TW201326200A - 擬肽巨環化合物 - Google Patents
擬肽巨環化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201326200A TW201326200A TW101138562A TW101138562A TW201326200A TW 201326200 A TW201326200 A TW 201326200A TW 101138562 A TW101138562 A TW 101138562A TW 101138562 A TW101138562 A TW 101138562A TW 201326200 A TW201326200 A TW 201326200A
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- amino acid
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- macrocycle
- peptidomimetic macrocycle
- alkyl
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Abstract
本發明提供能夠調節生長激素含量之擬肽巨環化合物及使用該等巨環化合物治療疾病之方法。
Description
[交互參照]
本申請案主張優先於2011年10月18日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/548,690號之權利,其全文以引用方式併入本文中。
人類GHRH(生長激素-釋放激素)係44個胺基酸之肽,其全生物活性位於其前29個胺基酸(「GHRH 1-29」)中。GHRH結合GHRH受體並刺激脈衝式GH[生長激素]分泌,且此作用機制使得在具有完整垂體之患者中,GHRH代表可最小化與長期GH投與相關之副作用之GH療法之替代。因GHRH誘導之GH釋放量受產生負反饋效應之IGF-1含量限制,故GHRH療法與過度GH分泌相關之副作用之風險亦可低於GH療法。另外,利用GHRH治療可產生一組更寬之垂體分泌之GH蛋白質,且不僅為由重組人類GH提供之22-kDa形式,從而亦可具有有益影響。在臨床上,已證實GHRH在增加成人及兒童之GH含量方面安全且有效,且對GHRH之生長促進作用與劑量及投與頻率有關。然而,在靜脈內注射後,GHRH之半衰期係僅為10 min至12 min,從而顯著限制其用作治療劑。因此,臨床需要具有延長之活體內半衰期進而可提供更大治療益處及改良之(較小頻率)給藥方案的GHRH類似物。
本發明提供經設計相對於GHRH具有改良之醫藥性質之
GHRH衍生之擬肽巨環化合物。此等改良之性質包括增強之化學穩定性、延長之活體內半衰期、增加之效力及降低之免疫原性。此等擬肽巨環化合物可用於增加GH之循環量且作為以下疾病之治療劑:肌肉消耗性疾病、脂質營養不良、生長激素失調、胃肌輕癱/短腸症候群及其他GH增加將提供治療益處之病況。
下文闡述衍生自GHRH肽之穩定交聯肽。此等交聯肽含有至少兩個經修飾胺基酸,該等經修飾胺基酸一起形成分子內交聯,從而可有助於穩定一部分GHRH之α-螺旋二級結構,人們認為此對於在GHRH受體處之激動劑活性甚為重要。相對於野生型肽之胺基酸序列,並非為肽之生長激素釋放活性所必需之任一胺基酸皆可經任何其他胺基酸替代,而為肽之生長激素釋放活性所必需之胺基酸僅可經不會實質上減少該活性之胺基酸類似物替代。
因此,本文所述之交聯多肽相對於相應未交聯多肽可具有改良之生物活性。不欲受理論限制,認為GHRH擬肽巨環化合物活化GHRH受體,藉此刺激生長激素之產生及釋放,從而可增加淨肌肉質量(lean muscle mass)或減少脂肪組織(例如腹部脂肪組織)。舉例而言,可減少患有肥胖症(包括腹部肥胖症)之個體之脂肪組織。本文所述之GHRH擬肽巨環化合物可在治療上使用,舉例而言,用於治療肌肉消耗性疾病(包括厭食症、惡病質(例如癌症惡病質、慢性心臟衰竭惡病質、慢性阻塞性肺病惡病質、類風濕性關節炎惡病質)及肌少症)、治療脂質營養不良(包括HIV脂
質營養不良)、治療生長激素失調(包括成人及小兒生長激素缺乏)或治療胃肌輕癱或短腸症候群。小兒生長激素缺乏可能與(例如)以下有關或相關:特發性身材矮小、SGA(小於妊娠年齡之胎兒)、慢性腎病、普拉德-威利症候群(Prader-Willi syndrome)、特納症候群(Turner syndrome)、矮小同源盒(SHOX)基因缺陷或原發性IGF-1缺陷。
在一態樣中,本發明提供包含胺基酸序列之擬肽巨環化合物,該胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%與GHRH 1-44、GHRH1-29及/或選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列相同。另一選擇為,該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群。擬肽巨環化合物可包含1個、2個、3個、4個、5個或更多個形成巨環之連接體,其中每一形成巨環之連接體連接擬肽巨環化合物中之一個胺基酸與另一胺基酸。舉例而言,擬肽巨環化合物包含至少兩個形成巨環之連接體,其中該至少兩個形成巨環之連接體中之第一者連接第一胺基酸與第二胺基酸,且該至少兩個形成巨環之連接體中之第二者連接第三胺基酸與第四胺基酸。在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物精確地包含兩個形成巨環之連接體。在其他實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物精確地包含一個形成巨環之連接體。
形成巨環之連接體連接任兩個可交聯之胺基酸而不會損害擬肽巨環化合物之活性。在一些實施例中,形成巨環之
連接體連接以下其中成對胺基酸(參考任何與GHRH 1-29對準之序列進行編號):4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29;25及29。舉例而言,形成巨環之連接體連接以下成對胺基酸:4及8;5及12;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28。在一些實施例中,第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;或12及19;且第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29;或25及29。舉例而言,第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8;5及12;或12及19;且第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸15及22;18及25;21及25;或21及28。在一些實施例中,第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8且第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸21及25。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含與GHRH 1-44、GHRH 1-29及/或與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%相同的胺基酸序列,且進一步包含連接第一胺基酸與第二胺基酸之形成巨環之連接體,其中該第一胺基酸及該第二胺基酸選自以下成對胺基酸:4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29。舉例而言,形成巨環之連接體連接胺基酸12及19。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含選自由表1、2或
3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之序列,或擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含螺旋,例如α-螺旋或310螺旋。在其他實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。舉例而言,由形成巨環之連接體連接之至少一個胺基酸或每一胺基酸係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。
在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物包含連接至少兩個胺基酸之α-位之交聯劑。
在一些實施例中,該擬肽巨環化合物具有下式:
其中:每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸;
B係胺基酸、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]或[-NH-L3-];R1及R2獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代;R3係氫、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、雜烷基、環烷
基、雜環烷基、環烷基烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;L係式-L1-L2-之形成巨環之連接體;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由形成巨環之連接體L連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列,該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%與GHRH 1-44、GHRH 1-29及/或與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列相同;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;R7係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有D殘基之環狀結構之一部分;
R8係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;v及w獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至500、1至200、1至100、1至50、1至40、1至25、1至20、1至15或1至10;u、x、y及z獨立地為0至10之整數,例如u係1、2或3;且n係1至5之整數。例如,u係2。在一些實施例中,x+y+z之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
在一些實施例中,式(I)之擬肽巨環化合物具有下式:
其中每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸;
B係胺基酸、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]或[-NH-L3-];L'係式-L1'-L2'-之形成巨環之連接體;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由該等形成巨環之連接體L及L'連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列;R1'及R2'獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代;L1'及L2'獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷
基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一K獨立地為O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;R7'係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有D殘基之環狀結構之一部分;R8'係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;v'及w'獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至500、1至200、1至100、1至50、1至40、1至25、1至20、1至15或1至10;x'、y'及z'獨立地為0至10之整數;且n係1至5之整數。在一些實施例中,x'+y'+z'之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
在任一本文所述擬肽巨環化合物之一些實施例中,每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO或CO2。
在其他實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物可包含連接擬肽巨環化合物中之第一胺基酸之骨架胺基與第二胺基酸之骨架胺基的交聯劑。舉例而言,本發明提供式(II)或(IIa)之擬肽巨環化合物:
其中:每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸;
B係胺基酸、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]或[-NH-L3-];R1及R2獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;R3係氫、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、雜烷基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烷基烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由形成巨環之連接體-L1-L2-連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列,該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%與GHRH 1-44、GHRH 1-29及/或與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列相同;每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷
基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;R7係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;v及w獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至500、1至200、1至100、1至50、1至40、1至25、1至20、1至15或1至10;u、x、y及z獨立地為0至10之整數,例如u係1至3;且n係1至5之整數。
本文亦提供包含下式之胺基酸序列之擬肽巨環化合物:X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-X11-X12-X13-X14-X15-X16-X17-X18-X19-X20-X21-X22-X23-X24-X25-X26-X27-X28-X29其中:X1係Tyr或His;X2係Ala、D-Ala或Val;X3係Asp;X4係Ala或交聯胺基酸;
X5係Ile;X6係Phe;X7係Thr;X8係Gln、Asn或交聯胺基酸;X9係Ser或交聯胺基酸;X10係Tyr;X11係Arg、Ala或Gln;X12係Lys、Ala、Gln或交聯胺基酸;X13係Val或Ile;X14係Leu;X15係Gly、Ala或交聯胺基酸;X16係Gln或交聯胺基酸;X17係Leu;X18係Ser、Tyr或交聯胺基酸;X19係Ala或交聯胺基酸;X20係Arg或Gln;X21係Lys或交聯胺基酸;X22係Leu、Ala或交聯胺基酸;X23係Leu;X24係Gln或His;X25係Asp、Glu或交聯胺基酸;X26係Ile;X27係Met、Ile、Leu或Nle;X28係Ser或交聯胺基酸;
X29係Arg、Ala、Gln或交聯胺基酸;其中擬肽巨環化合物包含至少一個連接至少一個選自X1-X29之成對胺基酸之形成巨環之連接體;L係式-L1-L2-之形成巨環之連接體;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO或CO2;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;且每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑。
舉例而言,多肽包含至少一個或至少兩個連接以下其中一對胺基酸之形成巨環之連接體:X4及X8;X5及X12;X8及X12;X8及X15;X9及X16;X12及X16;X12及X19;X15及X22;X18及X25;X21及X25;X21及X28;X22及X29;X25及X29。舉例而言,每一形成巨環之連接體連接以下其中一對胺基酸:X4及X8;X5及X12;X12及X19;X15及X22;X18及X25;X21及X25;X21及X28。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含式-L1-L2-之形成
巨環之連接體,其中L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基或伸炔基。舉例而言,L1及L2獨立地為C3-C10伸烷基或伸烯基、或C3-C6伸烷基或伸烯基。
在一些實施例中,R1及R2獨立地為H或烷基,例如甲基。
另外,本發明提供增加個體之生長激素(GH)之循環量之方法、增加個體之淨肌肉質量之方法及減少個體之脂肪組織(例如腹部脂肪組織)之方法,該等方法包含投與個體本發明擬肽巨環化合物。舉例而言,使用本發明擬肽巨環化合物治療患有肥胖症(包括腹部肥胖症)之個體。本發明亦提供治療肌肉消耗性疾病(包括厭食症、惡病質(例如癌症惡病質、慢性心臟衰竭惡病質、慢性阻塞性肺病惡病質、類風濕性關節炎惡病質)及肌少症)之方法、治療脂質營養不良(包括HIV脂質營養不良)之方法、治療生長激素失調(包括成人及小兒生長激素缺乏)之方法或治療胃肌輕癱或短腸症候群之方法。小兒生長激素缺乏可能(例如)與以下有關或相關:特發性身材矮小、SGA(小於妊娠年齡之胎兒)、慢性腎病、普拉德-威利症候群、特納症候群、矮小同源盒(SHOX)基因缺陷或原發性IGF-1缺陷。本發明亦提供藉由投與GHRH受體激動劑(例如GHRH類似物)治療個體之肌肉消耗性疾病、脂質營養不良、生長激素失調或胃肌輕癱/短腸症候群之方法,其中該激動劑係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週
之頻率投與。本發明亦提供藉由投與GHRH受體激動劑(例如GHRH類似物)增加個體之生長激素(GH)之循環量之方法,其中該激動劑係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
本說明書中所提及之所有公開案、專利及專利申請案均以引用方式併入本文中,其併入程度如同明確地及個別地指出將每一個別公開案、專利或專利申請案以引文方式併入。
本發明之新穎特徵詳細闡釋於隨附申請專利範圍中。參閱闡述其中利用本發明原理之說明性實施例之下文詳細說明及附圖將會更好地瞭解本發明之特徵及優點。
本文所用術語「巨環化合物」係指具有包括由至少9個以共價方式鍵結之原子形成之環(ring或cycle)之化學結構的分子。
本文所用術語「擬肽巨環化合物」或「交聯多肽」係指包含複數個由複數個肽鍵聯結之胺基酸殘基及至少一個形成巨環之連接體的化合物,該形成巨環之連接體在同一分子中之第一天然存在或非天然存在之胺基酸殘基(或類似物)與第二天然存在或非天然存在之胺基酸殘基(或類似物)之間形成巨環化合物。擬肽巨環化合物包括形成巨環之連接體連接第一胺基酸殘基(或類似物)之α碳與第二胺基酸
殘基(或類似物)之α碳的實施例。擬肽巨環化合物視情況在一或多個胺基酸殘基及/或胺基酸類似物殘基之間包括一或多個非肽鍵,且視情況包括除形成巨環化合物之任一者外之一或多個非天然存在之胺基酸殘基或胺基酸類似物殘基。「相應未交聯多肽」在擬肽巨環化合物之背景下提及時應理解為關於長度與該巨環化合物相同且包含野生型序列對應於該巨環化合物之等效天然胺基酸的多肽。
本文所用術語「穩定性」係指本發明擬肽巨環化合物在溶液中維持所定義二級結構,如藉由圓偏光二色性、NMR或另一生物物理量測所量測,或在活體外或在活體內耐受蛋白水解降解。本發明中所涵蓋之二級結構之非限制性實例係α-螺旋、310螺旋、β-轉角及β-褶板。
本文所用術語「螺旋穩定性」係指本發明擬肽巨環化合物維持α螺旋結構,如藉由圓偏光二色性或NMR所量測。舉例而言,在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物與相應未交聯巨環化合物相比展示至少1.25倍、1.5倍、1.75倍或2倍α-螺旋性增加,如藉由圓偏光二色性所測定。
術語「胺基酸」係指含有胺基及羧基二者之分子。適宜胺基酸包括(但不限於)天然存在之胺基酸之D-異構體及L-異構體二者、以及藉由有機合成或其他代謝途徑製備之非天然存在之胺基酸。本文所用術語胺基酸包括(但不限於)α-胺基酸、天然胺基酸、非天然胺基酸及胺基酸類似物。
術語「α-胺基酸」係指含有結合至指定為α-碳之碳之胺基及羧基二者的分子。
術語「β-胺基酸」係指以β組態含有胺基及羧基二者的分子。
術語「天然存在之胺基酸」係指常見於自然界中合成之肽中且以一個字母縮寫A、R、N、C、D、Q、E、G、H、I、L、K、M、F、P、S、T、W、Y及V為人所知之二十種胺基酸中之任一種。
下表顯示天然胺基酸之性質之匯總:
「疏水性胺基酸」包括小疏水性胺基酸及大疏水性胺基酸。「小疏水性胺基酸」係甘胺酸、丙胺酸、脯胺酸及其類似物。「大疏水性胺基酸」係纈胺酸、白胺酸、異白胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、甲硫胺酸、色胺酸及其類似物。「極性胺基酸」係絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、天門冬醯胺酸、麩醯胺酸、半胱胺酸、酪胺酸及其類似物。「帶電胺基酸」係離胺酸、精胺酸、組胺酸、天門冬胺酸鹽、麩胺酸鹽及其類似物。
術語「胺基酸類似物」係指結構上類似於胺基酸且在擬肽巨環化合物之形成中可取代胺基酸的分子。胺基酸類似物包括(但不限於)β-胺基酸及胺基或羧基經類似反應性基團取代之胺基酸(例如,用二級或三級胺取代一級胺、或用酯取代羧基)。
術語「非天然胺基酸」係指不為常見於自然界中合成之肽中且以一個字母縮寫A、R、N、C、D、Q、E、G、H、I、L、K、M、F、P、S、T、W、Y及V為人所知之二十種胺基酸中之一種的胺基酸。非天然胺基酸或胺基酸類似物包括(但不限於)以下結構:
胺基酸類似物包括β-胺基酸類似物。β-胺基酸類似物之
