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US20110300497A1 - Oven for the thermal conditioning of preforms and control method of an air cooling device fitted to such an oven - Google Patents

Oven for the thermal conditioning of preforms and control method of an air cooling device fitted to such an oven Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110300497A1
US20110300497A1 US13/150,736 US201113150736A US2011300497A1 US 20110300497 A1 US20110300497 A1 US 20110300497A1 US 201113150736 A US201113150736 A US 201113150736A US 2011300497 A1 US2011300497 A1 US 2011300497A1
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Prior art keywords
preforms
oven
cooling
flow rate
along
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US13/150,736
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English (en)
Inventor
Mikael Derrien
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Sidel Participations SAS
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Sidel Participations SAS
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Publication of US20110300497A1 publication Critical patent/US20110300497A1/en
Priority to US14/976,942 priority Critical patent/US10493686B2/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/42—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C49/64—Heating or cooling preforms, parisons or blown articles
    • B29C49/68—Ovens specially adapted for heating preforms or parisons
    • B29C49/6845—Ovens specially adapted for heating preforms or parisons using ventilation, e.g. a fan
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
    • B29B13/00—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped
    • B29B13/02—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped by heating
    • B29B13/023—Half-products, e.g. films, plates
    • B29B13/024—Hollow bodies, e.g. tubes or profiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/16—Cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/42—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C49/64—Heating or cooling preforms, parisons or blown articles
    • B29C49/6409—Thermal conditioning of preforms
    • B29C49/6436—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential
    • B29C49/6445—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential through the preform length
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D15/00—Handling or treating discharged material; Supports or receiving chambers therefor
    • F27D15/02—Cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D15/00—Handling or treating discharged material; Supports or receiving chambers therefor
    • F27D15/02—Cooling
    • F27D15/0206—Cooling with means to convey the charge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C2035/0822—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using IR radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/16—Cooling
    • B29C2035/1658—Cooling using gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/42—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C49/64—Heating or cooling preforms, parisons or blown articles
    • B29C49/6409—Thermal conditioning of preforms
    • B29C49/6427—Cooling of preforms
    • B29C49/6435—Cooling of preforms from the outside
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/42—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C49/64—Heating or cooling preforms, parisons or blown articles
    • B29C49/6409—Thermal conditioning of preforms
    • B29C49/6436—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential
    • B29C49/6445—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential through the preform length
    • B29C49/645—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential through the preform length by cooling the neck
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2067/00—Use of polyesters or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • B29K2067/003—PET, i.e. poylethylene terephthalate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/25—Solid
    • B29K2105/253—Preform
    • B29K2105/258—Tubular

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an oven for the heat treatment of preforms and to a method for operating an air-cooling device fitted to such an oven.
  • the present invention relates more specifically to an oven for the heat treatment of thermoplastic preforms each respectively comprising a first part in its definitive shape and a second part intended to be heated by heating means arranged along at least part of a determined heating path followed by the preforms travelling through the oven, the said oven comprising a cooling system capable of cooling the first parts and the second parts of the preforms.
  • the invention relates to the field of the manufacture of containers which are obtained by the conversion of preforms, particularly by blow-moulding or by stretch-blow-moulding, the preforms notably being obtained by the injection-moulding of thermoplastic, for example of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the preforms undergo a preliminary heat treatment in an oven to raise them to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the material of which they are made.
  • the manufacture of containers such as bottles, vials or any other type of hollow body is generally performed in installations comprising such a preform heat treatment oven associated with at least one machine for the conversion of preforms into containers which machine is located downstream, for example a “blower”.
  • thermoplastic preform or parison respectively comprises a first part in its definitive shape, which consists of the neck and the flange, and a second part which is the only part intended to be heat treated in the oven and which consists of the body and the bottom.
  • the heat treatment of the second parts formed of the body and of the bottom of the preforms is an operation that is particularly tricky because of the importance that the temperature of the material has in relation to the subsequent conversion operations, for example conversion by blowing a gas (air) under pressure or stretch-blow-moulding, or alternatively conversion which is effected at least in part by filling with a pressurized liquid.
  • the mean temperature of the second part of the preforms needs to be higher than the glass transition temperature of the material (around 80° C. for PET) so as to allow biorientation of the material during the conversion, but at the same time needs to be lower than the crystallization temperature (around 140° C. for PET) above which there is a risk that the material will crystallize, making the preform unsuited to any further conversion.
  • too low a preform temperature may cause a whitish pearlesence (pearlized appearance) of the end container as a result of an overstretching of the preform which at molecular level leads to breaks in the long polymerized chains.
  • the temperature distribution within the preform itself has an impact on the quality of the end container, and in particular on the transparency and distribution of material in the body and bottom of the container.
  • the temperature distribution through the body and bottom of the preform is multi-faceted, including the distribution around the circumference of the preform (that is to say the angular distribution about the main axis of the preform), the axial distribution (that is to say that parallel to the said axis) and also the distribution through the wall thickness of the body and of the bottom of the preform.
  • the preforms are generally rotated on themselves about their main axis at the same time as they travel past the heating means arranged on all or part of the heating path.
