WO2016006620A1 - Co2除去装置 - Google Patents
Co2除去装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016006620A1 WO2016006620A1 PCT/JP2015/069584 JP2015069584W WO2016006620A1 WO 2016006620 A1 WO2016006620 A1 WO 2016006620A1 JP 2015069584 W JP2015069584 W JP 2015069584W WO 2016006620 A1 WO2016006620 A1 WO 2016006620A1
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- gas
- capturing material
- removal apparatus
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus for removing CO 2 from a gas containing CO 2 such as combustion exhaust gas or the atmosphere, and more particularly to a technique for reducing energy required for CO 2 removal.
- CO 2 carbon dioxide
- CH 4 methane
- CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
- CO 2 also affects the human body. For example, when a gas containing CO 2 at a high concentration is sucked, health damage is caused. Therefore, in a sealed space such as a room, it is necessary to manage the CO 2 concentration. In particular, in an environment where ventilation between outside air and room air is difficult, such as a space station, a device for removing CO 2 is necessary. In addition, there is a need for a system that removes CO 2 because CO 2 may adversely affect the production of food and chemical products.
- Solutions to the above problems include chemical absorption methods, physical absorption methods, membrane separation methods, adsorption separation methods, and cryogenic separation methods.
- a CO 2 separation and recovery method using a solid CO 2 capturing material can be mentioned.
- the CO 2 removal system using CO 2 capturing material introducing CO 2 containing gas to the capturing material container filled with CO 2 capturing material, the CO 2 capturing material and CO 2 containing gas, at a predetermined temperature condition Capture CO 2 by contact under atmospheric pressure or pressure. Thereafter, the trapped CO 2 is desorbed by heating the trapping material or reducing the pressure in the trapping material container. CO 2 The desorbed was CO 2 capturing material is cooled, or after the pressure reduction, to initialize the CO 2 capturing material solid.
- This CO 2 capture material is used to remove CO 2 from the CO 2 -containing gas by repeating capture and desorption as described above. It can also be used for separating and recovering CO 2 from a CO 2 -containing gas at a high concentration by the above mechanism.
- zeolite is mainly used as the CO 2 capture material.
- Patent Document 1 a gas containing CO 2 adsorbed CO 2 by contacting the CO 2 adsorbent zeolite, wherein the subsequent CO 2 removal method desorb the CO 2 by heating Has been.
- the concentration of H 2 O is preferably reduced to 400 ppm or less. It is further preferable to reduce it to 20 ppm or less.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a CO 2 separation and removal apparatus with reduced energy consumption.
- the CO 2 removal apparatus of the present invention measures a CO 2 capturing material that captures H 2 O and CO 2 in a gas, a reaction vessel in which the CO 2 capturing material is installed, and a concentration of H 2 O in the gas. introducing a H 2 O instrument, and H 2 O concentration adjusting device for adjusting of H 2 O concentration on the basis of information obtained with H 2 O instrument, a gas into the reaction vessel from the H 2 O concentration adjusting device for a gas introduction passage for contacting the CO 2 capturing material Te, a first gas discharge passage for discharging from the reaction vessel after contacting the gas in the CO 2 capturing material, desorbed from the CO 2 capturing material gas A second gas discharge path for discharging the gas from the reaction vessel.
- the CO 2 capture amount of cerium oxide of Example 1 is a graph comparing the presence or absence of H 2 O flow.
- the CO 2 desorption rate during the temperature increase in the cerium oxide of Example 1 is a graph comparing the presence or absence of H 2 O flow.
- Energy and correlation of temperature to be consumed for heating the capturing material when CO 2 desorption of cerium oxide of Example 1 is a graph comparing the presence or absence of H 2 O flow.
- the CO 2 desorption rate during the temperature increase in the zirconium oxide of Example 2 is a graph comparing the presence or absence of H 2 O flow. Is a graph showing the correlation between the partial pressure of H 2 O adsorbed amount and H 2 O in the cerium oxide prepared in Example 1.
- FIG. Example 6 The CO 2 removal apparatus of Example 6, using two reaction vessels, and when capture saturation occurs in one reaction vessel, H 2 O or CO 2 or its It is a schematic block diagram which shows the apparatus which removes both.
- a CO 2 removal device of Example 7, using the two reaction vessels, is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for reversed the flow direction of the flow direction and the heating gases CO 2 and H 2 O-containing gas.
- the inventor of the present invention is an apparatus for separating and removing CO 2 and / or H 2 O from a gas containing CO 2 and H 2 O using a solid CO 2 capturing material.
- a trapping material capable of trapping H 2 O and CO 2 a reaction vessel in which the trapping material is installed, a H 2 O measuring instrument for measuring H 2 O concentration in the gas, and in the gas
- a pipe for introducing a mixed gas containing 2 and H 2 O into contact with the capture material, and a pipe for discharging the mixed gas from the reaction vessel after contacting the capture material, residues of H 2 O in 2 O concentration adjusting device It found that can reduce the energy required for separating off CO 2 by causing.
- the trapping material used to capture CO 2 and H 2 O can be any material. Examples include metal oxides, activated carbon, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydroxides, layered double hydroxides, solid organic compounds, and the like.
- As the CO 2 capturing material a single type may be used, or a plurality of types may be combined. Alternatively, one may be used as a carrier and the other may be supported using a method such as impregnation.
- a porous metal oxide is preferable, and an oxide or composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from Ce, rare earth metals other than Ce, and zirconium is preferably used.
- an oxide or composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from Ce, rare earth metals other than Ce, and zirconium is preferably used.
