Africa resulted in a ...

The joint management of shared water resources in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) is contributing to regional integration, socio-economic development, poverty alleviation and the protection of vital ecosystems. The SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses is an ...

Southern African countries face serious regional water scarcity constraints to economic growth and development. The water resources in the four most economically diverse countries—South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe—are approaching closure at the national level. Investigations using the concept of a Hydropolitical Complex, rather than the river basin alone, as the unit of analysis have produced a more subtle understanding

Southern Africa is at a pivotal point in time for transboundary water cooperation. The number and extent of coverage of existing international water agreements and joint management institutions merits cautious optimism about future water management in the region. Yet, taken alone, a numerical account of water treaties reveals little about the context in which the agreements were negotiated, the nature

... Corresponding Author. CSIR, Natural Resources and the Environment Unit, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa E-mail: Hanlie@bluedust.co.za Abstract ... Hattingh, J., Kgomongoe, M., Leaner, J., Maree, G., Strydom, W., Turton, AR & Van Wyk, E. (2004a). ...

It is impossible to understand the developmental constraints of Africa without grasping the significance of water resources, particularly groundwater. Southern Africa1 faces poten-tially severe groundwater shortages, which not only imperil the lives of those directly dependent on it, but also the ...

During the last 20 years, in-depth reforms and new policies in the water sector have been taking place in many emerging and developing countries, in Africa and worldwide, based on principles of resource allocation and institutional development. Such reforms involve the decentralization of water management, integrated management at river basin level, setting-up new agents and institutions at local levels, and the development of alternative environmental, social, economic and policy frameworks and tools. Such changes often take place within the context of increasing resource scarcity, increasing competition between diverse users, rapid urbanization processes, marginalization of rural and peri-urban areas, and pervasive poverty, food insecurity and inequality. New governance over water resources and its allocation is currently being shaped. New organisations are being established, and new institutions are arising, determining the rules of the game. The core idea of the workshop is to create an opportunity for exchange, discussion, and knowledge and experience sharing between research teams, and policy and development agents. The emphasis is on water management for local sustainable development, through proper and sound governance, institutions and policies. The focus is rural development, although interactions between urban, peri-urban and rural water uses will also be address. (Resume d'auteur)

The concept of benefit-sharing is emerging in the international discourse on transboundary water resource management with greater intensity than a decade ago. While it sounds simple, the concept is complex and benefits are difficult to quantify and thus the concept remains unconvincing to potentially sceptical negotiating partners. Any discourse on water resource management is based on a core logic. This paper tries to distil some elements of a proposed benefit-sharing approach, presenting an alternative core logic, showing how these differ from what can be thought of as the traditional paradigm. This work is linked to ongoing research at the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), into benefit-sharing and processes of policy harmonisation, within the context of developing countries.

In keeping with the commitment that the IUCN has to sustainable development, a series of scientific studies have been conducted in the water sector. These have focused specifically on Water Demand Management (WDM), and are all intended to eventually contribute to the development of a set of guidelines for the development of policy at the regional level. This paper deals with one of the components of the overall IUCN process, which isolated seven strategic issue-areas that will need to be addressed when WDM policy guidelines are formulated for the whole SADC Region. These seven issue areas are: • Acceptance that diversity is the norm. • The need to focus on institutional development. • The need to focus on data generation, flow and management. • The impact of the broader socio-economic setting. • Political will as a key determining factor. • Windows of opportunity. • Incremental implementation of WDM as a critical success factor. This paper summarizes the findings of the Analytical P...

To develop a sustainable and vibrant agricultural sector capable of meeting the food demands of the growing population, freshwater in agriculture must be used efficiently and effectively to ensure sustainable socio-economic development of the economy. Issues such as climate change, land degradation, water pollution and population growth among others will continue to influence sustainable water management and agricultural development in South Africa. The challenge facing South Africa is how to ensure water and food security in the face of recurring droughts, increasing urbanisation and decreasing freshwater resources. South Africa will need to understand the drivers influencing water management and agricultural development to develop improved methods for planning sustainable water management and agricultural development. This study made use of a participatory approach, which provided a valuable platform for the identification of drivers of change, their characteristics and relative importance regarding agricultural water resource management and agricultural development in South Africa through participation. The study identified and analysed 5 clusters and 37 drivers, and their relative importance in influencing water management agricultural development in South Africa. The study found that population growth; education, climate extremes, irrigation technology, land degradation, rainwater harvesting, government support, and land reform, mismanagement of public resources and net agricultural export were among the most influential drivers in agricultural water management. The implication of these results for sustainable agricultural water management is discussed.

The Dublin Principles recognize the role that women play in water resources management. The South African Minister of Water Affairs, Prof. Kader Asmal, coined a new expression by referring to the “feminization of water”. The article explores some of the ramifications of this and shows that the two aspects are not necessarily the same thing. Feminization does not necessarily mean bringing more women into management processes as it is often depicted. This is the quantitative aspect that is often referred to by male managers and it has been given a negative implication as a result. The more important issue is the qualitative aspect that involves processes such as stakeholder participation, viewing alternatives before a decision is made and accountability.

The hydrosocial contract theory, as a new theory in water discourse, should be investigated. The theory postulates that a number of transitions occur in society concerning the development of water resources and that these transitions can lead to a number of social instabilities. The Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP) is a manifestation of the hydrosocial contract in that it was developed during transitions, not only with respect to water resources development but also along international political faultlines. These faultlines were, at times, the most influencing variables that impacted on the implementation of the LHWP.

South Africa is a young democracy currently going through a crisis of leadership. The worst drought in recorded history has played out at regional level but against the backdrop of complex political dynamics. The government has lost significant capacity at the technical level, largely the result of political priorities driven by the need to decolonise society and the institutions of higher learning. This has manifest in the water sector as systemic failures of key instrumentation systems, rendering the El Niño event invisible until it hit. This case study of the El Niño event shows that drought management is embedded within a broader political process and is not simply a technical management issue. The Vaal River system sustains 60% of the national economy and 45% of the total population of the country, but water security in this system has been placed at risk because of political dynamics.

The Angolan War of Liberation and later Civil War involved four external actors - Cuba, Russia, USA and South Africa - and was ultimately the location of the last hot battle of the Cold War. This paper gives an insight from an intelligence officer's perspective, into the strategic drivers that shaped the external players interests and roles. Both Super Powers were militarily defeated elsewhere during the Angola War - the USA in Vietnam and Russia in Afghanistan - and this limited their capacity at different times in the war. Neither South Africa or Cuba were surrogate forces, but the popular media present both as such. This paper delves into details as experienced by an intelligence officer operating during the climax to military hostilities with the Battle of the Lomba in 1988 and the subsequent siege of Cuito Cuanavale.

The Angolan War of Liberation and subsequent Civil War became a hot theatre for the Cold War when the Battle of the Lomba and subsequent Siege of Cuito Cuanavale triggered the end of hostilities. During this protracted war, the USA was militarily defeated in Vietnam and Russia was defeated in Afghanistan. Both these military defeats impacted on the Angolan War at different times. Two additional foreign powers - Cuba and South Africa - were also a factor in the Angolan War, but neither were proxies of any superpower, despite popular rhetoric to this effect.

During the South African Bush War, the Chief of the SADF decided to use a captured Russian T34/85 tank for part of the alloy that was used for the Southern Africa Medal. The task of recovering this tank was given to 10 Armoured  Car Squadron. The recovery occurred on 9 August 1982 on the same day that a Puma helicopter was shot down at the Mui River killing 12 paratroopers and 3 air crew.