  • the preforms are rotated using gripper means that hold the preforms in position, neck up or neck down, along the entire heating path, the gripper means being connected for the purposes of movement to the transport device that performs said looped heating path.
  • the axial distribution of the temperature i.e. the heating profile parallel to the axis of the perform, and to do so by controlling, for example, the power radiated by the lamps (infrared radiation lamps) or diodes used as heating means in such an oven, by using focusing means (FR-A-2.732.924) or alternatively by selectively setting the position of each lamp so as to vary the distance between each of the lamps and the corresponding portion of the second part of the preforms (FR-A-2.872.734).
  • the temperature distribution through the thickness of the wall of the body and of the bottom of the preform is, on the other hand, far more difficult to master even though it is this distribution that is of key importance in mastering the subsequent operation of converting the preform into a container.
  • the ideal outcome of the preform heat treatment is a temperature gradient through the wall which is such that the temperature of the internal surface of the wall is greater than, or failing that at least equal to, the temperature of the external surface of the wall.
  • the reason for this is notably that, when the preform is being converted into a container, the radial development of the inside diameter of the preform is then greater than the radial development of the outside diameter and it is therefore preferable for the wall to have such a temperature gradient which favours the wall surface that is effecting the greatest radial development.
  • the cooling system on the one hand cools the second parts of the preforms and on the other hand cools the first parts of the preforms and the constituent mechanical components of the oven to prevent them from deteriorating.
  • Such a system for the air-cooling of preforms contributes, in combination with the heating parameters, towards obtaining the desired gradient in the wall of the preform by encouraging the transmission of heat by convection through the thickness of the material of the body and of the bottom and by limiting the surface heating induced by the absorption of the emitted radiation.
  • the optimization of the heat treatment method in order to obtain the desired temperature distribution in the second parts of the preforms in the oven is very particularly dependent on the setting of these parameters.
  • the improvements made relate mainly to the quality of the air used in the oven for cooling purposes, its cleanliness (dust, bacteria, etc.), its temperature or its level of humidity.
  • the setpoint for the ventilation means of the cooling system is therefore set in order to obtain a cooling air flow rate capable of avoiding any crystallization and also of safeguarding the mechanical components of the oven.
  • the ventilation is not a parameter that a person skilled in the art considers when determining the settings for the preform heat treatment oven.
  • the power of the ventilation means of the cooling system is set initially to deliver a given flow rate of cooling air capable of avoiding crystallization of the preform and of safeguarding the mechanical components of the oven.
  • the cooling air flow rate is always constant along the entire heating path followed by the preforms.
  • the cooling air is therefore delivered to the second parts of the preforms always at the same flow rate, irrespective of the position of the preform on the entirety of the heating path, where it enters to where it exits the oven, the preforms receiving the same amount of cooling air throughout the heating path.
  • the invention proposes an oven for the heat treatment of preforms, of the type described hereinabove, characterized in that the cooling system comprises at least one cooling device capable of air-cooling at least the second part of the preforms, the said cooling device comprising at least ventilation means capable of delivering a given flow rate of cooling air and means for selectively varying, along the heating path of the preforms, at least the cooling air flow rate delivered by the said ventilation means for cooling the said second parts of the preforms.
  • the invention therefore proposes that the cooling air flow rate be varied along the heating path, preferably only the cooling air for the second parts of the preforms, the air flow rate being determined as a function of the position occupied by the preform along the said path.
  • the cooling air is delivered to the second part of a preform travelling along a given portion of the heating path at a given air flow rate that is at least different from the flow rate at which the cooling air is delivered to the said second part of this same preform travelling along another portion of the said path.
  • the principle underlying the invention which involves varying at least the cooling air flow rate delivered to the second parts of the preforms that are to be heat treated, is counter to the preconceptions of a person skilled in the art.
  • the air ventilation cooling system also has the function of safeguarding the mechanical components rather than only having the function of preventing crystallization.
  • the cooling system performs the dual function of cooling, on the one hand, the body (and bottom) and, on the other hand, the neck and the mechanical components such as the gripper means.
  • the whole of the ventilation means of the cooling system was initially set at a determined power setpoint so as to deliver a preform cooling air flow rate that was constant over the entirety of the heating path.
  • the ventilation means deliver a cooling air flow rate to the preforms which is the same at every point on the heating path so that each second part of a preform receives cooling air perfectly uniformly along the entire heating path.
  • the cooling air flow rate delivered to the second parts of the preforms advantageously varies along the heating path in order to optimize the heat treatment and, more particularly, in order to obtain a gradient in the wall which gradient is such that the internal temperature is higher than the external temperature, within the shortest possible heat treatment time.
  • the efficiency of the heat treatment oven is improved, for example because the preforms, which generally enter the oven cold, are no longer cooled or are cooled with a low cooling air flow rate over the first portion of the heating path that immediately succeeds the entry to the oven.
  • the invention therefore makes it possible, aside from increasing the efficiency of the ovens, also to reduce the energy consumption of the ovens, especially the consumption of electricity used by the heating means.
  • the energy consumption of the ventilation means is also reduced once the air flow rate has been optimized for each portion of the heating path, whether or not the heating means therein are active, as in the stabilization portions for example.