- the combination of oxides is used, CO 2 adsorption is possible even after contacting H 2 O, and the CO 2 desorption temperature can be lowered. This is because, in the above oxide, the surface of the oxide reacts with H 2 O to form a hydroxyl group (—OH), and a hydrogen carbonate (—CO 3 H) is formed on the surface by the reaction of this functional group with CO 2.
- Examples of the method for synthesizing the trapping material include preparation methods such as an impregnation method, a kneading method, a coprecipitation method, and a sol-gel method.
- preparation methods such as an impregnation method, a kneading method, a coprecipitation method, and a sol-gel method.
- a basic compound such as aqueous ammonia, Na hydroxide, Ca hydroxide or the like may be added to a solution containing Ce nitrate to adjust the pH to 7 to 10, followed by precipitation.
- an oxide is formed by precipitation, it may be used as it is, or may be further oxidized by firing.
- M 2 is a divalent metal ion such as Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn
- M 3 is a trivalent metal ion such as Al, Cr, Fe, Co or In
- An represents an n-valent anion, such as carbonate ion, nitrate ion or sulfate ion, respectively.
- M 2 , M 3 , and An may each use a single ion or a plurality of ions.
- Examples of the method for synthesizing the layered double hydroxide include preparation methods such as an impregnation method, a kneading method, a coprecipitation method, and a sol-gel method.
- preparation methods such as an impregnation method, a kneading method, a coprecipitation method, and a sol-gel method.
- the pH is adjusted to 8 to 11 by adding a basic compound such as aqueous ammonia, Na hydroxide, Ca hydroxide, It may be obtained by precipitation. Since the substance obtained by this precipitation is a layered double hydroxide, it may be calcined in order to obtain a metal oxide and a metal complex oxide.
- the firing temperature may be any temperature, but for example, when fired at 400 ° C. or higher, a metal oxide can be obtained.
- silica SiO 2
- alumina Al 2 O 3
- zeolite or the like may be used as the metal oxide and the metal complex oxide.
- an oxide or composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from Ce, rare earth metals, and zirconium in silica, alumina, or zeolite for the purpose of improving specific surface area, improving heat resistance, and reducing the amount of metal used. Etc. may be carried.
- Activated carbon may have a higher basicity when it contains nitrogen element (N) and may improve CO 2 adsorption performance, so activated carbon with a high N content may be preferable.
- N nitrogen element
- synthesizing such activated carbon a method of bringing activated carbon into contact with a gas containing ammonia (NH 3 ) and a method of synthesizing activated carbon from organic molecules rich in N are conceivable.
- an organic compound having basicity is preferable, and examples thereof include an organic compound having an amino group.
- Downstream of the reaction vessel filled with CO 2 capturing material may be installed different CO 2 capturing material or H 2 O capturing material or reaction vessel filled with both.
- a method may be used in which a valve for switching the flow path is installed in a piping part connecting the reaction containers, and a subsequent reaction container is used as necessary.
- a capturing material capable of capturing both CO 2 and H 2 O is filled in the previous reaction vessel, first, any gas of CO 2 and H 2 O is first captured and saturated, and the reaction vessel outlet It is thought that it is discharged from.
- a trapping material whose CO 2 capturing performance is lowered when H 2 O flows may be used in the reaction vessel installed in the subsequent stage.
- a trapping material examples include zeolite and activated carbon.
- a capture material with low CO 2 capture performance may be used for the reaction vessel installed in the subsequent stage.
- examples of such a trapping material include silica and alumina. If the concentration ratio of H 2 O and CO 2 in the gas is likely to fluctuate and it is unclear which gas is likely to be trapped and saturated, two reaction vessels are installed in the latter stage and the trapped trapped gas species It is good also as a system which selects the reaction container used according to. When H 2 O and CO 2 can be removed using only the upstream capture container, it is not necessary to desorb H 2 O or CO 2 from the subsequent reaction container, and energy consumption can be reduced.
- a CO 2 capturing material using an oxide or a composite oxide containing at least one metal selected from Ce, a rare earth metal other than Ce, and zirconium in the previous stage And a reaction vessel filled with a CO 2 capturing material using zeolite in the subsequent stage.
- this configuration only CO 2 is trapped and saturated in the former reaction vessel, and even when exhausted from the outlet gas, CO 2 can be trapped in the latter reaction vessel. Even when H 2 O is trapped and saturated at the front stage of the reaction vessel and is discharged from the outlet gas, it can be captured by the latter stage zeolite.
- a reaction vessel filled with an H 2 O trapping material using silica or alumina is installed in the subsequent stage.
- the mixed gas containing CO 2 and H 2 O may be any gas, for example, boiler exhaust gas from a coal-fired power plant, combustion exhaust gas from automobiles, gas generated by fermentation derived from microorganisms, air, biological Examples include exhalation.
- the composition is not limited.
- nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx) ), Hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4 ), and ash dust in addition to CO 2 and H 2 O, nitrogen (N 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx) ), Hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4 ), and ash dust.
- NOx, SOx and ash dust are considered to lower the CO 2 capturing performance of the capturing material. Therefore, when a large amount of these is contained, it is preferably removed in advance.
- any device may be used as the H 2 O concentration adjusting device in the CO 2 removal apparatus.
- the H 2 O concentration regulator that utilizes the temperature dependence of of H 2 O saturated vapor pressure, cooled condensers and the like. This device is generally used for the purpose of reducing the H 2 O concentration. For example, by adjusting the temperature, the saturated vapor pressure of H 2 O is increased, and the H 2 O concentration in the CO 2 -containing gas is reduced. May be used to increase.