實例包括(但不限於)下列:環狀β-胺基酸類似物;β-丙胺酸;(R)-β-苯基丙胺酸;(R)-1,2,3,4-四氫-異喹啉-3-乙酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(1-萘基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2,4-二氯苯基)丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-氯苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-氟苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-呋喃基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-萘基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-噻吩基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(2-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3,4-二氯苯基)丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3,4-二氟苯基)丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-苯并噻吩基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-氯苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-氟苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-吡啶基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-噻吩基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(3-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-溴苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-氯苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-氟苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-碘苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-硝基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-吡啶基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-4-五氟-苯基丁酸;(R)-3-胺基-5-己烯酸;(R)-3-胺基-5-已炔酸;(R)-3-胺基-5-苯基戊酸;(R)-3-胺基-6-苯基-5-己烯酸;(S)-1,2,3,4-四氫-異喹啉-3-乙酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(1-萘基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2,4-二氯苯基)丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-氯苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺
基-4-(2-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-氟苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-呋喃基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-萘基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-噻吩基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(2-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3,4-二氯苯基)丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3,4-二氟苯基)丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-苯并噻吩基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-氯苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-氟苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-吡啶基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-噻吩基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(3-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-溴苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-氯苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-氰基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-氟苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-碘苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-硝基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-吡啶基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-4-五氟-苯基丁酸;(S)-3-胺基-5-己烯酸;(S)-3-胺基-5-已炔酸;(S)-3-胺基-5-苯基戊酸;(S)-3-胺基-6-苯基-5-己烯酸;1,2,5,6-四氫吡啶-3-甲酸;1,2,5,6-四氫吡啶-4-甲酸;3-胺基-3-(2-氯苯基)-丙酸;3-胺基-3-(2-噻吩基)-丙酸;3-胺基-3-(3-溴苯基)-丙酸;3-胺基-3-(4-氯苯基)-丙酸;3-胺基-3-(4-甲氧基苯基)-丙酸;3-胺基-4,4,4-三氟-丁酸;3-胺基己二酸;D-β-苯基丙胺酸;β-白胺酸;L-β-高丙胺酸;L-β-高天門冬胺酸γ-苄基酯;L-β-高麩胺酸δ-苄基酯;L-β-高異白胺酸;L-β-
高白胺酸;L-β-高甲硫胺酸;L-β-高苯基丙胺酸;L-β-高脯胺酸;L-β-高色胺酸;L-β-高纈胺酸;L-Nω-苄氧基羰基-β-高離胺酸;Nω-L-β-高精胺酸;O-苄基-L-β-高羥基脯胺酸;O-苄基-L-β-高絲胺酸;O-苄基-L-β-高蘇胺酸;O-苄基-L-β-高酪胺酸;γ-三苯甲基-L-β-高天門冬醯胺酸;(R)-β-苯基丙胺酸;L-β-高天門冬胺酸γ-第三丁基酯;L-β-高麩胺酸δ-第三丁基酯;L-Nω-β-高離胺酸;Nδ-三苯甲基-L-β-高麩醯胺酸;Nω-2,2,4,6,7-五甲基-二氫苯并呋喃-5-磺醯基-L-β-高精胺酸;O-第三丁基-L-β-高羥基-脯胺酸;O-第三丁基-L-β-高絲胺酸;O-第三丁基-L-β-高蘇胺酸;O-第三丁基-L-β-高酪胺酸;2-胺基環戊烷甲酸;及2-胺基環己烷甲酸。
胺基酸類似物包括丙胺酸、纈胺酸、甘胺酸或白胺酸之類似物。丙胺酸、纈胺酸、甘胺酸及白胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)下列:α-甲氧基甘胺酸;α-烯丙基-L-丙胺酸;α-胺基異丁酸;α-甲基-白胺酸;β-(1-萘基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(1-萘基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(2-萘基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(2-萘基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(2-吡啶基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(2-吡啶基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(2-噻吩基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(2-噻吩基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(3-苯并噻吩基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(3-苯并噻吩基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(3-吡啶基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(3-吡啶基)-L-丙胺酸;β-(4-吡啶基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(4-吡啶基)-L-丙胺酸;β-氯-L-丙胺酸;β-氰基-L-丙胺酸;β-環己基-D-丙胺酸;β-環己基-L-丙胺酸;β-環戊-1-基-丙胺酸;β-環戊基-
丙胺酸;β-環丙基-L-Ala-OH.二環己基銨鹽;β-第三丁基-D-丙胺酸;β-第三丁基-L-丙胺酸;γ-胺基丁酸;L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;2,4-二硝基-苯基甘胺酸;2,5-二氫-D-苯基甘胺酸;2-胺基-4,4,4-三氟丁酸;2-氟-苯基甘胺酸;3-胺基-4,4,4-三氟-丁酸;3-氟-纈胺酸;4,4,4-三氟-纈胺酸;4,5-脫氫-L-leu-OH.二環己基銨鹽;4-氟-D-苯基甘胺酸;4-氟-L-苯基甘胺酸;4-羥基-D-苯基甘胺酸;5,5,5-三氟-白胺酸;6-胺基己酸;環戊基-D-Gly-OH.二環己基銨鹽;環戊基-Gly-OH.二環己基銨鹽;D-α,β-二胺基丙酸;D-α-胺基丁酸;D-α-第三丁基甘胺酸;D-(2-噻吩基)甘胺酸;D-(3-噻吩基)甘胺酸;D-2-胺基已酸;D-2-二氫茚基甘胺酸;D-烯丙基甘胺酸.二環己基銨鹽;D-環己基甘胺酸;D-正纈胺酸;D-苯基甘胺酸;β-胺基丁酸;β-胺基異丁酸;(2-溴苯基)甘胺酸;(2-甲氧基苯基)甘胺酸;(2-甲基苯基)甘胺酸;(2-噻唑基)甘胺酸;(2-噻吩基)甘胺酸;2-胺基-3-(二甲基胺基)-丙酸;L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;L-α-胺基丁酸;L-α-第三丁基甘胺酸;L-(3-噻吩基)甘胺酸;L-2-胺基-3-(二甲基胺基)-丙酸;L-2-胺基已酸二環己基-銨鹽;L-2-二氫茚基甘胺酸;L-烯丙基甘胺酸.二環己基銨鹽;L-環己基甘胺酸;L-苯基甘胺酸;L-炔丙基甘胺酸;L-正纈胺酸;N-α-胺基甲基-L-丙胺酸;D-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;L-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;β-環丙基-L-丙胺酸;(N-β-(2,4-二硝基苯基))-L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;(N-β-1-(4,4-二甲基-2,6-二側氧基環己-1-亞基)乙基)-D-α,β-二胺基丙酸;(N-β-1-(4,4-二甲