  • the cooling system comprises at least a first cooling device intended to cool the first part of the preforms that are at their definitive shape and a second cooling device, independent of the first cooling device, and intended to air-cool the second part of the preforms.
  • the cooling functions can be completely separated as compared with the solutions known from the prior art, by cooling the second parts of the preforms independently of the first parts of the preforms and of the gripper means associated with the transport device.
  • the cooling air flow rate needed to establish the desired gradient can be constantly optimized throughout the heating path, while at the same time avoiding the risks of crystallization of the second parts of the preforms.
  • the invention also proposes a method for operating a cooling device which, being fitted to a heat treatment oven, is intended to air-cool at least the second parts of the preforms travelling through the oven along a heating path, characterized in that the operating method comprises at least one step consisting in operating the means in order selectively to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered at least to the said second parts of the preforms along the heating path.
  • the method comprises a step consisting in measuring the internal temperature and/or the external temperature of the wall of the second part of the preform so as to produce at least one signal representative of the internal and/or external temperature of the wall or of the gradient corresponding to the difference between the said internal and external temperatures.
  • the method comprises at least one setting step consisting in controlling the said means in real time in order, as a function of at least one data item such as at least one signal representative of temperature, to set the air flow rate for cooling at least the second parts of the preforms which flow rate is delivered variably along the heating path.
  • the heat treatment of the preforms in the oven is optimized.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view schematically depicting one embodiment of an oven for the heat treatment of preforms
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section schematically depicting a module of the oven according to FIG. 1 and illustrating a first embodiment of means capable selectively along part of the heating path of varying the flow rate of the cooling air which is at least delivered to the said second parts of the preforms;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross section, similar to FIG. 2 , schematically depicting a module of the oven according to FIG. 1 and illustrating a second embodiment of the means capable selectively along part of the heating path of varying the flow rate of the cooling air which is at least delivered to the said second parts of the preforms.
  • upstream and downstream will be used with reference to the direction in which the preforms circulate along the heating path or, alternatively, with reference to the direction in which the cooling air circulates through the oven.
  • FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of an oven 10 for the heat treatment of thermoplastic preforms 12 .
  • the oven 10 is an oven of linear type having a preform 12 heating path that describes the shape of a “U” from an entry E of the oven to an exit S thereof.
  • the oven 10 is a circular oven, that is to say an oven that has a heating path in the shape of a roughly circular “C”.
  • the oven 10 is an oven of modular design. What is meant by a modular oven 10 is an oven that comprises at least a determined number [n] of modules, one module for example being defined with respect to the heating means, which heating means are generally in the form of a subassembly or unit comprising for example infrared radiation lamps which are superposed radially one above the other.
  • an oven 10 comprises more or fewer heating modules according to the heating time needed for the application, and this is what determines the length of the oven 10 or, more generally, its size.
  • the heat treatment time can vary from one preform 12 to another, notably according to its wall thickness, its material, etc.
  • thermoplastic preforms 12 for example preforms made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are intended to be converted into containers after they have been heat treated in the oven 10 .
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • preform non-limitingly denotes either a parison or an intermediate container, and likewise the term “blow-moulding” also, for the purposes of simplification, covers a stretch-blow-moulding operation.
  • FIG. 1 One example of a preform 12 of vertical axis ⁇ and which here is in the overall shape of a test tube has been depicted in detail in FIG. 1 using an enlargement.
  • a first part that is in its definitive shape, and that consists of a neck 14 and a flange 16
  • a second part which consists of a body 18 and a bottom 20 .
  • the first part 14 , 16 in its definitive shape does not need to be heated, only the second part 18 , 20 being intended to be heat treated in the oven 10 .
  • the tubular body 18 of the preform 12 is closed at an upper end by the hemispherical bottom 20 and at its lower end comprises a neck 14 which is already in the definitive shape of the neck of the container, the annular flange 16 which extends radially outwards roughly delineating the said first and second parts.
  • the heat treatment performed in the oven 10 is intended at preparing the preform 12 for conversion, by blow-moulding and/or by filling with a fluid, so as to shape each preform 12 into a container.
  • each preform 12 is transported by a transport device 22 along a heating path in the direction of the arrows depicted in FIG. 1 , i.e. from upstream to downstream from the entry E to the oven where the preform generally enters “cold” (at ambient temperature) to the exit S of the oven where each preform 12 , the second part of which has been heated, is then ready to be converted into a container.
  • the heating path comprises in succession, a first heating zone, known as the entry zone, formed by the straight outbound portion of the path starting at the entry E, a zone known as the first stabilization zone, formed by the curved portion, a second heating zone, known as the distribution zone, formed by the straight return portion of the path ending at the exit S, and a second stabilization zone consisting of the path followed by the preforms between the exit S and the conversion unit such as a blowing machine.
  • the first, entry, heating zone is intended to preheat the second part 18 , 20 of the preform 12 , for example up to a temperature of the order of 50° C. to 80° C.
  • the second, distribution, heating zone is intended to effect the final heating, for example to a temperature of the order of 90° C. to 110° C.