- the H 2 O concentration regulator that utilizes the temperature dependence of of H 2 O saturated vapor pressure, and other temperature is adjusted to the liquid water (H 2 O) in the gas by circulating the gas in An apparatus for adjusting the H 2 O concentration can be mentioned. When using the said apparatus, in order to raise the contact area of water and gas and to raise efficiency, you may install foaming apparatuses, such as a bubbler. By using such a configuration, an appropriate H 2 O concentration can be managed.
- H 2 O concentration regulator for installing a timber for capturing of H 2 O to another thereof.
- Any material that adsorbs H 2 O may be used, but examples thereof include a porous body and a resin having a function of absorbing water. Any component of the porous body may be used.
- Organic compounds such as layered double hydroxide, zeolite, activated carbon, and resin material can be mentioned.
- the device for adjusting the H 2 O concentration a single device may be used, or a plurality of types of devices may be used in combination.
- a single device may be used, or a plurality of types of devices may be used in combination.
- water (H 2 O) vaporization or heat absorption or heat generation due to condensation of water vapor occurs, the When the amount is large, the temperature difference from the heat transfer portion becomes large, and it may be impossible to control the temperature appropriately. In such a case, it is preferable to accurately control the H 2 O concentration using a plurality of H 2 O concentration adjusting devices.
- Any device may be used for measuring the H 2 O concentration, and examples include a dew point hygrometer, an electric resistance hygrometer, a thermal conductivity hygrometer, and a wet and dry hygrometer.
- a dew point hygrometer an electric resistance hygrometer
- a thermal conductivity hygrometer a thermal conductivity hygrometer
- a wet and dry hygrometer To adjust of H 2 O concentration using the H 2 O concentration regulator based of H 2 O concentration measured outputs of H 2 O concentration as an electric signal, the H 2 O based on the signal It is preferable to control the concentration adjuster.
- the place where the device for measuring the H 2 O concentration is installed is not limited.
- a method of measuring the upstream side of a reaction vessel filled with a CO 2 capturing material, or measuring the distribution of captured amount of H 2 O to capture saturation is not limited.
- a method of measuring the inside of the packed bed of the CO 2 capturing material inside the reaction tube there are a method of measuring on the downstream side of the reaction tube in order to observe the capture saturation, and the like.
- the H 2 O concentration regulator with H 2 O concentration H 2 O concentration in the gas mixture after adjusting the is not particularly limited, is preferably 20ppm or more as an example, may be 2000ppm or more.
- the H 2 O concentration may be determined from the CO 2 concentration.
- the molar ratio with CO 2 is preferably 0.5 or more and 40 or less.
- the surface state of the solid is changed, and a trapped state of CO 2 with a low desorption temperature can be formed, and heating necessary for desorbing CO 2 Can reduce the energy required.
- By controlling the molar ratio of CO 2 to 40 or less it is possible to prevent the capture saturation of H 2 O in the CO 2 and H 2 O capture material from occurring before the capture saturation of CO 2 .
- Any method may be used for desorbing CO 2 after capturing CO 2 in the capturing material. For example, raising the temperature of the trapped material, CO 2 temperature swing method desorb, or pressure swing method desorb the CO 2 by reducing the pressure of the atmosphere in capturing material, or temperature and pressure swing method using both Is mentioned. These desorption methods may be determined in consideration of the pressure of the CO 2 -containing gas, the CO 2 partial pressure, and the temperature.
- a heating method of the CO 2 capturing material in the case of using the temperature swing method, a method in which a heating medium such as a heated gas or liquid is directly brought into contact with the CO 2 capturing material, a gas or a liquid heated in a heat transfer tube, etc. Examples thereof include a method in which a heat medium is circulated and heated by heat conduction from the heat transfer surface, and a method in which the CO 2 capturing material is heated by electrically generating heat using an electric furnace or the like.
- the heating gas may be determined in consideration of the use of CO 2 separation and removal. For example, if desired to increase the CO 2 concentration recovered after the desorption may be used CO 2 as a heating gas. When it is desired to separate the heating gas and the desorbed gas, H 2 O whose saturation vapor pressure varies greatly depending on the temperature is used, and the recovered gas is cooled to remove H 2 O. If there is no problem even if the CO 2 concentration in the desorbed gas is reduced, N 2 , O 2 , air (air), etc. obtained at a relatively low cost may be used.
- the heated gas is separated into each reaction vessel. May be distributed.
- the heating gas is introduced from one side while the reaction vessels are connected to each other, and the heating gas is circulated to the other reaction vessel and then discharged.
- the gas used for heating one of the capturing materials is reused, there is an advantage that energy consumption can be reduced and the amount of gas used can be reduced.
- H in the case where CO 2 capture performance is by using a capturing material to decrease by 2 O inflow control the flow direction of the heating gas so as not to contact desorbed H 2 O within said capturing material It is preferable to do.
- cerium oxide as the previous stage of the CO 2 capturing material when using zeolite as the subsequent CO 2 capture material, it is preferred that changed when capturing time and desorbing gas flow direction.
- the CO 2 and H 2 O-containing gas is circulated from the front stage to the rear stage to make it difficult for H 2 O to flow through the rear stage.
- the heated gas is moved from the rear stage to the front stage. By flowing, H 2 O desorbed from the cerium oxide in the previous stage can be made difficult to come into contact with the zeolite in the subsequent stage, and the CO 2 capture performance in the subsequent reaction vessel can be easily maintained.
- a method for reducing pressure when the pressure swing method or the temperature / pressure swing method is used mechanical means using a compressor such as a pump can be cited.