基-2,6-二側氧基環己-1-亞基)乙基)-L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;(N-β-4-甲基三苯甲基)-L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;(N-β-烯丙氧基羰基)-L-α,β-二胺基丙酸;(N-γ-1-(4,4-二甲基-2,6-二側氧基環己-1-亞基)乙基)-D-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;(N-γ-1-(4,4-二甲基-2,6-二側氧基環己-1-亞基)乙基)-L-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;(N-γ-4-甲基三苯甲基)-D-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;(N-γ-4-甲基三苯甲基)-L-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;(N-γ-烯丙氧基羰基)-L-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;D-α,γ-二胺基丁酸;4,5-脫氫-L-白胺酸;環戊基-D-Gly-OH;環戊基-Gly-OH;D-烯丙基甘胺酸;D-高環己基丙胺酸;L-1-芘基丙胺酸;L-2-胺基已酸;L-烯丙基甘胺酸;L-高環己基丙胺酸;及N-(2-羥基-4-甲氧基-Bzl)-Gly-OH。
胺基酸類似物包括精胺酸或離胺酸之類似物。精胺酸及離胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)下列:瓜胺酸;L-2-胺基-3-胍基丙酸;L-2-胺基-3-脲基丙酸;L-瓜胺酸;Lys(Me)2-OH;Lys(N3)-OH;Nδ-苄氧基羰基-L-鳥胺酸;Nω-硝基-D-精胺酸;Nω-硝基-L-精胺酸;α-甲基-鳥胺酸;2,6-二胺基庚二酸;L-鳥胺酸;(Nδ-1-(4,4-二甲基-2,6-二側氧基-環己-1-亞基)乙基)-D-鳥胺酸;(Nδ-1-(4,4-二甲基-2,6-二側氧基-環己-1-亞基)乙基)-L-鳥胺酸;(Nδ-4-甲基三苯甲基)-D-鳥胺酸;(Nδ-4-甲基三苯甲基)-L-鳥胺酸;D-鳥胺酸;L-鳥胺酸;Arg(Me)(Pbf)-OH;Arg(Me)2-OH(不對稱);Arg(Me)2-OH(對稱);Lys(ivDde)-OH;Lys(Me)2-OH.HCl;Lys(Me3)-OH氯化物;Nω-硝
基-D-精胺酸;及Nω-硝基-L-精胺酸。
胺基酸類似物包括天門冬胺酸或麩胺酸之類似物。天門冬胺酸及麩胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)下列:α-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸;α-甲基-麩胺酸;α-甲基-L-天門冬胺酸;γ-亞甲基-麩胺酸;(N-γ-乙基)-L-麩醯胺酸;[N-α-(4-胺基苯甲醯基)]-L-麩胺酸;2,6-二胺基庚二酸;L-α-胺基辛二酸;D-2-胺基己二酸;D-α-胺基辛二酸;α-胺基庚二酸;亞胺二乙酸;L-2-胺基己二酸;蘇型β-甲基-天門冬胺酸;γ-羧基-D-麩胺酸γ,γ-二-第三丁基酯;γ-羧基-L-麩胺酸γ,γ-二-第三丁基酯;Glu(OAll)-OH;L-Asu(OtBu)-OH;及焦麩胺酸。
胺基酸類似物包括半胱胺酸及甲硫胺酸之類似物。半胱胺酸及甲硫胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)Cys(法尼基(farnesyl))-OH、Cys(法尼基)-OMe、α-甲基-甲硫胺酸、Cys(2-羥基乙基)-OH、Cys(3-胺基丙基)-OH、2-胺基-4-(乙硫基)丁酸、丁硫胺酸、丁硫胺酸磺醯亞胺、乙硫胺酸、甲硫胺酸甲基氯化鋶、硒基甲硫胺酸、氧化半胱胺酸、[2-(4-吡啶基)乙基]-DL-青黴胺、[2-(4-吡啶基)乙基]-L-半胱胺酸、4-甲氧基苄基-D-青黴胺、4-甲氧基苄基-L-青黴胺、4-甲基苄基-D-青黴胺、4-甲基苄基-L-青黴胺、苄基-D-半胱胺酸、苄基-L-半胱胺酸、苄基-DL-高半胱胺酸、胺基甲醯基-L-半胱胺酸、羧基乙基-L-半胱胺酸、羧基甲基-L-半胱胺酸、二苯基甲基-L-半胱胺酸、乙基-L-半胱胺酸、甲基-L-半胱胺酸、第三丁基-D-半胱胺
酸、三苯甲基-L-高半胱胺酸、三苯甲基-D-青黴胺、胱硫醚、高胱胺酸、L-高胱胺酸、(2-胺基乙基)-L-半胱胺酸、硒基-L-胱胺酸、胱硫醚、Cys(StBu)-OH及乙醯胺基甲基-D-青黴胺。
胺基酸類似物包括苯基丙胺酸及酪胺酸之類似物。苯基丙胺酸及酪胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括β-甲基-苯基丙胺酸、β-羥基苯基丙胺酸、α-甲基-3-甲氧基-DL-苯基丙胺酸、α-甲基-D-苯基丙胺酸、α-甲基-L-苯基丙胺酸、1,2,3,4-四氫異喹啉-3-甲酸、2,4-二氯-苯基丙胺酸、2-(三氟甲基)-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-(三氟甲基)-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-溴-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-溴-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-氯-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-氯-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-氰基-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-氰基-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-氟-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-氟-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-甲基-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-甲基-L-苯基丙胺酸、2-硝基-D-苯基丙胺酸、2-硝基-L-苯基丙胺酸、2,4,5-三羥基-苯基丙胺酸、3,4,5-三氟-D-苯基丙胺酸、3,4,5-三氟-L-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二氯-D-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二氯-L-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二氟-D-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二氟-L-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二羥基-L-苯基丙胺酸、3,4-二甲氧基-L-苯基丙胺酸、3,5,3'-三碘-L-甲狀腺胺酸、3,5-二碘-D-酪胺酸、3,5-二碘-L-酪胺酸、3,5-二碘-L-甲狀腺胺酸、3-(三氟甲基)-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-(三氟甲基)-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-胺基-L-酪胺酸、3-溴-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-溴-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-氯-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-氯-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-氯-L-酪胺酸、3-氰基
-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-氰基-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-氟-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-氟-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-氟-酪胺酸、3-碘-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-碘-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-碘-L-酪胺酸、3-甲氧基-L-酪胺酸、3-甲基-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-甲基-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-硝基-D-苯基丙胺酸、3-硝基-L-苯基丙胺酸、3-硝基-L-酪胺酸、4-(三氟甲基)-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-(三氟甲基)-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-胺基-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-胺基-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-苯甲醯基-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-苯甲醯基-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-雙(2-氯乙基)胺基-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-溴-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-溴-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-氯-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-氯-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-氰基-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-氰基-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-氟-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-氟-L-苯基丙胺酸、4-碘-D-苯基丙胺酸、4-碘-L-苯基丙胺酸、高苯基丙胺酸、甲狀腺素、3,3-二苯基丙胺酸、甲狀腺胺酸、乙基-酪胺酸及甲基-酪胺酸。
胺基酸類似物包括脯胺酸之類似物。脯胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)3,4-脫氫-脯胺酸、4-氟-脯胺酸、順式-4-羥基-脯胺酸、四氫噻唑-2-甲酸及反式-4-氟-脯胺酸。
胺基酸類似物包括絲胺酸及蘇胺酸之類似物。絲胺酸及蘇胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)3-胺基-2-羥基-5-甲基己酸、2-胺基-3-羥基-4-甲基戊酸、2-胺基-3-乙氧基丁酸、2-胺基-3-甲氧基丁酸、4-胺基-3-羥基-6-甲基庚酸、2-胺基-3-苄氧基丙酸、2-胺基-3-苄氧基丙酸、2-胺
