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The paper reviews the activities and reports the current results of GSI-INTAS projects that are dealing with investigations of construction materials for high-power accelerators and their components. Three types of materials have been... more
The paper reviews the activities and reports the current results of GSI-INTAS projects that are dealing with investigations of construction materials for high-power accelerators and their components. Three types of materials have been investigated, namely metals (stainless steel and copper), metallic glasses (Nanoperm, Finemet and Vitrovac) and organic materials (polyimide insulators and glass fiber reinforced plastics/GFRP). The materials were irradiated
Research Interests: Condensed Matter Physics, Materials Science, Radiochemistry, Optical Spectroscopy, Metallic Glass, and 13 moreComputer Simulation, Copper, Stainless Steel, High Power, Analytical Method, Ion, Irradiation, Ion Beam, Particle Acceleration, Physical Properties, Gamma-ray Spectroscopy, Ion Irradiation, and Glass Fiber Reinforced plastic (GFRP)
Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 amorphous metallic alloy is investigated after ion irradiation by 130 keV N+ and 80 keV H+ ions in order to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The depth of the peak region was calculated by the SRIM2008 code.... more
Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 amorphous metallic alloy is investigated after ion irradiation by 130 keV N+ and 80 keV H+ ions in order to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The depth of the peak region was calculated by the SRIM2008 code. Applicability of transmission and conversion electron Mössbauer effect measurements to distinguish between the bulk and surface radiation damage is demonstrated by
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Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 and Fe74Nb3Cu1Si16B6 amorphous metallic alloys were exposed to ion bombardment with nitrogen ions and protons to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The radiation damage profiles were calculated in the “full... more
Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 and Fe74Nb3Cu1Si16B6 amorphous metallic alloys were exposed to ion bombardment with nitrogen ions and protons to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The radiation damage profiles were calculated in the “full cascade” mode. Conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry was employed to scan structural modifications in the surface regions of the irradiated alloys. In Fe76Mo8Cu1B15, the irradiation with 130 keV N+ has caused a significant increase of the hyperfine magnetic fields and isomer shift due to changes in topological and chemical short-range order (SRO), respectively. No appreciable effects were revealed after bombardment with 80 keV H+ ions. Fe74Nb3Cu1Si16B6 amorphous metallic alloy was irradiated by 110 keV N+ and 37 keV H+ and only changes in chemical SRO were revealed after bombardment with nitrogen ions. The observed alternations of the structure depend primarily on the total number of displacements of the resonant atoms which are closely related to the fluence as well as type and energy of the incident ions.
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The paper introduces a simple fitting function for quick assessment of proton ranges in biological targets and human tissues. The function has been found by fitting an extensive data set of Monte Carlo proton ranges obtained with the aid... more
The paper introduces a simple fitting function for quick assessment of proton ranges in biological targets and human tissues. The function has been found by fitting an extensive data set of Monte Carlo proton ranges obtained with the aid of the SRIM-2013 code. The data has been collected for 28 different targets at 8 energies in the interval from 60 MeV to 220 MeV. The paper shows that at a given kinetic proton-beam energy, the Monte Carlo ranges can be satisfactorily fitted by a power function that depends solely on the target density. This is a great advantage for targets, for which the exact chemical composition is not known, or the mean ionizing potential is not reliably known. The satisfactory fit is meant as the fit that stays within the natural range straggling of the Monte Carlo ranges. In the second step, the energy-scaling yielding a universal fitting formula for proton ranges as a function of proton-beam energy and target density is introduced and discussed.
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Research Interests: Silicon and Irradiation
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Abstract The activation of structures and surroundings of new high-intensity heavy-ion accelerators like the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an important issue. Monte Carlo codes such as FLUKA allow the prediction of... more
Abstract The activation of structures and surroundings of new high-intensity heavy-ion accelerators like the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is an important issue. Monte Carlo codes such as FLUKA allow the prediction of the production of individual radioactive isotopes and the induced radioactivity that causes the main contribution to the radiation exposure of personnel. The work is a benchmark study of activation predictions for uranium beams with 500 and 950 MeV/u deposited in copper and stainless steel targets. Precise gamma spectrometry measurements for isotope identification have been carried out with a HPGe detector. All gamma-emitting radionuclides with half-lives of more than 2 days that contribute significantly to the residual dose rates have been studied. The benchmark study shows that FLUKA is a suitable code for the prediction of induced radioactivity at medium-energy heavy-ion accelerators.