  • the temperatures are given by way of non-limiting indication and are notably dependent on the material of which the preform 12 is made, which in this instance is PET.
  • the first stabilization zone interposed between the first and second heating zones is intended, by means of the resulting time delay, to allow the heat to become evenly distributed throughout the second part 18 , 20 of the preform 12 .
  • the transport device 22 comprises gripper means 24 capable individually of collaborating with the neck 14 of each preform 12 in order to hold the preform 12 in a determined position, in this instance vertically neck down (or, as an alternative, neck up).
  • the gripper means 24 of the chuck type are connected in terms of movement to the transport device 22 and are advantageously able to rotate the preforms 12 on themselves about their main axis ⁇ .
  • the transport device 22 for example consists of a link chain or a belt which is driven in a closed loop between two wheels 26 , at least one of which is turned by motorized means (not depicted).
  • the drive by the transport device 22 thus determines the speed V of travel through the oven of the preforms 12 supported by the gripper means 24 , and also, incidentally, determines the total duration of the heat treatment or, more particularly, the duration of the time delay corresponding to the length of time taken by a preform 12 to pass through the first stabilization zone.
  • protection means 28 such as manifolds, which extend longitudinally over at least part of the heating path, particularly over the first and second heating zones.
  • the oven 10 comprises heating means 30 which are preferably associated with reflectors 32 .
  • the first and second heating zones respectively form a heating tunnel which is formed longitudinally on one side by a heating wall comprising the heating means 30 and on the other side by a reflective wall formed of the reflectors 32 which are arranged transversely facing the said heating means 30 .
  • the heating means 30 and the reflectors 32 are arranged along at least part of a heating path, here, along the first and second heating zones, the first stabilization zone having no heating means 30 .
  • the heating means 30 are formed for example of diodes or infrared radiation lamps referenced IR 1 , IR 2 , IR 3 , . . . IRn in FIGS. 2 and 3 , which are usually used in this field of application for heating the preforms 12 .
  • the reflectors 32 are perforated with openings 34 to allow the passage of the cooling air that cools the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 , which air is delivered by a cooling system 36 .
  • the cooling system 36 comprises at least one cooling device capable of air-cooling at least the second part 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • the cooling system 36 is, however, capable respectively of cooling the first parts and the second parts of the preforms 12 .
  • the necks 14 of the preforms 12 are outside the tunnel comprising the heating means 30 and, although they are protected from radiation and heat by the means 28 , the necks 14 do need to be kept below a certain temperature, by cooling.
  • the cooling of the first part 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 is also performed by the air cooling system 36 with which the oven 10 is equipped, alone or in combination with additional cooling means.
  • the cooling system 36 comprises cooling means 38 , for example the circulation of a heat transfer fluid (water) through pipes incorporated into the protective manifolds that make up the means 28 .
  • a heat transfer fluid water
  • the first parts 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 are preferably cooled by at least one cooling device of the cooling system 36 and by such heat transfer fluid cooling means 38 .
  • the cooling system 36 comprises at least a first cooling device 40 intended to cool the first part 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 which are in their definitive shape, and a second cooling device 42 intended to air-cool the second part 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • the second cooling device 42 of the cooling system 36 is advantageously independent of the first cooling device 40 so that the cooling of each of the first and second parts of the preforms 12 can be disconnected.
  • the cooling system 36 comprises a single air-cooling device intended to cool the first and second parts of the preforms 12 respectively.
  • the cooling system 36 comprises, for cooling the first parts 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 , a first cooling device 40 (independent of a second device 42 ) and cooling means 38 .
  • the first air-cooling device 40 comprises ventilation means 44 which are arranged in a duct 46 , known as the first duct, and which are rotationally driven by a motor 48 .
  • the ventilation means 44 are arranged at the entrance to the first duct 46 and are able to draw in a stream A of ambient air through filtration means 50 .
  • the first duct 46 carries the cooling air stream A as far as the first parts 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 circulating through the oven 10 and the gripper means 24 .
  • the second cooling device 42 which is independent of the first cooling device 40 , comprises ventilation means 52 which are arranged in a second duct 54 and rotationally driven by a motor 56 .
  • the second ventilation means 52 are arranged at the entrance to the second duct 54 and are able to draw in an ambient air stream B through filtration means 50 .
  • the second duct 54 carries the cooling air stream B as far as the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 circulating through the oven 10 , in order to cool them.
  • the ventilation means 44 , 52 are arranged upstream of the preforms 12 so that the cooling air is respectively blown onto the first and second parts of the preforms 12 .
  • the ventilation means 44 and/or 52 are arranged downstream of the preforms 12 so as to cause cooling air to circulate through the tunnel by depression.
  • the cooling system 36 comprises at least one cooling device 42 capable of air-cooling at least the second part 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 , the said cooling device 42 comprising at least ventilation means 52 capable of delivering a given cooling air flow rate and means 58 , 64 for selectively, along the heating path of the preforms 12 , varying at least the cooling air flow rate delivered by the said ventilation means 52 for cooling the said second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • the flow rate at which the cooling air is delivered to the second part 18 , 20 of a preform 12 travelling along a given portion of the heating path is at least different from the flow rate with which the cooling air is delivered to the second part 18 , 20 of this preform 12 travelling along another portion of the said path.