基-3-乙氧基丙酸、4-胺基-3-羥基丁酸及α-甲基絲胺酸。
胺基酸類似物包括色胺酸之類似物。色胺酸之胺基酸類似物之實例包括(但不限於)下列:α-甲基-色胺酸;β-(3-苯并噻吩基)-D-丙胺酸;β-(3-苯并噻吩基)-L-丙胺酸;1-甲基-色胺酸;4-甲基-色胺酸;5-苄氧基-色胺酸;5-溴-色胺酸;5-氯-色胺酸;5-氟-色胺酸;5-羥基-色胺酸;5-羥基-L-色胺酸;5-甲氧基-色胺酸;5-甲氧基-L-色胺酸;5-甲基-色胺酸;6-溴-色胺酸;6-氯-D-色胺酸;6-氯-色胺酸;6-氟-色胺酸;6-甲基-色胺酸;7-苄氧基-色胺酸;7-溴-色胺酸;7-甲基-色胺酸;D-1,2,3,4-四氫-9H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚-3-甲酸;6-甲氧基-1,2,3,4-四氫9H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚-1-甲酸;7-氮雜色胺酸;L-1,2,3,4-四氫-9H-吡啶并[4,3-b]吲哚-3-甲酸;5-甲氧基-2-甲基-色胺酸;及6-氯-L-色胺酸。
在一些實施例中,胺基酸類似物係外消旋。在一些實施例中,使用胺基酸類似物之D異構體。在一些實施例中,使用胺基酸類似物之L異構體。在其他實施例中,胺基酸類似物包含呈R或S組態之對掌性中心。在再一些實施例中,β-胺基酸類似物之胺基經保護基團(例如,第三丁氧基羰基(BOC基團)、9-茀基甲氧基羰基(FMOC)、甲苯磺醯基及諸如此類)取代。在又一些實施例中,對β-胺基酸類似物之羧酸官能基實施保護,例如,作為其酯衍生物。在一些實施例中,使用胺基酸類似物之鹽。
「非必需」胺基酸殘基係可與多肽之野生型序列不同而
不廢止或實質上廢止其基本生物或生物化學活性(例如,受體結合或活化)之殘基。「必需」胺基酸殘基係當與多肽之野生型序列不同時廢止或實質上廢止多肽之基本生物或生物化學活性之殘基。
「保守性胺基酸取代」係該胺基酸殘基經具有類似側鏈之胺基酸殘基替代者。業內已界定具有類似側鏈之胺基酸殘基之家族。此等家族包括具有鹼性側鏈(例如,K、R、H)、酸性側鏈(例如,D、E)及不帶電極性側鏈(例如,G、N、Q、S、T、Y、C)、非極性側鏈(例如,A、V、L、I、P、F、M、W)、β-具支鏈側鏈(例如,T、V、I)及芳族側鏈(例如,Y、F、W、H)之胺基酸。因此,舉例而言,多肽中之預期非必需胺基酸殘基係經來自同一側鏈家族之另一胺基酸殘基替代。可接受之取代之其他實例係基於等排考慮(例如對於甲硫胺酸為正白胺酸)或其他性質(例如對於2-噻吩基丙胺酸為苯基丙胺酸)之取代。
術語「封端基團」係指出現在個體擬肽巨環化合物之多肽鏈之羧基或胺基末端處之化學部分。羧基末端之封端基團包括未經修飾之甲酸(即-COOH)或具有取代基之甲酸。舉例而言,羧基末端可經胺基取代以在C-末端處得到甲醯胺。各種取代基包括(但不限於)一級胺及二級胺,包括聚乙二醇化二級胺。用於C-末端之代表性二級胺封端基團包括:
胺基末端之封端基團包括未經修飾之胺(即-NH2)或具有取代基之胺。舉例而言,胺基末端可經醯基取代以在N-末端處得到甲醯胺。各種取代基包括(但不限於)經取代之醯基,包括C1-C6羰基、C7-C30羰基及聚乙二醇化胺基甲酸酯。用於N-末端之代表性封端基團包括:
本文在結合巨環化合物或形成巨環之連接體時使用之術語「成員」係指形成或可形成巨環化合物之原子,且不包括取代基或側鏈原子。同樣,環癸烷、1,2-二氟-癸烷及1,3-二甲基環癸烷全部視為十員巨環化合物,因氫或氟取代基或甲基側鏈不參與形成巨環化合物。
符號「」當作為分子結構之一部分使用時,係指單鍵或反式或順式雙鍵。
術語「胺基酸側鏈」係指附接至胺基酸中α-碳(或另一骨架原子)之部分。舉例而言,丙胺酸之胺基酸側鏈係甲基,苯基丙胺酸之胺基酸側鏈係苯基甲基,半胱胺酸之胺基酸側鏈係硫甲基,天門冬胺酸鹽之胺基酸側鏈係羧基甲基,酪胺酸之胺基酸側鏈係4-羥基苯基甲基,等。亦包括其他非天然存在之胺基酸側鏈,例如,彼等天然存在者(例如,胺基酸代謝物)或彼等以合成方式製備者(例如,α,α-經二取代之胺基酸)。
術語「α,α-經二取代之胺基」酸係指含有結合至附接至兩個天然或非天然胺基酸側鏈之碳(α-碳)之胺基及羧基二者的分子或部分。
術語「多肽」涵蓋兩種或更多種由共價鍵(例如,醯胺鍵)聯結之天然或非天然存在之胺基酸。如本文所述之多肽包括全長蛋白質(例如,經完全處理之蛋白質)以及較短胺基酸序列(例如,天然存在之蛋白質之片段或合成多肽片段)。
本文所用術語「巨環化試劑」或「巨環化合物形成試劑」係指藉由調節兩個反應性基團間之反應而可用於製備本發明擬肽巨環化合物之任一試劑。反應性基團可為(例如)疊氮基及炔烴,在該情形下,巨環化試劑包括(但不限於)Cu試劑,例如提供反應性Cu(I)物質之試劑,例如CuBr、CuI或CuOTf;以及藉由添加還原劑(例如抗壞血酸或抗壞血酸鈉)而可於原位轉化成活性Cu(I)試劑之Cu(II)鹽,例如Cu(CO2CH3)2、CuSO4及CuCl2。巨環化試劑可另外包括(例如)業內已知之Ru試劑,例如Cp*RuCl(PPh3)2、[Cp*RuCl]4或其他可提供反應性Ru(II)物質之Ru試劑。在其他情形下,反應性基團係末端烯烴。在該等實施例中,巨環化試劑或巨環化合物形成試劑係複分解觸媒,其包括(但不限於)經穩定化之後過渡金屬碳烯錯合物觸媒,例如VIII族過渡金屬碳烯觸媒。舉例而言,該等觸媒係具有a+2氧化態、16個電子數及五配位之Ru及Os金屬中心。在其他實例,觸媒具有W或Mo中心。各種觸媒揭示於下列
中:Grubbs等人,「Ring Closing Metathesis and Related Processes in Organic Synthesis」,Acc.Chem.Res.1995,28,446-452及美國專利第5,811,515號;美國專利第7,932,397號;美國申請案第2011/0065915號;美國申請案第2011/0245477號;Yu等人,「Synthesis of Macrocyclic Natural Products by Catalyst-Controlled Stereoselective Ring-Closing Metathesis」,Nature 2011,479,88;及Peryshkov等人,「Z-Selective Olefin Metathesis Reactions Promoted by Tungsten Oxo Alkylidene Complexes」,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2011,133,20754。在又一些情形中,反應性基團係硫醇基團。在該等實施例中,巨環化試劑係經兩個硫醇反應性基團(例如鹵素基團)官能化之連接體。
術語「鹵基」或「鹵素」係指氟、氯、溴或碘或其基團。
術語「烷基」係指含有所指示數量之碳原子之直鏈或具支鏈烴。舉例而言,C1-C10指示其中具有1至10(包括1及10)個碳原子之基團。在不存在任一數字標號時,「烷基」係其中具有1至20(包括1及20)個碳原子之鏈(直鏈或具支鏈)。
術語「伸烷基」係指二價烷基(即,-R-)。
術語「烯基」係指具有一或多個碳-碳雙鍵之直鏈或具支鏈烴。烯基部分含有所指示數量之碳原子。舉例而言,C2-C10指示其中具有2至10(包括2至10)個碳原子之基團。術語「低碳烯基」係指C2-C6烯基鏈。在不存在任一數字
標號時,「烯基」係其中具有2至20(包括2及20)個碳原子之鏈(直鏈或具支鏈)。
術語「炔基」係指具有一或多個碳-碳三鍵之直鏈或具支鏈烴。炔基部分含有所指示數量之碳原子。舉例而言,C2-C10指示其中具有2至10(包括2及10)個碳原子之基團。術語「低碳炔基」係指C2-C6炔基鏈。在不存在任一數字標號時,「炔基」係其中具有2至20(包括2及20)碳原子之鏈(直鏈或具支鏈)。
術語「芳基」係指6-碳單環或10-碳二環芳族環系統,其中每一環之0、1、2、3或4個原子經取代基取代。芳基之實例包括苯基、萘基及諸如此類。術語「芳基烷氧基」係指經芳基取代之烷氧基。
「芳基烷基」係指如上文所定義之芳基,其中該芳基之一個氫原子經如上文所定義之C1-C5烷基替代。芳基烷基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)2-甲基苯基、3-甲基苯基、4-甲基苯基、2-乙基苯基、3-乙基苯基、4-乙基苯基、2-丙基苯基、3-丙基苯基、4-丙基苯基、2-丁基苯基、3-丁基苯基、4-丁基苯基、2-戊基苯基、3-戊基苯基、4-戊基苯基、2-異丙基苯基、3-異丙基苯基、4-異丙基苯基、2-異丁基苯基、3-異丁基苯基、4-異丁基苯基、2-第二丁基苯基、3-第二丁基苯基、4-第二丁基苯基、2-第三丁基苯基、3-第三丁基苯基及4-第三丁基苯基。
「芳基醯胺基」係指如上文所定義之芳基,其中該芳基之一個氫原子經一或多個-C(O)NH2基團替代。芳基醯胺基
之代表性實例包括2-C(O)NH2-苯基、3-C(O)NH2-苯基、4-C(O)NH2-苯基、2-C(O)NH2-吡啶基、3-C(O)NH2-吡啶基及4-C(O)NH2-吡啶基。
「烷基雜環」係指如上文所定義之C1-C5烷基,其中該C1-C5烷基之一個氫原子經雜環替代。烷基雜環基團之代表性實例包括(但不限於)-CH2CH2-嗎啉、-CH2CH2-六氫吡啶、-CH2CH2CH2-嗎啉及-CH2CH2CH2-咪唑。
「烷基醯胺基」係指如上文所定義之C1-C5烷基,其中該C1-C5烷基之一個氫原子經-C(O)NH2基團替代。烷基醯胺基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)-CH2-C(O)NH2、-CH2CH2-C(O)NH2、-CH2CH2CH2C(O)NH2、-CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NH2、-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NH2、-CH2CH(C(O)NH2)CH3、-CH2CH(C(O)NH2)CH2CH3、-CH(C(O)NH2)CH2CH3、-C(CH3)2CH2C(O)NH2、-CH2-CH2-NH-C(O)-CH3、-CH2-CH2-NH-C(O)-CH3-CH3及-CH2-CH2-NH-C(O)-CH=CH2。
「烷醇」係指如上文所定義之C1-C5烷基,其中C1-C5烷基之一個氫原子經羥基替代。烷醇基團之代表性實例包括(但不限於)-CH2OH、-CH2CH2OH、-CH2CH2CH2OH、-CH2CH2CH2CH2OH、-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH、-CH2CH(OH)CH3、-CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3、-CH(OH)CH3及-C(CH3)2CH2OH。
「烷基羧基」係指如上文所定義之C1-C5烷基,其中該C1-C5烷基之一個氫原子經-COOH基團替代。烷基羧基之
代表性實例包括(但不限於)-CH2COOH、-CH2CH2COOH、-CH2CH2CH2COOH、-CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH、-CH2CH(COOH)CH3、-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH、-CH2CH(COOH)CH2CH3、-CH(COOH)CH2CH3及-C(CH3)2CH2COOH。
本文所用術語「環烷基」包括具有3至12個碳、較佳3至8個碳且更佳3至6個碳之飽和及部分不飽和環狀烴基團,其中該環烷基另外視情況經取代。一些環烷基包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環戊烯基、環己基、環己烯基、環庚基及環辛基。
