Ion Irradiation

Particle radiotherapy such as proton and carbon ion has been producing promising clinical results worldwide. The purpose of this study was to compare metastatic capabilities of malignant tumor cells after irradiation with photon, proton, and carbon ion beams to clarify their ion beam-specific biological effects. We examined the biological properties of highly aggressive HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells to assess their

Thermoluminescence (TL) of LiNaSO4:Eu phosphor, irradiated with 24 and 48MeV 7Li ions at different fluences in the range 5×109–1×1012ion/cm2, has been studied. The samples from the same batch were also exposed to γ-rays from a Cs137 source for comparative studies. The TL glow curves of the materials, irradiated with 7Li ions, have similar structures to that of γ-irradiated sample. They have a simple structure with a prominent peak at 412K along with small one at around 481K. The intensity ratios of 412–481K peaks have been observed to increase with fluence increasing, while that of γ-irradiated sample shows a reverse trend. This could be attributed to the changes in the recombination center populations due to 7Li ions, that have been implanted inside the matrix of LiNaSO4:Eu, during irradiation and might also act as a source for new trapping and luminescent centers. The implantation has been confirmed by TRIM calculations. The penetration depths (where the ion comes to rest) are fou...

Exposure of collector mirrors facing the hot, dense pinch plasma in plasma-based EUV light sources remains one of the highest critical issues of source component lifetime and commercial feasibility of EUV lithography technology. Studies at Argonne have focused on understanding the underlying mechanisms that hinder collector mirror performance under Sn exposure and developing methods to mitigate them. Both Sn ion irradiation and thermal evaporation exposes candidate mirrors tested (i.e., Ru, Rh and Pd) in the experimental facility known as IMPACT (Interaction of Materials with charged Particles and Components Testing). Studies have led to an understanding of how Sn energetic ions compared to Sn thermal atoms affect three main surface properties of the collector mirror: 1) surface chemical state, 2) surface structure and 3) surface morphology. All these properties are crucial in understanding how collector mirrors will respond to Sn-based EUV source operation. This is primarily due to...

This paper presents a generalized approach to the mechanisms of oxidation, hydrogenation and nitriding of metals under ion irradiation with reactive particles at elevated temperatures. Experimental results on the plasma oxidation of bilayered Y/Zr films, the plasma hydrogenation of Mg films and the ion beam (1.2 keV N 2+) nitriding of stainless steel are presented and discussed. We make special emphasis on the analysis of surface effects and their role in the initiation of mixing of bilayered films, the ingress of reactive species in the bulk and the restructuring of the surface layers. It is suggested that primary processes driving reactive atoms from the surface into the bulk are surface instabilities induced by thermal and ballistic surface atom relocations under reactive adsorption and ion irradiation, respectively. The diffusion of adatoms and vacancies, at temperature when they become mobile, provide the means to relax the surface energy. It is recognized that the stabilizing effect of surface adatom diffusion is significant at temperatures below 300–350°C. As the temperature increases, the role of surface adatom diffusion decreases and processes in the bulk become dominant. The atoms of subsurface monolayers occupy energetically favorable sites on the surface, and result in reduced surface energy.

Thin polycrystalline films of permalloy (Ni79Fe21) and permendur (Co50Fe50) have been irradiated with Xe-ions to fluences of 1014–1016 ions/cm2. Ion-induced structural and magnetic modifications have been measured by grazing angle X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering and magneto-optical Kerr effect. In the case of permendur, the Xe-ion implantation first reduced the coercivity, because of stress relaxation, while higher ion fluences increased the coercivity due to pinning centers generated in the film. The ion irradiation aligned the in-plane easy axis of the magnetization along the direction of the external magnetic field during implantation. Phase shifts obtained from magnetic force microscopy confirmed these modifications. The effects of Xe-ion irradiation in permalloy films are much weaker and underline the importance of magnetostriction in the variation of the coercivity and anisotropy.

Narra ( Pterocarpus indicus) wood chips were irradiated with positive hydrogen ions H + and H2+ to make them hydrophobic. The ions were produced and extracted from a gas discharge ion source. The extracted beam current ranges from 0.01 to 0.07 μA for discharge currents of 1.0-4.0 mA, discharge potential between 600 V and 1000 V. The chips, positioned at 70 mm downstream from the ion source, were processed for different time periods and discharge currents. The wettability was characterized by the contact angle of the liquid droplet with respect to the wood surface. Surface modifications were assessed with by measurements of the water contact angle. Tests indicate retarded absorption characteristics for ion-irradiated samples compared to controlled samples. The longest absorptive inhibition were exhibited by samples irradiated for 30 min, at discharge current of 1.0 mA, 720 eV ion energy and 0 V extraction potential. Scanning electron micrographs reveal the difference in morphologies of treated and untreated samples. The results prove that low energy beams of hydrogen from a gas discharge ion source are suitable in transforming surfaces of wood chips to be water resistant.