  • the flow rate of cooling air delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 via the second cooling device 42 of the system 36 is not constant along the entire length of the heating path followed through the oven 10 from the entry E to the exit S.
  • the second cooling device 42 comprises ventilation means 52 which are distributed along the entire length of the heating path and which are capable of being operated individually so as selectively to vary the cooling air flow rate as a function of the position occupied by the preform along the heating path.
  • the oven 10 is of modular design and comprises at least a number [n] of modules M comprising at least the said heating means 30 arranged along all or part of the heating path, and the associated reflectors 32 .
  • the oven 10 thus comprises modules M 1 , M 2 , M 3 . . . Mi to form the first and second heating zones in the heating path.
  • a unit of a first type is defined as comprising at least two modules M arranged in series one after the other in the direction of the heating path followed by the preforms 12 through the oven 10 so that the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 are heated consecutively by the heating means 30 of each module M of the unit of the first, “series”, type.
  • the means for selectively varying the cooling air flow rate over the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 are common to at least two heating modules M forming a unit of the first type (a series unit).
  • a unit of a second type (a parallel unit) comprising at least two modules M arranged in parallel and through which the preforms 12 pass in opposite directions is defined for the modular oven 10 .
  • a first embodiment of the means for selectively varying the cooling air flow rate on at least the second part of the preforms along the heating path will now be described with reference to FIG. 2 .
  • the means for selectively varying the cooling air flow rate consist of at least one speed variator 58 which is associated with at least one of the ventilation means 52 of the second cooling device 42 .
  • the variation in cooling air flow rate along the heating path is obtained by selectively operating the said speed variator 58 associated with the said ventilation means 52 , independently of the other ventilation means 52 .
  • each of the ventilation means 52 is associated with a variator 58 so that it can be operated independently of the other ventilation means 52 for ventilating the heating path.
  • a ventilation means 52 /variator 58 assembly is advantageously fitted to each of the modules M of the oven 10 .
  • the speed variator 58 acts on the drive motor 56 that drives the ventilation means 52 with which it is associated so that the said ventilation means 52 delivers cooling air at a flow rate which differs from the air flow rate delivered by the other ventilation means 52 .
  • the maximum cooling air flow rate which corresponds to 100% is determined by the maximum power of the drive motor 56 driving the ventilation means 52 , it is possible, by using the speed variator 58 , selectively to operate the ventilation means 52 associated with it in order to achieve delivery of a cooling air flow rate ranging between 0 and 100%, for example an air flow rate equal to 30%, 50% or 80%, over a given portion of the heating path.
  • the heating path through the oven 10 has been broken down into a succession of portions in order to illustrate the implementation of the invention according to the first embodiment.
  • the heating path for example comprises a first portion T 1 comprising the modules M 1 and M 2 , then a second portion T 2 comprising the modules M 3 to M 6 .
  • the first and second portions T 1 and T 2 correspond to the said first, entry, heating zone in which the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 are heated.
  • the heating path then continues in the form of a third portion T 3 which here corresponds to the first stabilization zone and has no heating means 30 .
  • cooling air may or may not be applied to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 in this first stabilization zone.
  • the oven 10 here has no such ventilation means 52 in the first stabilization zone.
  • the heating path in this example comprises another, fourth, portion T 4 and a fifth portion T 5 which together correspond to the second, distribution, heating zone.
  • the fourth portion T 4 contains the modules M 7 to M 10 while the fifth portion T 5 comprises the last modules M 11 and M 12 before the exit S from the oven 10 .
  • each module M of the oven 10 is individually equipped, in addition to the heating means 30 , with ventilation means 52 driven by a motor 56 capable of being operated by a speed variator 58 in order, via a duct 54 , to deliver cooling air to a portion of the heating path.
  • the variator 58 associated with the motor 56 of the ventilation means 52 of the first module M 1 is set to a setpoint corresponding to a power of between 0 and 30% of the maximum power, for example 10%, so that the associated duct 54 delivers a near-zero or low cooling air flow rate.
  • the same setpoint between 0 and 30% is applied for setting the variator 58 associated with the motor 56 of the ventilation means 52 of the second module M 2 .
  • the cooling air flow rate is then identical over the first portion T 1 comprising the said modules M 1 and M 2 .
  • the variator 58 associated with the motor 56 of the ventilation means of each of the modules M 3 to M 6 that the second portion T 2 comprises is set to a different setpoint, for example a higher one, corresponding to a power of between 30 and 60% of maximum power, such as 40% of maximum power.
  • the variator 58 associated with the motor 56 of each of the ventilation means 52 of the next modules M 7 to M 10 that the fourth portion T 4 comprises is also set to a setpoint different from those of the first, entry, heating zone (T 1 +T 2 ), for example a setpoint corresponding to a power of between 50% and 80% of maximum power, such as 70%.
  • the variator 58 associated with the motor 56 of each of the ventilation means 52 of the modules M 11 and M 12 that the fifth portion T 5 comprises is set with a setpoint corresponding to a power of 80% or 100% of maximum power.