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The paper deals with special ion-optical matching sections called “rotators” for matching non-symmetric beams to rotating ion-therapy gantries. General matrix analysis of the problem is formulated resulting in a specific set of... more
The paper deals with special ion-optical matching sections called “rotators” for matching non-symmetric beams to rotating ion-therapy gantries. General matrix analysis of the problem is formulated resulting in a specific set of ion-optical constraints that must be fulfilled by the rotator transfer matrix. Possible ways of fitting these ion-optical constraints are discussed and illustrated by several examples of suitable rotator lattices. Each lattice is representing a different type of rotator, e.g. point-to-point imaging lattice or parallel-to-point imaging lattice. Optimization of the rotator lattice with respect to its total length is discussed, and the most compact solutions are presented as well.
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Scanning field as large as possible ; the values quoted in literature are usually 20 x 20 cm ; in our designs the scanning field is 10 x 10 cm . It is important for application of accelerators in lightion cancer therapy, that all... more
Scanning field as large as possible ; the values quoted in literature are usually 20 x 20 cm ; in our designs the scanning field is 10 x 10 cm . It is important for application of accelerators in lightion cancer therapy, that all beam-shaping procedures should be carried out without inserting materials into the beam. That is why an active energy variation from the accelerator and inclusion of the beam scanning into the gantry are the crucial tasks. Recent development of gantry design activities at GSI Darmstadt is reviewed in the paper. The latest versions of superconducting gantry with two-direction raster scanning option are presented. • Parallel or low-angle scanning mode ; this means that the angle of incidence measured between the axis of the incoming beam and the axis normal to the scanned surface must be less than 1 o [6]. • Beam-waists at the isocentre . • Drift from the gantry exit to the isocentre 1.2 m . • No pole face rotation at superconducting dipoles . The first-order...
High detection efficiency and good room temperature performance of Schottky barrier CdTe semiconductor detectors make them well suited especially for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors. In this contribution, we studied the effect of electron... more
High detection efficiency and good room temperature performance of Schottky barrier CdTe semiconductor detectors make them well suited especially for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors. In this contribution, we studied the effect of electron irradiation on the spectrometric performance of the Schottky barrier CdTe detectors manufactured from the chips of size [Formula: see text] mm3 with In/Ti anode and Pt cathode electrodes (Acrorad Co., Ltd.). Electron irradiation of the detectors was performed by 5 MeV electrons at RT using a linear accelerator UELR 5-1S. Different accumulated doses from 0.5 kGy up to 1.25 kGy were applied and the consequent degradation of the spectrometric properties was evaluated by measuring the pulse-height gamma-spectra of [Formula: see text] radioisotope source. The spectra were collected at different reverse voltages from 300 V up to 500 V. The changes of selected significant parameters, like energy resolution, peak position, detection efficiency and leakage cu...
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The paper presents an assessment of the ambient dose equivalent rate in the vicinity of a stainless steel beam-pipe activated by 950 MeV/u 238U ions. The input activation data were taken from previous experimental studies. The MCNP5 code... more
The paper presents an assessment of the ambient dose equivalent rate in the vicinity of a stainless steel beam-pipe activated by 950 MeV/u 238U ions. The input activation data were taken from previous experimental studies. The MCNP5 code has been used for fast and simple calculation based on conversion of the residual activity of induced isotopes to the ambient dose equivalent rate taking into account a broad energy spectrum of emitted gamma radiation. Long-lived isotopes with the dominating contribution to the total dose rate are identified and listed. Time evolution of the ambient dose equivalent rate during accelerator operation is predicted. Tolerable beam-loss criteria and conditions for the hands-on maintenance are discussed from the point of view of radiation protection.
