Water Resources Development

This paper analyzes the use of transboundary water resources management principles in two key regional water-related agreements in Central Asia: the Agreement on Cooperation in Joint Management, Use and Protection of Interstate Sources of Water Resources (1992) and the Statute of the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of Central Asia (2008). These agreements incorporate several internationally recognized transboundary water resources management principles, though there are also some weaknesses. The presence of such principles in these regional agreements offers plenty of hope for the promotion of sustainable water resources management in Central Asia.

Resumo: O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a participação da gestão pública na área urbana, particularmente na administração dos recursos hídricos. Como objeto de estudo foi tomado como referência o ribeirão Esperança e o seu entorno, uma das unidades de agregação ao processo de crescimento físico espacial de Londrina, em direção ao setor sul da cidade, anteriormente zona rural. Foi feito um resgate histórico e ambiental da utilização da água, desde a antiguidade, passando por diferentes períodos históricos, retratando diversas fases de convivência e estruturação da cidade em relação à sua utilização. O estudo da drenagem urbana foi um dos caminhos percorridos para compreender a relação do homem com a natureza, e a forma como os recursos hídricos são apropriados, modificados, degradados ou valorizados pela ação antrópica. O papel do poder público e privado, no crescimento urbano da cidade de Londrina demonstrou a fragilidade da gestão voltada às águas, não só pelo descaso dado à legislação ,como também pela fraca participação da população na sua prática de cidadania, resultando em um processo de apropriação e dilapidação da natureza. A falta de monitoramento ambiental, foi também um dos fatores que tem ocasionado uma gestão sem qualidade, com prejuízos ã população.

Abstract: The main purpose of this research was to study the participation of the public administration in urban area, particularly in the administration of the hydric resources. "Esperança" stream and its surroundings were taken as the study object, one of the aggregation units to the process of the spatial physical growth in Londrina, towards the south section of the city, previously a rural area. A historical and environmental survey was made concerning the use of water, since early decades, going through different historical periods, establishing some coexistence and structuring phases of the city related to its use. The study of the urban drainage was one of the segments considered to understand the man's relation with nature, and also the way hydric resources are appropriate, modified, degraded or valued by anthropological actions. The public government and private institutions role, in the urban growth of Londrina city, have shown the fragility of the administration concerning the water resource, not only for the disregard given to the legislation, as well as by the weak participation of the population related to their citizenship, consequently resulting in a process of appropriation and nature dilapidation. The lack of environment monitoring was also considered to be one of the causes of poor administration, bringing about impairments to the population.

The efficient management of water resources is a growing necessity. Paradoxically, although people are aware of this need, non-revenue water is excessive in many cities in the world. Non-revenue water data indicate that there is much room for improvement in water resource management in cities and they also suggest a lack of motivation to solve the problem in the short-term.

This paper's objective is to present an overview of the Venezuelan management of transboundary basins. It covers Venezuelan agreements with three neighbouring countries: Colombia, Brazil and Guyana. The Venezuelan management of the transboundary basins is based on equity. Nevertheless, this concept will depend on three main aspects: territorial sovereignty, inland waterways, and environmental conservation. Each of these factors will depend on the scenario of the country in which it is been considered. The main developments, in terms of international law, are under the framework of the Colombian relations. In the case of Brazil, it is under the framework of the multilateral agreement on the Amazon River. Guyana's agenda concerning river basins is more complex, as a result of the territorial dispute under UN Secretary General's supervision.

By 1977, decades of development and inadequate long-term planning in Singapore had resulted in heavy pollution in the waterways of the city-state, threatening its very survival. This paper analyzes the strategies for cleaning the Singapore River and Kallang Basin as part of an overall development plan which aimed at sustained growth. It also analyzes the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of these strategies not only to improve the conditions of the rivers and their surroundings, but also to develop the city-state, provide its population with an improved quality of life, including a clean environment, and most importantly, propel Singapore towards the path to sustainability and economic prosperity.

Most of Saudi Arabia is arid and water resources are limited; it has experienced extensive and rapid developments in industrial, agricultural, domestic and construction sectors during the last two decades. Saudi Arabia follows the sacred principles of the Islamic law ' ...

Interrelationships between hydrology and ecology are established for the Air Hitam Laut watershed in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The developed relational diagram shows how modelled regional groundwater levels and flooding patterns are related to the occurrence of different vegetation types in this endangered peatland watershed. In dry conditions when groundwater levels are deeper than 1 m below soil surface, fire disasters are unavoidable. When areas susceptible to fire actually burn and both vegetation and peat disappear, the total inundated area will expand with a factor five. In wet conditions with groundwater levels of more than 1 m above soil surface for a prolonged period of time, flooding creates lakes where no plant species can regrow. In the intermediate range, rehabilitation of different plant species is promising and is related to the actual hydrological regime.