  • the cooling air flow rate will, by comparison with the maximum flow rate that determines the 100% reference obtained with maximum power of the motor 56 that drives each of the ventilation means 52 , vary successively along the length of the heating path such that it is equal to:
  • the cooling air flow rate delivered in the first modules, here M 1 and M 2 in the abovementioned example is near-zero or low once the preforms 12 have entered the entry E of the oven 10 “cold”, generally at an ambient temperature of the order of 20° C.
  • cooling air was blown by the cooling system 36 with a flow rate that is constant from the entry to the exit.
  • the heating power of the heating means 30 is advantageously reduced without the heat treatment being ultimately affected.
  • the electrical energy consumption in these modules such as M 1 and M 2 is thus reduced, and in so doing, the efficiency of the oven 10 is improved.
  • the set of means such as the ventilation means 52 , the motors 56 and the variators 58 can therefore be omitted from the first modules such as M 1 and M 2 in the heating path, to the notable benefit of a reduction in cost, particularly of hardware and upkeep thereof.
  • the reflectors 32 are then advantageously replaced.
  • a “blowing” reflector 32 that is generally one which is perforated with numerous openings 34 to allow the passage of the cooling air.
  • reflectors which notably have a solid surface which are able to increase the reflection of radiation and, through their greater effectiveness, increase the overall efficiency of the oven 10 .
  • the materials used for such reflectors are determined in order to optimize the reflection, notably of the infrared radiation, of the heating means 30 , and to do so while also setting aside any compromise in also performing the ventilation function.
  • these reflectors are made of materials such as fibrosil or alternatively of ceramic, rather than of aluminium which is the material used for the conventional reflectors 32 of the “blowing” type.
  • reflectors 32 made for example of aluminium are likely not to be able thermally to withstand the high temperatures encountered in such an oven 10 .
  • reflectors made of the abovementioned materials have excellent thermal withstand, even with little or no cooling.
  • the means 52 , 56 , 58 are shared between a series unit and a parallel unit, i.e. between a group of at least four modules M which are adjacent to one another in pairs.
  • the means 52 , 56 , 58 of the second cooling device 42 are advantageously common to or shared by two or more modules in the following portions T 2 to T 5 .
  • the means 44 , 48 are advantageously common to series and/or parallel units once the cooling air flow rate delivered for cooling the first parts 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 is constant along the entire length of the heating path.
  • the cooling air flow rate delivered by the first cooling device 40 for cooling the first parts 14 , 16 of the preforms 12 also varies along the heating path, notably but not exclusively if the oven 10 cooling system 36 comprises just one single device for air-cooling the entire preform 12 , the said first device 40 then consisting of the second device 42 and vice versa.
  • the number of portions T 1 to T 5 can vary for each application, just as it will be recalled that the number of modules M in an oven 10 can also vary according to the application.
  • cooling air flow rates vary increasingly as the preforms 12 progress along the heating path, although it is recalled that that is merely one non-limiting example given for explanatory purposes.
  • the fact that in at least one given module M or that in one determined portion of the heating path air-cooling of at least the said second parts of the preforms 12 is performed does not necessarily lead to a consequence that the heating means 30 are active therein given that the stabilization portions can advantageously be arranged all along the heating path, to alternate with the heating portions, and therefore not only in the third portion T 3 corresponding to the bend in the oven 10 depicted in FIG. 1 .
  • each speed variator 58 is operated via at least one operating unit 60 to act on a drive motor 56 that drives the said associated ventilation means 52 so as to obtain the selective variation in air flow rate for cooling the second parts of the preforms 12 along the heating path.
  • the various setpoint values corresponding to the desired cooling air flow rates along the heating path are input into the operating unit 60 .
  • the operating unit 60 is also capable of operating the ventilation means 44 of the first cooling device 40 , which means are driven by the motor 48 .
  • the first cooling device 40 comprises a variator (not depicted) which is associated with the drive motor 48 that drives the ventilation means 44 , the said variator therefore being operated by the operating unit 60 or, as an alternative, by a separate operating unit.
  • the method for operating the cooling device 42 with which the heat treatment oven 10 is fitted is intended to allow the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 circulating through the oven 10 along the heating path to be air-cooled selectively.
  • the operating method comprises at least one step consisting in selectively operating the means 58 associated with the ventilation means 52 of the said device in order to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered to the said second parts of the preforms 12 along at least part of the heating path.
  • the method for operating the cooling device is further improved and is not restricted to operating the cooling device 42 as a function only of the setpoints initially entered into the operating unit 60 for varying the flow rate along the heating path.
  • the oven 10 comprises temperature measurement means 62 capable of measuring the internal temperature and/or the external temperature of the wall of the second part 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 at least at a determined position along the heating path and of supplying at least one signal representative of one of the said measured temperatures or of the gradient corresponding to the difference between the said internal and external wall temperatures.
  • the operating method is therefore capable of closed-loop feedback control over the cooling air flow rate, using notably the internal and/or external temperature of the wall of the second part of the preforms 12 .