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Abstract This work is a continuation of a series of publications devoted to the depth-profiling of activity induced by high-energy heavy-ions in selected accelerator-construction materials. An aluminum target in the stacked-foil... more
Abstract This work is a continuation of a series of publications devoted to the depth-profiling of activity induced by high-energy heavy-ions in selected accelerator-construction materials. An aluminum target in the stacked-foil configuration was irradiated by 300 MeV/u 124Xe ions. Depth-profiles of induced activity of selected nuclides were obtained by gamma-spectroscopy of individual target foils. Special attention was paid to heavy projectile-fragments and their ranges. Main profile-shape categories have been defined to illustrate typical shapes of the measured profiles. A new quantity – an activation depth – has been introduced and its dependence on the fragment atomic and mass number has been found. It is shown that this quantity is fragment-specific and can substitute the range, which is very useful in case of the activation experiments using the stacked-foil targets with depth resolution limited by the foil thickness. Apart from gamma-spectroscopic parameters and fundamental nuclear properties of the nuclides, the activation depth can be used as an additional nuclide-attribute supporting identification of the projectile fragments and verification of the range-calculating computer codes. Although the main attention of this paper is paid to presenting the new experimental results, comparison with supporting simulations with the aid of ATIMA and FLUKA2020 is included, too.
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The Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) group was formed following an agreement between the Med-AUSTRON (Austria) and the TERA Foundation (Italy) to combine their efforts in the design of a cancer therapy synchrotron capable of... more
The Proton-Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS) group was formed following an agreement between the Med-AUSTRON (Austria) and the TERA Foundation (Italy) to combine their efforts in the design of a cancer therapy synchrotron capable of accelerating either light ions or protons. CERN agreed to support and host this study in its PS Division. A close collaboration was also set up
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La presente invention concerne un systeme de portique qui assure le transport, l'apport et le traitement d'un faisceau d'ions a haute energie dans une installation de cancerotherapie par ions lourds. Le systeme de portique... more
La presente invention concerne un systeme de portique qui assure le transport, l'apport et le traitement d'un faisceau d'ions a haute energie dans une installation de cancerotherapie par ions lourds. Le systeme de portique comprend deux aimants quadrupoles (1, 2) positionnes sur un axe (17) dudit portique en aval d'un point de reprise d'une ligne de transport du faisceau d'ions a haute energie et un premier aimant dipole (3) de courbure a 45° qui flechit le faisceau d'ions et l'ecarte de l'axe du portique positionne en aval de l'aimant quadrupole (1, 2). Quatre aimants quadrupoles additionnels (4, 5, 6, 7) sont positionnes en aval du premier aimant de courbure pour focaliser et defocaliser le faisceau d'ions lourds. Un deuxieme aimant dipole (8) de courbure a 45° courbe le faisceau d'ions parallelement a l'axe (17) du portique et deux aimants quadrupoles subsequents (9, 10) focalisent le faisceau d'ions en direction d'un sy...
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The invention relates to a gantry system for adjusting and directing an ion beam towards a target from any definable, effective treatment angle. According to the invention the ion beam is delivered to the horizontally positioned gantry... more
The invention relates to a gantry system for adjusting and directing an ion beam towards a target from any definable, effective treatment angle. According to the invention the ion beam is delivered to the horizontally positioned gantry axis of rotation of the gantry system and initially deflected away from said gantry axis of rotation by means of magnetooptic elements. The ion beam is then directed towards a target at adjustable angles of between 0 and 360 DEG about the gantry axis of rotation in such a way that the ion beam intersects the gantry axis of rotation in the isocentre of the gantry system. Next to the gantry the gantry system comprises a target support system having a rotatable target support whose axis of rotation is positioned vertically to the gantry axis of rotation, in the isocentre. The last deflection magnet deflects the ion beam in such a way that it intersects the gantry axis of rotation in the isocentre at an angle >/= 45 DEG and < 90 DEG . In this way th...
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The Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy Facility HICAT [1] proposed for the clinic in Heidelberg will contain three treatment rooms - one treatment room will be equipped with a fixed horizontal beam line and two treatment rooms will contain heavy... more
The Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy Facility HICAT [1] proposed for the clinic in Heidelberg will contain three treatment rooms - one treatment room will be equipped with a fixed horizontal beam line and two treatment rooms will contain heavy ion gantries. In parallel to the design of the accelerator facility, the heavy ion gantries were subject of detailed studies at GSI during the last years. Different layouts of the gantry ion optical system and of the gantry structure have been compared. The mechanical stability during rotation was analyzed and the effects of deformations on the beam transport were studied. Finally, an integrated gantry concept was found which satisfies the requirements on beam position stability in the ISO center. A gantry provides the capability to treat patients from arbitrary directions perpendicular to the original horizontal beam axis. Unfortunately, the magnetic rigidity of heavy ion beams with a suitable range is about three times higher than the rigidity of pr...