- a method of reducing the saturated vapor pressure by cooling and condensing the water vapor in the trapping material atmosphere, and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of the method for reducing the CO 2 partial pressure in the ambient atmosphere of the CO 2 capturing material include a method of circulating a gas other than CO 2 in addition to the above.
- the gas used at this time is preferably a gas that can be easily separated from CO 2, and in particular, a method using water vapor from the viewpoint of being easily condensed by cooling.
- Examples of a method of pressurizing the ambient atmosphere of the CO 2 capturing material include a method of mechanically pressurizing with a pump or a compressor, or a method of introducing a gas having a pressure higher than that of the ambient atmosphere.
- the trapping material may be used in any shape.
- supporting to a honeycomb are mentioned. These shapes may be determined in view of the required reaction rate, pressure loss, and CO 2 purity in the desorbed gas.
- the porosity when increasing the CO 2 purity in the desorbed gas, the porosity may be reduced. For example, when granular and the porosity is small, there is a disadvantage that the pressure loss increases, but the amount of gas other than CO 2 remaining in the void decreases, so that the purity of CO 2 in the recovered gas can be increased. There are advantages.
- the honeycomb is supported, the pressure loss can be reduced because the porosity is high. However, since the amount of gas other than CO 2 remaining in the voids increases, the CO 2 purity in the desorbed gas is reduced. There is.
- the reaction vessel filled with the CO 2 capturing material may have any configuration and operation method.
- a granular or powdery CO 2 capture material is filled in a reaction vessel, and the gas introduced into the CO 2 capture material container and the temperature and pressure in the reaction vessel are changed without moving the CO 2 capture material itself.
- a floor system is mentioned.
- acquisition material there exists an advantage that the performance fall by abrasion with capture
- the packing density can be increased, it is considered that the porosity is low and the amount of CO 2 removal per volume can be increased.
- a honeycomb rotor carrying the CO 2 capture material and a reaction vessel, and a partition plate for partitioning the gas flow in the reaction vessel are installed.
- a rotor system that divides the inside of a reaction vessel into a CO 2 capture zone, a CO 2 heating desorption zone, a CO 2 capture material cooling zone, and the like by a flowing gas.
- the CO 2 capturing material is supported on the honeycomb, and there is an advantage that the CO 2 capturing material itself is less worn and performance degradation can be suppressed to a low level.
- the configuration of the piping and valves is simplified.
- the size of each zone can be determined by changing the installation of the partition plate, whereby the ratio of the CO 2 capture time, the heat desorption time, the cooling time, etc. can be easily determined.
- high porosity, low CO 2 removal amount per volume, also CO 2 CO 2 concentration in the desorbed gas is the disadvantage that low.
- two or more reaction vessels may be installed, and honeycomb rotors each carrying a different capture material may be used.
- each capture material may be used. It is possible to divide the place where the material is carried and to carry two or more kinds of capturing materials.
- cerium nitrate hexahydrate (Ce (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O)
- 28 wt% aqueous ammonia either was made of Wako Pure Chemical Industries.
- the CO 2 capturing material used was a mold having a diameter of 40 mm, pelletized with a press at 200 kgf, crushed, and then sized to 0.5 to 1.0 mm using a sieve. Thereafter, 1.0 ml was measured using a graduated cylinder and fixed in a quartz glass reaction tube.
- Heat pretreatment While circulating He at 150 ml / min, the temperature of the CO 2 capturing material was raised to 400 ° C. using an electric furnace and held for 1 hour to remove impurities and gas adsorbed on the capturing material.
- the CO 2 capture amount was measured by a CO 2 pulse capture test while maintaining the sample temperature at 50 ° C. in an electric furnace.
- a sample gas 10 ml of a mixed gas composed of 12% by volume CO 2 and 88% by volume He was introduced in a pulsed manner every 4 minutes for 2 minutes, and the CO 2 concentration at the outlet of the reaction tube was measured by gas chromatography. The pulse introduction was performed until CO 2 measured at the outlet of the reaction tube was saturated. He was used as a carrier gas.
- Thermal desorption The sample temperature was heated to 400 ° C. at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min in an electric furnace, and the amount of CO 2 desorption was measured.
- CO 2 adsorption test-with H 2 O circulation Test conditions in the case where CO 2 is adsorbed after H 2 O is circulated are shown.
- CO 2 adsorption test -H 2 O without circulation in the measurement method in, after cooling, was evaluated CO 2 adsorption amount in the same manner except that went of H 2 O distribution processing in the preceding adsorption.
- H 2 O distribution process In a bubbler container containing 25 ° C. water, He was circulated at 150 ml / min for 1 hour. The temperature of the CO 2 capturing material during the treatment was set to 50 ° C. with an electric furnace.
- FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the amount of CO 2 trapped in the CO 2 trapping material of Example 1 with and without H 2 O flow.
- the CO 2 capture amount decreased by about 10% due to the H 2 O flow.
- FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the CO 2 desorption ratio at the time of temperature rise in the CO 2 capturing material of Example 1 with and without H 2 O circulation.
- H 2 O circulation When there was H 2 O circulation, the amount of CO 2 desorbed at a relatively low temperature from 50 ° C. to 200 ° C. was large, and almost all CO 2 was desorbed by 200 ° C.
- CO 2 desorption was not completed even when the temperature was raised to 300 ° C. From this result, it was found that H 2 O circulation has an effect of lowering the CO 2 desorption temperature.
- FIG. 3 shows the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of the cerium oxide, and shows the amount of heat per desorbed CO 2 amount.
- the specific heat of cerium oxide was 382 J / K ⁇ kg, and the amount of heat H required for temperature increase was calculated by the following equation.