術語「雜芳基」係指芳族具有1至3個雜原子(若為單環)、1至6個雜原子(若為二環)或1至9個雜原子(若為三環)之5至8員單環、8至12員二環或11至14員三環環系統,該等雜原子選自O、N或S(例如,若分別為單環、二環或三環,則具有碳原子及1至3個、1至6個或1至9個O、N或S雜原子),其中每一環之0、1、2、3或4個原子經取代基取代。雜芳基之實例包括吡啶基、呋喃基或呋喃基、咪唑基、苯并咪唑基、嘧啶基、苯硫基或噻吩基、喹啉基、吲哚基、噻唑基及諸如此類。
術語「雜芳基烷基」或術語「雜芳烷基」係指經雜芳基取代之烷基。術語「雜芳基烷氧基」係指經雜芳基取代之烷氧基。
術語「雜芳基烷基」或術語「雜芳烷基」係指經雜芳基取代之烷基。術語「雜芳基烷氧基」係指經雜芳基取代之烷氧基。
術語「雜環基」係指具有1至3個雜原子(若為單環)、1至6個雜原子(若為二環)或1至9個雜原子(若為三環)之非芳族5至8員單環、8至12員二環或11至14員三環環系統,該等雜原子選自O、N或S(例如,若分別為單環、二環或三環,則具有碳原子及1至3個、1至6個或1至9個O、N或S雜原子),其中每一環之0、1、2或3個原子經取代基取代。雜環基之實例包括六氫吡嗪基、吡咯啶基、二氧雜環己基、嗎啉基、四氫呋喃基及諸如此類。
術語「取代基」係指替代在任一分子、化合物或部分上之又一原子或基團(例如氫原子)之基團。適宜取代基包括(但不限於)鹵基、羥基、巰基、側氧基、硝基、鹵基烷基、烷基、烷芳基、芳基、芳烷基、烷氧基、硫烷氧基、芳氧基、胺基、烷氧基羰基、醯胺基、羧基、烷烴磺醯基、烷基羰基及氰基。
在一些實施例中,本發明化合物含有一或多個不對稱中心且因此作為外消旋物及外消旋混合物、單成對映異構體、個別非對映異構體及非對映異構混合物出現。除非另有明確規定,否則此等化合物之所有該等異構體形式均包括於本發明中。在一些實施例中,本發明化合物亦以多種互變異構形式表示,在該等情況中,本發明包括本文所述化合物之所有互變異構形式(例如,若環系統之烷基化在多個位點產生烷基化,則本發明包括所有該等反應產物)。除非另有明確規定,否則該等化合物之所有該等異構體形式均包括於本發明中。除非另有明確規定,否則本
文所述化合物之所有晶體形式均包括於本發明中。
本文所用術語「增加」及「減少」分別意指引起至少5%之統計上顯著性(即,p<0.1)增加或減少。
本文所用對變量之數值範圍之敍述意欲表明該等變量等於該範圍內之任一值。因此,對於固有離散性變量而言,該變量等於在數值範圍內之任一整數值,包括該範圍之端點。同樣,對於固有連續性變量而言,該變量等於在數值範圍內之任一實數值,包括該範圍之端點。舉例而言且不限於,若被描述為具有介於0與2間之值之變量為固有離散性,則該變量取0、1或2之值,且若該變量為固有連續性,則取0.0、0.1、0.01、0.001之值或任一其他0且2之實數值。
除非另外特別說明,否則本文所用詞語「或」係以包括性意義「及/或」而非排他性意義「或者/或(either/or)」使用。
術語「平均」代表來源於對每一數據點實施至少三次獨立重複測定之平均值。
術語「生物活性」涵蓋本發明巨環化合物之結構及功能性質。生物活性係(例如)結構穩定性、α-螺旋性、對靶之親和力、耐蛋白水解降解性、細胞滲透性、細胞內穩定性、活體內穩定性或其任一組合。
將在附圖及下文說明中闡述本發明之一或多個具體實施
例之細節。自本說明及附圖且自申請專利範圍將瞭解本發明之其他特徵、目的及優點。
在一些實施例中,肽序列來源於GHRH肽。舉例而言,肽序列來源於人類GHRH(1-29)或人類GHRH(1-44)。
用於本發明之適宜GHRH肽之非限制性例示性列表展示於下文表1及表2中。在表1及2中,所有肽均具有游離胺基末端(顯示為H-)且所有肽均具有甲醯胺末端(顯示為-NH2)。X殘基與另一X殘基形成交聯物,Z殘基與另一Z殘基形成交聯物,且XX殘基與另兩個X殘基形成交聯物。在表1及2中,胺基酸A2係L-Ala或D-Ala,A8係L-Asn或L-Gln,A15係L-Ala或Gly,且A27係L-Nle或L-Leu。
在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物具有式(I):
其中:每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸(包括天然或非天然胺基酸及胺基酸類似物)且末端D及E視情況獨立地包括封端基團;B係胺基酸(包括天然或非天然胺基酸及胺基酸類似
物)、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]、或[-NH-L3-];
R1及R2獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代;R3係氫、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、雜烷基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烷基烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;L係式-L1-L2-之形成巨環之連接體;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由該形成巨環之連接體L連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列,該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%與GHRH 1-44、GHRH 1-29及/或與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列相同;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療
劑;R7係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有D殘基之環狀結構之一部分;R8係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;v及w獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至500、1至200、1至100、1至50、1至40、1至25、1至20、1至15或1至10;u、x、y及z獨立地為0至10之整數,例如u係1、2或3;且n係1至5之整數,例如1。例如,u係2。在一些實施例中,x+y+z之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
在一些實施例中,式(I)之擬肽巨環化合物具有下式:
其中每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸;
B係胺基酸、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]或[-NH-L3-];L'係式-L1'-L2'-之形成巨環之連接體;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由該等形成巨環之連接體L及L'連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基
酸序列;R1'及R2'獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代;L1'及L2'獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一K獨立地為O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;R7'係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有D殘基之環狀結構之一部分;R8'係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;v'及w'獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至500、1至200、1至100、1至50、1至40、1至25、1至20、1至15或1至10;x'、y'及z'獨立地為0至10之整數;且n係1至5之整數。在一些實施例中,x'+y'+z'之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
在任一本文所述擬肽巨環化合物之一些實施例中,每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO或CO2。
在一實例中,R1及R2中之至少一者係烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代。在另一實例中,R1及R2二者均獨立地為烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代。在一些實施例中,R1及R2
中之至少一者係甲基。在其他實施例中,R1及R2係甲基。
在本發明之一些實施例中,x+y+z之總和係至少3及/或x'+y'+z'之總和係至少3。在本發明之其他實施例中,x+y+z之總和係1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10(例如2、3或6)及/或x'+y'+z'之總和係1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10(例如2、3或6)。
A、B、C、D或E在本發明之巨環化合物或巨環化合物前體中之每一次出現皆獨立地經選擇。舉例而言,由式[A]x代表之序列在x為3時涵蓋胺基酸不相同之實施例(例如Gln-Asp-Ala)以及胺基酸相同之實施例(例如Gln-Gln-Gln)。此適用於在所指示範圍內之任一x、y或z之值。同樣,當u大於1時,本發明之每一化合物可包含相同或不同之擬肽巨環化合物。舉例而言,本發明化合物可包含含有不同連接體長度或化學組成之擬肽巨環化合物。
在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物包含允許內螺旋氫鍵結之二級結構,其係α-螺旋且R8係-H。在一些實施例中,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。在一實例中,B係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。舉例而言,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係2-胺基異丁酸。在其
他實施例中,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係。
在其他實施例中,選擇形成巨環之連接體L之長度(如自第一Cα至第二Cα量測)以穩定期望二級肽結構,例如由擬肽巨環化合物之殘基(包括(但不必限於)彼等位於第一Cα至第二Cα之間者)形成之α-螺旋。
在一實施例中,式(I)之擬肽巨環化合物係:
其中每一R1及R2獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代。
在相關實施例中,該擬肽巨環化合物包含式(I)之結構,其係:
或
在其他實施例中,式(I)之擬肽巨環化合物係下文所顯示任一式之化合物:
其中「AA」代表任一天然或非天然胺基酸側鏈且「」係如上文所定義之[D]v、[E]w,且n係介於0與20、50、100、200、300、400或500之間之整數。在一些實施例中,先前段落中所顯示之取代基「n」係0。在其他實施例中,先前段落中所顯示之取代基「n」小於50、40、30、20、10或5。
下文顯示形成巨環之連接體L之例示性實施例。
在其他實施例中,可進一步修飾式I化合物中之D及/或E以促進細胞吸收。在一些實施例中,脂質化或聚乙二醇化擬肽巨環化合物促進細胞吸收,增加生物利用度,增加血液循環,改變藥物動力學,減少免疫原性及/或減少所需投與頻率。
在其他實施例中,式I化合物中[D]及[E]中之至少一者代表包含額外形成巨環之連接體之部分以使得擬肽巨環化合物包含至少兩個形成巨環之連接體。在特定實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含兩個形成巨環之連接體。