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Bulk semi-insulating (SI) GaAs detectors optimized for fast-neutron detection were examined using mono-energetic neutrons. The detectors have an active area of 7.36 mm2 defined by a multi-pixel structure of a AuZn Schottky contact... more
Bulk semi-insulating (SI) GaAs detectors optimized for fast-neutron detection were examined using mono-energetic neutrons. The detectors have an active area of 7.36 mm2 defined by a multi-pixel structure of a AuZn Schottky contact allowing a relatively high breakdown voltage (300 V) sufficient for full depletion of the detector structure. The Schottky contact is covered by a HDPE (high density polyethylene) conversion layer, where neutrons transfer their kinetic energy to hydrogen atoms through elastic nuclear collisions. The detectors were exposed to mono-energetic neutrons generated by a deuterium (D)–tritium (T) nuclear reaction at a Van de Graaff accelerator. Neutrons reached a kinetic energy of 16.8 MeV when deuterons were accelerated by 1 MV potential. The influence of the HDPE layer thickness on the detection efficiency of the fast neutrons was studied. The thickness of the conversion layer varied from 50 [Formula: see text]m to 1300 [Formula: see text]m. The increase of the ...
The paper presents some of the S3M (SRIM Supporting Software Modules) routines relevant for running SRIM simulations with a realistic input beam model. These routines make a bridge between the beam-envelope sigma-matrix formalism and an... more
The paper presents some of the S3M (SRIM Supporting Software Modules) routines relevant for running SRIM simulations with a realistic input beam model. These routines make a bridge between the beam-envelope sigma-matrix formalism and an ensemble of individual particles. The sigma-matrix formalism is used in beam-transport codes calculating the beam parameters at the exit of the beam-preparation line. These beam
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The paper reviews in tutorial and systematic manner basic concepts describing ion beams and their transport in matter. Special attention is paid namely to the relativistic parameters of moving charged particles and related beam-parameters... more
The paper reviews in tutorial and systematic manner basic concepts describing ion beams and their transport in matter. Special attention is paid namely to the relativistic parameters of moving charged particles and related beam-parameters like energy, momentum, magnetic beam rigidity, momentum (energy) spread, emittance diagram and beam emittance. The sigma-matrix formalism is introduced. Furthermore, basic processes of interaction of ion
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Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 amorphous metallic alloy is investigated after ion irradiation by 130 keV N+ and 80 keV H+ ions in order to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The depth of the peak region was calculated by the SRIM2008 code.... more
Fe76Mo8Cu1B15 amorphous metallic alloy is investigated after ion irradiation by 130 keV N+ and 80 keV H+ ions in order to ensure different degree of radiation damage. The depth of the peak region was calculated by the SRIM2008 code. Applicability of transmission and conversion electron Mössbauer effect measurements to distinguish between the bulk and surface radiation damage is demonstrated by
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BCalc is an original computer program to process data from the measurements of cyclotron magnetic structures. It allows to analyze and visualize the measured data as well as to calculate some analytical quantities related to particle... more
BCalc is an original computer program to process data from the measurements of cyclotron magnetic structures. It allows to analyze and visualize the measured data as well as to calculate some analytical quantities related to particle dynamics in isochronous cyclotrons. The program has been developed and written in the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (JINR). The basic features of the program, its capabilities as well as examples of utilization are presented in the paper.
The paper presents the results of irradiation of aluminum targets by 430 and 500MeV/u argon beams. Gamma-spectra were measured after the end of the irradiation in order to identify the induced nuclides as well as to determine their... more
The paper presents the results of irradiation of aluminum targets by 430 and 500MeV/u argon beams. Gamma-spectra were measured after the end of the irradiation in order to identify the induced nuclides as well as to determine their residual activity depth-profiles. The results of this experiment are compared with Monte Carlo simulations by FLUKA, GEANT4, MARS, PHITS and SHIELD-A codes. In case of a thin target, the agreement between the experiment and simulations is satisfactory, while in case of a thick target, some discrepancies are observed.