  • the signals corresponding to the internal and external temperatures are transmitted to the said at least one operating unit 60 which then determines the gradient (or delta) corresponding to the difference between the said internal and/or external temperatures of the wall.
  • the temperature measurement means 62 consist for example of at least one pyrometer, or as an alternative, a thermal camera, which are used in particular for measuring the external temperature of the wall.
  • the temperature measurement means 62 used further comprise, especially for measuring the internal temperature, means of the type of those (probes) described in document WO-A1-2010/031923 to which reference can be made for fuller details.
  • the operating unit 60 is capable of controlling the said means consisting of the speed variators 58 in order selectively to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered to the second parts of the preforms along the heating path and do so as a function at least of the said signal representative of the internal and/or external temperature, so as to set the heat treatment of the preforms 12 along the heating path through real-time control over the said means and subsequently the ventilation means 52 .
  • a second embodiment of the means for selectively varying the cooling air flow rate over at least the second part of the preforms 12 along the heating path will now be described with reference to FIG. 3 .
  • the means according to the invention for varying the cooling air flow rate consist at least of the shut-off means 64 which can be operated in terms of their position in order selectively, as a function of the portion of the heating path, to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • the variation in cooling air flow rate is obtained by acting, via the variator 58 coupled to the motor 56 , directly on the ventilation means 52 which first create the cooling air stream.
  • each ventilation means 52 causes a given cooling air flow rate to circulate along the associated duct 54 of the second cooling device 42 , which flow rate the said shut-off means 64 can selectively vary.
  • shut-off means 64 are selectively operated in terms of their position in order to control the cooling air flow rate intended to be delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • shut-off means 64 are arranged at least in the duct 54 of the second cooling device 42 intended to carry the cooling air as far as the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 .
  • shut-off means 64 are produced in the form of at least one flap.
  • shut-off means 64 are arranged upstream of the reflectors 32 facing the heating means 30 and are mounted such that they can move in terms of position in order selectively to open or close all or some of the cooling air passage openings 34 through which the cooling air is delivered to the second parts of the preforms 12 .
  • the shut-off means 64 for example consist of at least one flap arranged in the duct 54 associated with at least one module M of the oven 10 , preferably as close as possible to the reflectors 32 .
  • the flap 64 is mounted such that it can rotate between at least two extreme positions, a first position P 1 in which the flap does not shut off the cross section of the duct 54 and a second position P 2 in which the flap completely shuts off the duct 54 , the said positions P 1 and P 2 being represented in dotted line in FIG. 3 .
  • the first position P 1 corresponds to the position in which all, that is to say 100%, of the cooling air flow rate generated by the ventilation means 52 is delivered
  • the second position P 2 corresponds to the position of the flap 64 that prevents any air from circulating along the duct 54 downstream of the flap 64 so that the cooling air flow rate delivered at least to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 is equal to zero, namely 0%.
  • the flap 64 is made to rotate between its positions P 1 and P 2 by an actuator 66 in order to position the flap 64 in a determined intermediate position somewhere between the said positions P 1 and P 2 and corresponding to the desired cooling air flow rate of between 100% and 0%.
  • the flap 64 is mounted so that it can pivot about hinge means 68 .
  • each flap 64 for example associated with one of the modules M, the variation of cooling air flow rate along the associated portion of the heating path can be determined.
  • the flap 64 is slideably mounted so that it slides between at least extreme positions P 1 and P 2 respectively corresponding to a cooling air flow rate of 100% and of 0%, and for preference the flap 64 is mounted with the ability to affect a translational movement in a longitudinal direction parallel to the heating zones of the heating path.
  • the sliding flap 64 is, for example, positioned transversely to the rear of the reflector 32 and is shaped to shut off one or more openings 34 formed in the said reflector 32 so as to allow the cooling air that is to be delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 to pass at a determined flow rate dependent on the relative position of the flap 64 .
  • each module M of the oven 10 comprises at least one duct 54 for delivering cooling air and the said at least one duct 54 (or as alternative, the reflector 32 ) comprises a shut-off means 64 capable of varying the air flow rate according to its position.
  • the shut-off means 64 are independent of the ventilation means 52 that create the cooling air flow rate, which means that the ventilation means 52 and/or the motors 56 can be shared, in series and/or in parallel, between at least two modules M, and so that this can be done while at the same time retaining the option of individually setting the flow rate for each of the modules M using just the one flap 64 .
  • the cooling air flow rate ultimately delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 is then determined merely by the position of the shut-off means 64 .
  • the variation in cooling air flow rate along the heating path is thus obtained by selectively setting the various positions of the shut-off means 64 as a whole, each advantageously being associated with one module M of the oven 10 .
  • the flap is just one non-limiting example of the type of shut-off means 64 that can be employed for varying the flow rate along the heating path and as an alternative use could even be made of a valve gate or some other similar means.
  • the shut-off means 64 of the second cooling device 42 are thus capable of being set initially each to a determined position by virtue of the actuator 66 so as thereafter in operation to achieve the desired variation in air flow rate along the heating path.
  • an operating unit 70 of the second device 42 is capable of controlling the said means 64 in order selectively to vary the cooling air flow rate on the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 according at least to a signal representative of the temperature, so as to set the heat treatment of the preforms 12 along the heating path through real-time control of the position of the said means 64 .