- the bulk density of the cerium oxide in this test was 1.41 (kg / L), the CO 2 desorption amount was Q d , and the desorption temperature was T d , and was calculated by the following formula (2).
- FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the CO 2 desorption ratio at elevated temperature in the CO 2 capturing material of Example 2 with and without H 2 O circulation.
- H 2 O flow When there was a H 2 O flow, the amount of CO 2 desorption from 50 ° C. to 200 ° C. was large, and it was found from this result that the H 2 O flow has an effect of lowering the CO 2 desorption temperature.
- Example 1 Evaluation method of specific surface area
- BET Brunauer-Emmett-Teller
- the nitrogen adsorption isotherm at ⁇ 196 ° C. was measured to determine the specific surface area.
- heating was performed at 200 ° C. while evacuating.
- the specific surface area of Example 1 was 130 m 2 / g.
- the H 2 O adsorption isotherm in the cerium oxide of Example 1 was measured. As pretreatment, heating was performed at 200 ° C. while evacuating. Thereafter, cooling was performed while evacuating, and H 2 O was adsorbed while maintaining the sample temperature at 25 ° C.
- the adsorption amount Q ml for forming the H 2 O monomolecular layer on the surface of the cerium oxide of Example 1 was calculated.
- the specific surface area determined by the BET method is S A
- the adsorption cross-sectional area of H 2 O is 1.25 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 19 m 2
- the following formula (3) is obtained: Used to calculate.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing H 2 O adsorption isotherms in the cerium oxide of Example 1.
- the partial pressure was 0.002 kPa or less.
- the H 2 O concentration may be about 20 ppm. That is, it is considered that the introduction of a gas having the present H 2 O concentration is a condition for causing the H 2 O / CO 2 to react at a molar ratio of 1 or more.
- 1 mol of hydroxyl group (—OH) is considered necessary on the surface.
- 1 mol of surface oxygen (O) and 1 mol of H 2 O react with each other to form 2 mol of hydroxyl groups as a hydroxyl group formation mechanism, if H 2 O / CO 2 is 0.5 or more in molar ratio, It is estimated that the reaction proceeds sufficiently if H 2 O / CO 2 is 1.0 or more in molar ratio. With the 20 ppm H 2 O concentration described above, H 2 O / CO 2 can exceed 1.0 in terms of molar ratio. The formation of hydroxyl groups if the cerium oxide surface H 2 O monolayer coverage is believed to further promoted.
- the H 2 O partial pressure necessary for the H 2 O adsorption amount to be equivalent to the H 2 O monomolecular adsorption amount was 0.2 kPa.
- the H 2 O concentration may be about 2000 ppm.
- the specific surface area of the cerium oxide is improved, the CO 2 adsorption amount is increased, but it is considered that the H 2 O adsorption amount is also increased in proportion to the specific surface area. It is considered that the correlation of H 2 O concentration obtained based on 1 can be used.
- H 2 O concentration varies depending on the temperature of the trapping material.
- the relative pressure P / P 0 with the saturated vapor pressure at that temperature is equivalent, H 2 O
- the amount of adsorption has the property of being almost equal. Therefore, when the temperature of the trapping material changes, the H 2 O concentration may be determined based on the saturated vapor pressure at that temperature.
- FIG. 6 shows an example in which the CO 2 trapping material of Example 1 is applied to a fixed bed type CO 2 removal apparatus and CO 2 removal gas is introduced into the room.
- the CO 2 removal apparatus shown in the figure includes a pipe 301 for circulating the gas 101 containing H 2 O and CO 2 , a condenser 501, and a pipe 305 for discharging the water 201 condensed by the condenser 501.
- H 2 O concentration meter 601 means 1001 for inputting a signal from H 2 O concentration meter 601 to calculator 1002, and means for outputting a signal for controlling condenser 501 from calculator 1002 1003, a valve 401 for controlling the flow of the gas 101, a reaction vessel 701, a CO 2 capturing material 801 containing the cerium oxide of Example 1 filled in the reaction vessel 701 in a granular form,
- a pipe 302 for flowing gas into the room, a valve 402 for controlling gas flow in the pipe 302, a heater 901, and a heating gas 103 taken from the atmosphere are connected to the reaction vessel 7.
- valves 401 and 402 open in the case of capturing CO 2, the valves 403 and 404 by a closed, H 2 O and gas 101 containing CO 2 is and CO 2 in the CO 2 capturing material 801 H 2 O Is captured and the gas from which H 2 O and CO 2 have been removed flows into the room.
- valves 403 and 404 When desorbing the CO 2 captured by the CO 2 capturing material, the valves 403 and 404 are opened and the valves 401 and 402 are closed, so that the gas 102 taken from the atmosphere is heated by the heater 901 and reacted. It circulates in the container 701, the CO 2 capturing material 801 is heated, and the captured CO 2 is desorbed. The desorbed gas flows through the pipe 304 and is released to the atmosphere.
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which the CO 2 trapping material of Example 1 is applied to a fixed bed type CO 2 removal apparatus, and the CO 2 removal gas is continuously circulated in the room using two reaction vessels. is there.
- the reaction vessel 702 in the configuration of Example 3, the reaction vessel 702, the CO 2 capturing material 802 containing cerium oxide filled in the reaction vessel 702 in a granular form, and the reaction vessel 702 contain H 2 O and CO 2 .
- the valve 407, the piping 308 for causing the heating gas 102 taken from the atmosphere to the reaction vessel 702, the valve 408 for controlling the gas flow in the piping 308, and the gas in the reaction vessel are discharged to the atmosphere.