在本發明擬肽巨環化合物中,本文所述之任一形成巨環之連接體可以與表1至3中所顯示之任一序列以及與本文所指示之任一R-取代基之任一組合使用。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物包含至少一個α-螺旋結構組元。舉例而言,式I化合物中之A、B及/或C包括一或多個α-螺旋。一般而言,α-螺旋每圈包括3至4個胺基酸殘基。在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物之α-螺旋包括1
至5圈,且因此包括3至20個胺基酸殘基。在特定實施例中,α-螺旋包括1圈、2圈、3圈、4圈或5圈。在一些實施例中,形成巨環之連接體穩定擬肽巨環化合物中所包括之α-螺旋結構組元。因此,在一些實施例中,選擇形成巨環之連接體L自第一Cα至第二Cα之長度以增加α-螺旋之穩定性。在一些實施例中,形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋1圈至5圈。在一些實施例中,形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約1圈、2圈、3圈、4圈或5圈。在一些實施例中,形成巨環之連接體之長度係每圈α-螺旋約5 Å至9 Å、或每圈α-螺旋約6 Å至8 Å。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約1圈,則長度等於約5個碳-碳鍵至13個碳-碳鍵、約7個碳-碳鍵至11個碳-碳鍵、或約9個碳-碳鍵。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約2圈,則長度等於約8個碳-碳鍵至16個碳-碳鍵、約10個碳-碳鍵至14個碳-碳鍵、或約12個碳-碳鍵。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約3圈,則長度等於約14個碳-碳鍵至22個碳-碳鍵、約16個碳-碳鍵至20個碳-碳鍵、或約18個碳-碳鍵。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約4圈,則長度等於約20個碳-碳鍵至28個碳-碳鍵、約22個碳-碳鍵至26個碳-碳鍵、或約24個碳-碳鍵。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約5圈,則長度等於約26個碳-碳鍵至34個碳-碳鍵、約28個碳-碳鍵至32個碳-碳鍵、或約30個碳-碳鍵。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約1圈,則該鍵含有約4個原子至12個原子、約6個原子至10個原子、或約8個原子。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約2圈,則該鍵含有約7個原子至
15個原子、約9個原子至13個原子、或約11個原子。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約3圈,則該鍵含有約13個原子至21個原子、約15個原子至19個原子、或約17個原子。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約4圈,則該鍵含有約19個原子至27個原子、約21個原子至25個原子、或約23個原子。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約5圈,則該鍵含有約25個原子至33個原子、約27個原子至31個原子、或約29個原子。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約1圈,則所得巨環化合物形成含有約17個成員至25個成員、約19個成員至23個成員、或約21個成員之環。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約2圈,則所得巨環化合物形成含有約29個成員至37個成員、約31個成員至35個成員、或約33個成員之環。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約3圈,則所得巨環化合物形成含有約44個成員至52個成員、約46個成員至50個成員、或約48個成員之環。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約4圈,則所得巨環化合物形成含有約59個成員至67個成員、約61個成員至65個成員、或約63個成員之環。若形成巨環之連接體跨越α-螺旋約5圈,則所得巨環化合物形成含有約74個成員至82個成員、約76個成員至80個成員、或約78個成員之環。
在一些實施例中,L係下式之形成巨環之連接體
;
下文顯示該等形成巨環之連接體L之例示性實施例。
在其他實施例中,本發明提供式(II)或(IIa)之擬肽巨環化合物:
其中:每一A、C、D及E獨立地為胺基酸;
B係胺基酸、、[-NH-L3-CO-]、[-NH-L3-SO2-]或[-NH-L3-];R1及R2獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、環烷基烷基、雜烷基或雜環烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代,或係具有E殘基之環狀結構之一部分;R3係氫、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、雜烷基、環烷基、雜環烷基、環烷基烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;且其中A、B、C、D及E連同由形成巨環之連接體-L1-L2-連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列,該擬肽巨環化合物之胺基酸序列至少約60%、65%、70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%或99%與GHRH 1-44、GHRH 1-29及/或與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列相同;
每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO、CO2或CONR3;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;R7係-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基、雜烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、環芳基或雜環芳基,其視情況經R5取代;v及w獨立地為1至1000之整數,例如1至100;u、x、y及z獨立地為0至10之整數,例如u係1至3;且n係1至5之整數。
在一實例中,R1及R2中之至少一者係烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代。在另一實例中,R1及R2二者均獨立地為烷基,其未經取代或經鹵基取代。在一些實施例中,R1及R2中之至少一者係甲基。在其他實施例中,R1及R2係甲基。
在本發明之一些實施例中,x+y+z之總和係至少1。在本發明之其他實施例中,x+y+z之總和係至少2。在本發明之其他實施例中,x+y+z之總和係1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10。A、B、C、D或E在本發明之巨環化合物或巨環化合物前體中之每一次出現皆獨立地經選擇。舉例而
言,由式[A]x代表之序列在x為3時涵蓋胺基酸不相同之實施例(例如Gln-Asp-Ala)以及胺基酸相同之實施例(例如Gln-Gln-Gln)。此適用於在所指示範圍內之任一x、y或z之值。
在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物包含允許內螺旋氫鍵結之二級結構,其係α-螺旋且R8係-H。在一些實施例中,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。在一實例中,B係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。舉例而言,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係2-胺基異丁酸。在其
他實施例中,A、B、C、D或E中之至少一者係。
在其他實施例中,選擇形成巨環之連接體-L1-L2-之長度(如自第一Cα至第二Cα量測)以穩定期望二級肽結構,例如由擬肽巨環化合物之殘基(包括(但不必限於)彼等位於第一Cα至第二Cα之間者)形成之α-螺旋。
下文顯示形成巨環之連接體-L1-L2-之例示性實施例。
本發明擬肽巨環化合物可藉由業內已知多種方法中之任一者來製備。舉例而言,表1、2或3中任一由「X」、「Z」或「XX」指示之殘基可經能夠與同一分子中之又一殘基形成交聯劑的殘基或此殘基之前體取代。
各種影響擬肽巨環化合物形成之方法為業內已知。舉例而言,式I之擬肽巨環化合物之製備闡述於下列中:Schafmeister等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.122:5891-5892(2000);Schafmeister & Verdine,J.Am.Chem.Soc.122:5891(2005);Walensky等人,Science 305:1466-1470(2004);美國專利第7,192,713號及PCT申請案WO 2008/121767。在擬肽巨環化合物前體多肽之合成中可使用所引用參考文獻中所揭示之α,α-經二取代之胺基酸及胺基酸前體。舉例而言,「S5-烯烴胺基酸」係(S)-α-(2'-戊烯基)丙胺酸且「R8烯烴胺基酸」係(R)-α-(2'-辛烯基)丙胺酸。在將該等胺基酸納入前體多肽中後,使末端烯烴與複分解觸媒反應形成擬肽巨環化合物。在各實施例中,在擬肽巨環化合物之合成中可使用以下胺基酸:
在一些實施例中,x+y+z係3,且A、B及C獨立地為天然或非天然胺基酸。在其他實施例中,x+y+z係6,且A、B及C獨立地為天然或非天然胺基酸。
在一些實施例中,接觸步驟係在選自由質子溶劑、水性溶劑、有機溶劑及其混合物組成之群之溶劑中實施。舉例而言,溶劑可選自由下列組成之群:H2O、THF、THF/H2O、tBuOH/H2O、DMF、DIPEA、CH3CN或CH2Cl2、ClCH2CH2Cl或其混合物。溶劑可為有助於螺旋形成之溶劑。
對替代但等效之保護基團離去基團或試劑實施取代,並以替代順序或次序實施某些合成步驟以製造期望化合物。可用於合成本文所述化合物之合成化學轉變及保護基團方法(保護及去保護)包括(例如)彼等(例如)下列中所闡述者:Larock,Comprehensive Organic Transformations,VCH Publishers(1989);Greene及Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第2版,John Wiley及Sons(1991);Fieser及Fieser,Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis,John Wiley及Sons(1994);及Paquette編輯,Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis,John Wiley及Sons(1995)及其後續版本。
本文所揭示之擬肽巨環化合物係(例如)藉由(例如)Fields等人,Synthetic Peptides第3章:A User's Guide,Grant編輯,W.H.Freeman & Co.,New York,N.Y.,1992,第77頁中所闡述之化學合成方法來製備。因此,舉例而