  • the said at least one signal is representative of the internal and/or external wall temperature, advantageously of the temperature gradient between the external and internal surfaces of the wall of the body 18 and of the bottom 20 that form the second part.
  • the invention further relates to a method for operating a cooling device 42 which, being fitted to a heat treatment oven 10 , is intended to air-cool at least the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 travelling through the oven 10 along a heating path.
  • the operating method comprises at least one step that involves operating means 58 , 64 in order selectively to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered at least to the said second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 along the heating path.
  • the operating step therefore consists in individually setting each variator 58 in order to determine the cooling air flow rate that will be produced by the associated ventilation means 52 , driven by a motor 56 , so as advantageously to vary the said air flow rate along the heating path in a sequence determined by the setting of each variator 58 .
  • the cooling air flow rate that will be delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms when the said preforms 12 are travelling along the corresponding portion of the heating path is determined.
  • the operating step consists in individually operating each shut-off means 64 , such as a flap or a valve gate, to set the cooling air flow rate desired for the corresponding portion of the heating path and thus, by selectively setting each means 64 , varying the said cooling air flow rate along the heating path in a sequence determined by the setting of each actuator 66 of the shut-off means 64 .
  • each shut-off means 64 such as a flap or a valve gate
  • the operating method comprises at least one setting step consisting in real-time control of the said means 58 , 60 , 66 , 70 in order, as a function of at least one data item, to set the air flow rate for cooling at least the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 , which varies along the heating path.
  • the said at least one data item used for operation consists of at least one signal representative of the internal and/or external temperature of the wall or of the gradient corresponding to the difference between the said internal and external temperatures.
  • the method comprises a measurement step consisting in measuring the internal and/or external temperature of the wall of each preform 12 .
  • a measurement is taken at multiple points, notably in the vertical direction along the height of the body 18 as far as the bottom 20 of the preform 12 , and this is done using temperature measurement means of the type described hereinabove, such as a pyrometer, a thermal camera or probes.
  • the steps in the operating method are integrated into the more general method for heat treating the preforms 12 in such an oven 10 .
  • a step of setting the heating means 30 in order selectively to vary the heating power over at least part of the heating path is also implemented.
  • the step of setting the heating means 30 consists in determining the heating power delivered to the second parts 18 , 20 of the preforms 12 over a given portion of the heating path through the oven 10 , particularly the variation in power is obtained by selectively setting the strength of the current passing through each heating means 30 and preferably for each module M.
  • the heating power can vary in the direction of the axis ⁇ of the preform 12 , in this instance vertically, in order to establish a determined heating profile, and the heating power also varies along the heating path, notably between the first and second heating zones.
  • the heating power delivered may further vary from one module M to another along the heating path, namely in the longitudinal direction, particularly in order to establish a stabilization zone or stabilization zones in which the heating means 30 are not active.
  • the ventilation means 52 are able selectively to deliver a determined cooling air flow rate in such a stabilization zone which forms one of the portions of the heating path.
  • the ventilation means 52 are inactive in such a stabilization zone in which the air then circulates only naturally by convection.
  • the setting of the heating power is determined in combination with the variations in cooling air flow rate along the path according to the invention in order to optimize the heat treatment method.
  • an exposure time for exposure to the radiation of the heating means 30 is determined by setting the power and the speeds of travel of the preforms 12 along the heating path and in rotation on themselves.
  • the method for the heat treatment of preforms 12 in the oven 10 comprises at least one step of operating the air-cooling device of the system according to the invention so as to vary the cooling air flow rate delivered along the heating path, which operating step is advantageously performed in combination with at least one of the following setting steps which consist in:
  • real-time setting, as a function of at least one signal representative of the temperature, of the setting of the parameters concerned with the power delivered by the heating means 30 is also carried out.

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DE102013015580A1 (de) * 2013-09-20 2015-03-26 Oerlikon Trading Ag, Trübbach Gasstromvorrichtung für Anlage zur Strahlungsbehandlung von Substraten
FR3017325B1 (fr) * 2014-02-13 2016-04-22 Sidel Participations Installation de conditionnement thermique de preformes avec refroidissement d'une portion de la preforme par une lame d'air pulse
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KR101804820B1 (ko) * 2015-12-23 2017-12-05 유도스타자동화 주식회사 프리폼 냉각 이송장치 및 상기 이송장치용 프리폼 캐리어
KR101912185B1 (ko) * 2017-05-23 2018-10-26 유도썬스(주) 프리폼 냉각 이송 장치
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JP7176729B2 (ja) * 2018-09-12 2022-11-22 料材開発株式会社 ペットボトル製造装置
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FR2960816A1 (fr) 2011-12-09
EP2392442B1 (fr) 2013-04-24
MX2011005293A (es) 2011-12-01
US10493686B2 (en) 2019-12-03
CN102267228A (zh) 2011-12-07
FR2960816B1 (fr) 2012-07-13
EP2392442B2 (fr) 2018-11-07
EP2392442A1 (fr) 2011-12-07

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