- a pipe 309 and a valve 409 for controlling gas flow in the pipe 309 are added.
- valves 401, 402, 408, and 409 When CO 2 is captured by the reaction tube 701 and CO 2 is desorbed from the reaction tube 702, the valves 401, 402, 408, and 409 may be opened, and the valves 403, 404, 406, and 407 may be closed. In the reaction tube 701 CO 2 desorbed, the valves 403,404,406 and 407 to open in the case of capturing CO 2 in ⁇ 701, the valves 401,402,408 and 409 may be closed. With this configuration and operation method, it is possible to continuously distribute the gas from which CO 2 has been removed.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of introducing a CO 2 removal gas into a room using a rotor-type CO 2 removal apparatus.
- the honeycomb rotor 801 carrying the CO 2 capturing material containing cerium oxide of Example 1 is installed inside the reaction vessel 701, and the partition plate 702 in the reaction vessel.
- the gas distribution route is restricted.
- Zones 701A, 701B, and 701C in the reaction vessel 701 are gas flow ranges defined by the partition plate 702. Even when the honeycomb rotor 801 is rotated, the position of the partition plate 702 is not changed. However, when the honeycomb rotor 801 is rotated, the gas contact location in the honeycomb rotor is changed.
- H 2 O and CO 2 -containing gas is circulated in the zone 701A to capture CO 2 (capture zone), and the gas heated in the heater 901 is circulated in the zone 701C to desorb CO 2 (
- the gas 103 taken from the atmosphere is circulated and cooled in the zone 701B (cooling zone).
- This CO 2 removal apparatus includes a pipe 301 for circulating gas 101 containing H 2 O and CO 2 to the zone 701A in the reaction vessel 701, a condenser 501, and a condensate 201 for discharging condensed water 201 from the condenser.
- the gas 103 taken from the atmosphere is used for cooling the honeycomb rotor, the gas is heated. Since the gas is further heated by the heater 901, the load on the heater 901 can be reduced.
- FIG. 9 shows an example in which H 2 O and CO 2 are removed using a plurality of CO 2 capturing materials and a plurality of reaction vessels.
- cerium oxide and zeolite are used as the CO 2 capturing material.
- This apparatus includes a pipe 301 for allowing the gas 101 containing H 2 O and CO 2 to flow through the reaction tube 701, a CO 2 capturing material 801 containing the cerium oxide of Example 1 filled in the reaction tube 701, and , a condenser 501, a pipe 305 for discharging the condensed water from the condenser, and H 2 O concentration meter 601, a means 1001 for inputting a signal to the computer 1002 from the H 2 O concentration meter 601, condenser Means 1002 for outputting a signal from the computer 1002 to control 501, a pipe 302 for circulating the heating gas, a pipe 303 for circulating the gas discharged from the reaction tube 701 into the room, A valve 403 for controlling the gas flow in the pipe 303, a pipe 304 for releasing the gas from the reaction pipe 701 to the atmosphere, and a valve 4 for controlling the gas flow in the pipe 304 4, filled further with H 2 O concentration meter 602 for measuring of H 2 O concentration in the gas discharge
- the capturing material 802 in the subsequent reaction tube 702 may be filled with a capturing material that selectively captures H 2 O.
- the capturing material 802 in the subsequent reaction tube 702 is filled with a capturing material that selectively captures CO 2 , so that H 2 O
- the gas from which CO 2 has been removed can be stably distributed into the room.
- FIG. 10 shows an example in which H 2 O and CO 2 are removed using a plurality of CO 2 capture materials and a plurality of reaction vessels.
- cerium oxide and zeolite are used as the CO 2 capturing material.
- the CO 2 capturing material 801 containing cerium oxide in the reaction vessel 701 the reaction vessel 702 is used CO 2 capturing material containing zeolite.
- the flow direction of the gas flow is from the reaction vessel 701 to the reaction vessel 702, but the H 2 O and CO 2 are heated gas
- the opening and closing of each valve is adjusted so that the flow of the heated gas flow flows from the reaction vessel 702 to the reaction vessel 701. This is because H 2 O desorbed from the CO 2 capturing material 801 containing cerium oxide comes into contact with the zeolite in the reaction vessel 702 to prevent H 2 O from being strongly captured in the zeolite. .
- 101 Gas containing H 2 O and CO 2
- 103 Gas for heating
- 301, 302, 303, 304 Piping
- 401, 402, 403, 404 Valve
- 501 Condenser
- 601 H 2 O concentration Total
- 701 reaction vessel
- 801, 802 CO 2 capture material
- 901 heater.
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Abstract
Description
なお、本明細書において「除去」は、CO2捕捉材からCO2を回収することも意図する。また、回収したガスを入力ガスとして再投入することにより、純度を高めることも意図する。
層状複水酸化物を合成する方法としては、含浸法、混練法、共沈法、ゾルゲル法などの調製方法が挙げられる。例えば、MgとAlの硝酸塩を含んだ溶液に、炭酸ナトリウムを添加した後、アンモニア水、水酸化Na、水酸化Caなどの塩基性の化合物を加えることでpHを8~11に調整して、沈殿させて得てもよい。本沈殿で得られる物質は層状複水酸化物であるため、金属酸化物及び金属の複合酸化物を得るためには焼成してもよい。焼成温度はどのような温度でも構わないが、例えば400℃以上で焼成した場合に金属酸化物を得られる。
精製水1080gに硝酸セリウム六水和物26.05gを室温で激しく撹拌しながら溶解させた。前記水溶液を撹拌しながら28重量%のアンモニア水溶液を滴下しpHを9.0とした。8時間撹拌した後、1時間静置し、沈殿物を洗浄ろ過により収集した。その後、沈殿物を乾燥炉にて120℃で乾燥させ、大気雰囲気下の電気炉にて400℃で1時間焼成し、得られたセリウム酸化物をCO2捕捉材とした。
第一稀元素製のジルコニウム酸化物(RSC-100)をCO2捕捉材とした。
以下に、H2Oを流通させずにCO2を吸着させた場合の試験条件を示す。
CO2捕捉材は直径40mmの金型を使用して、プレス機により200kgfでペレット化し、破砕したのち篩を用いて0.5~1.0mmの粒状に整粒した。その後、メスシリンダーを用いて1.0mlを測り、石英ガラス製反応管中に固定した。
150ml/分でHeを流通させながら、電気炉を用いてCO2捕捉材の温度を400℃に上昇させて1時間保持して不純物及び捕捉材に吸着したガスを除去した。
加熱前処理後、冷却してCO2捕捉材温度を50℃まで下げた。
電気炉で試料温度を50℃に保ちながらCO2パルス捕捉試験によりCO2捕捉量を測定した。サンプルガスとして12体積%のCO2と88体積%のHeからなる混合ガス10mlをパルス状で4分おきに2分間導入し、反応管出口のCO2濃度をガスクロマトグラフィにより測定した。パルス導入は反応管出口で測定されるCO2が飽和するまで実施した。また、キャリアガスとしてHeを使用した。
電気炉で試料温度を昇温速度10℃/分で400℃まで加熱してCO2の脱離量を測定した。
H2Oを流通させた後にCO2を吸着させた場合の試験条件を示す。CO2吸着試験-H2O流通なし、における測定方法において、冷却の後、吸着の前においてH2O流通処理を行った以外は同様の方法でCO2吸着量を評価した。
25℃の水が入ったバブラー容器において、150ml/分でHeを1時間流通させた。処理中のCO2捕捉材温度は電気炉で50℃に設定した。
×1.41(kg/L)×(Td-50)(K)×382(J/K・kg) …(2)
本結果から、H2O流通がある方が加熱に要するエネルギーが低くできることがわかった。
実施例1のセリウム酸化物におけるBET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)法を用いて-196℃での窒素の吸着等温線を測定し、比表面積を測定した。前処理として、真空引きを行いながら200℃で加熱した。実施例1の比表面積は130m2/gであった。
実施例1のセリウム酸化物におけるH2O吸着等温線を計測した。前処理として、真空引きを行いながら200℃で加熱した。その後、真空引きを行いながら冷却し、試料温度は25℃で保持しながらH2Oを吸着させた。
実施例1のセリウム酸化物における表面にH2O単分子層を形成するための吸着量Qmlを算出した。前記BET法で求めた比表面積をSA、アボガドロ数をNA=6.02×1023、H2Oの吸着断面積を1.25×10-19m2とし、下記式(3)を用いて算出した。
本計算の結果、H2O単分子層吸着量Qmlは1.8mol/kgと算出された。
本図に示すCO2除去装置は、H2O及びCO2を含有するガス101を流通させるための配管301と、凝縮器501と、凝縮器501で凝縮した水201を排出するための配管305と、H2O濃度計601と、H2O濃度計601からの信号を計算機1002に入力するための手段1001と、計算器1002から凝縮器501を制御するための信号を出力するための手段1003と、ガス101の流通を制御するための弁401と、反応容器701と、反応容器701内に粒状で充填した実施例1のセリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材801と、反応容器内のガスを室内へ流通するため配管302と、配管302のガス流通を制御するための弁402と、加熱器901と、大気から取り込んだ加熱用ガス103を、反応容器701へさせるための配管303と、配管303のガス流通を制御するための弁403と、反応容器内のガスを大気へ排出するための配管304と、配管304のガス流通を制御するための弁404から構成される。
本図においては、実施例3の構成に、反応容器702と、反応容器702内に粒状で充填したセリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材802と、反応容器702へH2O及びCO2を含有するガス101の流通するための配管306と、配管306のガス流通を制御するための弁406と、反応容器内のガスを室内へ流通するため配管307と、配管307のガス流通を制御するための弁407と、大気から取り込んだ加熱用ガス102を、反応容器702へさせるための配管308と、配管308のガス流通を制御するための弁408と、反応容器内のガスを大気へ排出するための配管309と、配管309のガス流通を制御するための弁409と、を追加したものである。
本図に示すCO2除去装置においては、反応容器701の内部に、実施例1のセリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材を担持したハニカムローター801が設置されており、反応容器内の仕切り板702によってガス流通の経路が制限されるようになっている。反応容器701内のゾーン701A、ゾーン701B、ゾーン701Cは、仕切り板702によって定められるガス流通の範囲である。ハニカムローター801が回転させた場合においても、仕切り板702の位置は変わらないが、ハニカムローター801が回転することで、ハニカムローターにおけるガスの接触する場所は変化する。本構成ではゾーン701AにH2O及びCO2含有ガスを流通させてCO2を捕捉させ(捕捉ゾーン)、ゾーン701Cには加熱器901において加熱したガスを流通させてCO2を脱離させ(脱離ゾーン)、ゾーン701Bには大気から取り込んだガス103を流通して冷却させる(冷却ゾーン)。
本図に示すCO2除去装置においては、CO2捕捉材としてセリウム酸化物とゼオライトを用いる。
本装置は、H2O及びCO2を含有するガス101を反応管701に流通させるための配管301と、反応管701に充填された実施例1のセリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材801と、凝縮器501と、凝縮器から凝縮水を排出するための配管305と、H2O濃度計601と、H2O濃度計601から計算機1002に信号を入力するための手段1001と、凝縮器501を制御するために計算機1002から信号を出力するための手段1002と、加熱用ガスを流通させるための配管302と、反応管701から排出されたガスを室内へ流通するための配管303と、配管303のガス流通を制御するための弁403と、反応管701からガスを大気へ放出するための配管304と、配管304のガス流通を制御するための弁404と、更に反応管701から排出されるガス中のH2O濃度を測定するためのH2O濃度計602と、CO2濃度計603と、反応管702と、反応管に充填されたゼオライトを含む捕捉材802と、反応管701から反応管702へガスを流通させるための配管306と、配管306のガス流通を制御するための弁406と、反応管702から排出されたガスを室内へ流通するための配管307と、配管307のガス流通を制御するための弁407と、反応管702からガスを大気へ放出するための配管309と、配管309のガス流通を制御するための弁409と、加熱用ガスを反応管701に流通するための配管308と、配管308のガス流通を制御するための弁408と、から構成される。
本実施例においては、CO2捕捉材としてセリウム酸化物及びゼオライトを用いている。
本図においては、反応容器701にはセリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材801を、反応容器702にはゼオライトを含むCO2捕捉材を用いている。H2O及びCO2含有ガスからH2O及びCO2を除去する際には、ガス流通の流れ方向は反応容器701から反応容器702となっているが、H2O及びCO2を加熱ガスの流通により除去する際には、加熱ガス流通の流れは反応容器702から反応容器701に流れるように各弁の開閉を調整する。これは、セリウム酸化物を含むCO2捕捉材801から脱離したH2Oが反応容器702中のゼオライトに接触することで、H2Oがゼオライト中に強く捕捉されることを防ぐためである。
Claims (16)
- ガス中のH2O及びCO2を捕捉するCO2捕捉材と、
前記CO2捕捉材を内部に設置した反応容器と、
前記ガス中のH2O濃度を計測するためのH2O計測器と、
前記H2O計測器で得た情報を基に前記H2O濃度を調整するH2O濃度調整機器と、
前記H2O濃度調整機器から前記反応容器に前記ガスを導入して前記CO2捕捉材に接触させるためのガス導入路と、
前記ガスを前記CO2捕捉材に接触させた後に前記反応容器から排出するための第一のガス排出路と、
前記CO2捕捉材から脱離したガスを前記反応容器から排出するための第二のガス排出路と、を含むことを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記CO2捕捉材は、金属酸化物、活性炭、アルカリ金属の炭酸塩、アルカリ金属の水酸化物、層状複水酸化物、及び固体の有機化合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つ以上を含むことを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項2に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記CO2捕捉材は、セリウム、セリウム以外の稀土類金属、及びジルコニウムからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属元素を含む酸化物もしくは複合酸化物を含むことを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~3の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記反応容器を複数有することを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項4に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記複数の反応容器のうち少なくとも1つは、セリウム、セリウム以外の稀土類金属、及びジルコニウムからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属元素を含む酸化物もしくは複合酸化物を含む捕捉材を有し、
前記複数の反応容器のうち他のものは、シリカ、アルミナ及びゼオライトからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属酸化物を含む捕捉材を有することを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項5に記載のCO2除去装置において、
セリウム、セリウム以外の稀土類金属、及びジルコニウムからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属元素を含む酸化物もしくは複合酸化物を含む捕捉材を捕捉材Aとし、シリカ、アルミナ及びゼオライトからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの金属酸化物を含む捕捉材を捕捉材Bとし、前記ガスからCO2もしくはH2Oまたはその両方を除去する場合に、前記ガスの流通方向が前記捕捉材Aから前記捕捉材Bの方向であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~6の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
さらに、CO2捕捉材を加熱する加熱手段を有することを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~6の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
加熱用流体が前記CO2捕捉材に接触するように構成され、
前記加熱用流体は、CO2、水蒸気、N2、燃焼排ガス、及び、大気から取り込んだ後に加熱して得られたガスからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つのガスを含む流体であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項8に記載のCO2除去装置であって、
前記ガスの流通方向と、前記加熱流体の流通方向と、が同一方向であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項8に記載のCO2除去装置であって、
前記ガスの流通方向と、前記加熱流体の流通方向と、が逆方向であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項7に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記CO2捕捉材よりも高温の熱媒を伝熱機器に流通させ、前記伝熱機器からの伝熱により前記CO2捕捉材を加熱するための機器を含むことを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項11のCO2除去装置において、
前記高温の熱媒は、水蒸気を含むガスであることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項7のCO2除去装置において、
前記加熱手段は、電力により加熱する機器であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~13の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
さらに、前記反応容器を減圧するための減圧機器を有することを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~14の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
さらに、前記反応容器を加圧するための加圧機器を有することを特徴とするCO2除去装置。 - 請求項1~15の何れか一項に記載のCO2除去装置において、
前記ガスは、大気圧よりも高圧であることを特徴とするCO2除去装置。
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WO2024086916A1 (en) * | 2022-10-24 | 2024-05-02 | Niall Davidson | Carbon capture in an air-cooled data center or crypto-mine |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN106170330B (zh) | 2019-01-22 |
CA2941022A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
EP3167951A4 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
CA2941022C (en) | 2019-04-23 |
US10035099B2 (en) | 2018-07-31 |
CN106170330A (zh) | 2016-11-30 |
EP3167951A1 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
JP6413408B2 (ja) | 2018-10-31 |
JP2016016369A (ja) | 2016-02-01 |
US20170014750A1 (en) | 2017-01-19 |
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