言,使用tBoc或Fmoc保護胺化學之自動Merrifield固相合成技術使用側鏈受保護之胺基酸在(例如)自動肽合成器(例如,Applied Biosystems(Foster City,CA),430A、431或433型)上來合成肽。
一種製造本文所述擬肽前體及擬肽巨環化合物之方式使用固相肽合成(SPPS)。C-末端胺基酸係經由酸不穩定性鍵利用連接體分子附接至交聯聚苯乙烯樹脂。此樹脂不溶於用於合成之溶劑,從而使得其相對簡單且快速洗掉過量試劑及副產物。N-末端經Fmoc基團保護,其在酸中穩定,且可藉助鹼去除。側鏈官能基視需要經鹼穩定性、酸不穩定性基團保護。
較長擬肽前體係藉由(例如)使用自然化學接合法(native chemical ligation)連結個別合成肽來製造。另一選擇為,較長合成肽係藉由熟知重組DNA及蛋白質表現技術來生物合成。該等技術係提供於具有詳細方案之熟知標準手冊中。為建構編碼本發明擬肽前體之基因,將胺基酸序列反轉譯以獲得編碼胺基酸序列、較佳具有對欲表現基因之生物體最佳之密碼子之核酸序列。然後,通常藉由合成編碼肽及任何調控元件(若需要)之寡核苷酸來製備合成基因。將合成基因插入適宜選殖載體並轉染至宿主細胞中。然後在適用於所選表現系統及宿主之適宜條件下表現肽。純化肽並藉由標準方法來表徵。
擬肽前體係使用(例如)高通量多通道組合合成器(例如,
購自CreoSalus,Louisville,KY之Thuramed TETRAS多通道肽合成器或購自AAPPTEC公司,Louisville,KY之Apex 396型多通道肽合成器)(例如)以高通量組合方式製備。
在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物包含三唑形成巨環之連接體。舉例而言,該等擬肽巨環化合物之合成涉及以含有疊氮部分及炔烴部分之擬肽前體之合成為特徵的多步驟製程;隨後使該擬肽前體與巨環化試劑接觸以產生三唑連接之擬肽巨環化合物。此製程闡述於(例如)2008年2月25日申請之美國申請案12/037,041中。巨環化合物或巨環化合物前體係藉由(例如)溶液相法或固相法合成,且可含有天然存在之胺基酸及非天然存在之胺基酸二者。例如,參見Hunt,Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids中之「The Non-Protein Amino Acids」,由G.C.Barrett編輯,Chapman及Hall,1985。
在一些實施例中,疊氮基係連接至殘基之α-碳且炔烴係附接至另一殘基之α-碳。在一些實施例中,疊氮部分係胺基酸L-離胺酸、D-離胺酸、α-甲基-L-離胺酸、α-甲基-D-離胺酸、L-鳥胺酸、D-鳥胺酸、α-甲基-L-鳥胺酸或α-甲基-D-鳥胺酸之疊氮基類似物。在另一實施例中,炔烴部分係L-炔丙基甘胺酸。在又一些實施例中,炔烴部分係選自由下列組成之群之胺基酸:L-炔丙基甘胺酸、D-炔丙基甘胺酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸、(R)-2-胺基-2-甲基-
4-戊炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-5-已炔酸、(R)-2-胺基-2-甲基-5-已炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、(R)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-7-辛炔酸、(R)-2-胺基-2-甲基-7-辛炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-8-壬炔酸及(R)-2-胺基-2-甲基-8-壬炔酸。
如本文所述,提供以下合成反應圖僅為說明本發明且不欲限制本發明之範疇。為簡化圖式,說明性反應圖繪示疊氮基胺基酸類似物ε-疊氮基-α-甲基-L-離胺酸及ε-疊氮基-α-甲基-D-離胺酸,及炔烴胺基酸類似物L-炔丙基甘胺酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸及(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸。因此,在下文合成反應圖中,每一R1、R2、R7及R8係-H;每一L1係-(CH2)4-;且每一L2係-(CH2)-。然而,如在上文詳細說明中所述,可使用許多其他胺基酸類似物,其中R1、R2、R7、R8、L1及L2可獨立地選自本文所揭示之各種結構。
合成反應圖1闡述本發明若干化合物之製備。衍生自對掌性助劑(S)-2-[N-(N'-苄基丙基)胺基]二苯基酮(BPB)及胺基酸(例如甘胺酸或丙胺酸)之Schiff鹼之Ni(II)錯合物係如Belokon等人(1998)Tetrahedron Asymm.9:4249-4252中所述製備。隨後使所得錯合物與包含疊氮基或炔基部分之烷基化試劑反應,得到富含對映異構體之本發明化合物。若期望,可對所得化合物實施保護以用於肽合成。
在合成反應圖2中所顯示之用於合成擬肽巨環化合物之一般方法中,擬肽前體含有疊氮部分及炔烴部分且係藉由溶液相或固相肽合成(SPPS)使用市售胺基酸N-α-Fmoc-L-炔丙基甘胺酸及N-α-經Fmoc保護之形式之胺基酸(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-6-庚炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-L-離胺酸及N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-D-離胺酸來合成。然後藉由標準條件(例如,強酸,
例如95% TFA)使擬肽前體去保護並自固相樹脂解離。擬肽前體係作為粗製混合物反應或在與巨環化試劑(例如Cu(I))在有機或水性溶液中反應之前純化(Rostovtsev等人(2002),Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.41:2596-2599;Tornoe等人(2002),J.Org.Chem.67:3057-3064;Deiters等人(2003),J.Am.Chem.Soc.125:11782-11783;Punna等人(2005),Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.44:2215-2220)。在一實施例中,三唑形成反應係在有利於α-螺旋形成之條件下實施。在一實施例中,巨環化步驟係在選自由下列組成之群之溶劑中實施:H2O、THF、CH3CN、DMF、DIPEA、tBuOH或其混合物。在另一實施例中,巨環化步驟係在DMF中實施。在一些實施例中,巨環化步驟係在緩衝水性或部分水性溶劑中實施。
在合成反應圖3中所顯示之用於合成擬肽巨環化合物之一般方法中,擬肽前體含有疊氮部分及炔烴部分且係藉由固相肽合成(SPPS)使用市售胺基酸N-α-Fmoc-L-炔丙基甘胺酸及N-α-經Fmoc保護之形成之胺基酸(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-6-庚炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-L-離胺酸及N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-D-離胺酸來合成。擬肽前體係作為粗製混合物與存於樹脂上
之巨環化試劑(例如Cu(I)試劑)反應(Rostovtsev等人(2002),Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.41:2596-2599;Tornoe等人(2002),J.Org.Chem.67:3057-3064;Deiters等人(2003),J.Am.Chem.Soc.125:11782-11783;Punna等人(2005),Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.44:2215-2220)。然後藉由標準條件(例如,強酸,例如95% TFA)使所得含三唑擬肽巨環化合物去保護並自固相樹脂解離。在一些實施例中,巨環化步驟係在選自由下列組成之群之溶劑中實施:CH2Cl2、ClCH2CH2Cl、DMF、THF、NMP、DIPEA、2,6-二甲基吡啶、吡啶、DMSO、H2O或其混合物。在一些實施例中,巨環化步驟係在緩衝水性或部分水性溶劑中實施。
在合成反應圖4中所顯示之用於合成擬肽巨環化合物之一般方法中,擬肽前體含有疊氮部分及炔烴部分且係使用市售胺基酸N-α-Fmoc-L-炔丙基甘胺酸及N-α-受Fmoc保護之形式之胺基酸(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-6-庚炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-L-離胺酸、及N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-D-離胺酸藉由溶液相或固相肽合成(SPPS)來合成。然後藉由標準條件(例如,
強酸,例如95% TFA)使擬肽前體去保護並自固相樹脂解離。擬肽前體係作為粗製混合物反應或在與巨環化試劑(例如Ru(II)試劑,例如Cp*RuCl(PPh3)2或[Cp*RuCl]4)反應之前純化(Rasmussen等人(2007),Org.Lett.9:5337-5339;Zhang等人(2005),J.Am.Chem.Soc.127:15998-15999)。在一些實施例中,巨環化步驟係在選自由DMF、CH3CN及THF組成之群之溶劑中實施。
在合成反應圖5中所顯示之用於合成擬肽巨環化合物之一般方法中,擬肽前體含有疊氮部分及炔烴部分且係藉由固相肽合成(SPPS)使用市售胺基酸N-α-Fmoc-L-炔丙基甘胺酸及N-α-經Fmoc保護之形式之胺基酸(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-4-戊炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-6-庚炔酸、(S)-2-胺基-2-甲基-6-庚炔酸、N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-L-離胺酸及N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-D-離胺酸來合成。擬肽前體係作為粗製混合物與存於樹脂上之巨環化試劑(例如Ru(II)試劑)反應。舉例而言,該試劑可為Cp*RuCl(PPh3)2或[Cp*RuCl]4(Rasmussen等人(2007),Org.Lett.9:5337-5339;Zhang等人(2007),Org.Lett.9:5337-5339;Zhang等人(2005),J.Am.Chem.Soc.127:15998-15999)。在一些實施例中,巨環化步驟係在選自由CH2Cl2、ClCH2CH2Cl、CH3CN、DMF及THF組成之群之溶劑中實施。
本發明涵蓋非天然存在之胺基酸及胺基酸類似物在本文所述擬肽巨環化合物之合成中之用途。適合用於合成穩定含三唑擬肽巨環化合物之合成方法之任一胺基酸或胺基酸類似物皆可用於本發明。舉例而言,在本發明中涵蓋L-炔丙基甘胺酸作為可用胺基酸。然而,其他含有不同胺基酸側鏈之含炔烴胺基酸亦可用於本發明。舉例而言,L-炔丙基甘胺酸在該胺基酸之α-碳與該胺基酸側鏈之炔烴之間含有一個亞甲基單元。本發明亦涵蓋在α-碳與炔烴之間具有
多個亞甲基單元之胺基酸之用途。此外,在本發明中亦涵蓋胺基酸L-離胺酸、D-離胺酸、α-甲基-L-離胺酸及α-甲基-D-離胺酸之疊氮基類似物作為可用胺基酸。然而,其他含有不同胺基酸側鏈之末端疊氮基胺基酸亦可用於本發明。舉例而言,L-離胺酸之疊氮基類似物在該胺基酸之α-碳與該胺基酸側鏈之末端疊氮基之間含有4個亞甲基單元。本發明亦涵蓋在α-碳與末端疊氮基之間具有少於或大於4個亞甲基單元之胺基酸之用途。表4顯示可用於製備本文所揭示擬肽巨環化合物之一些胺基酸。
表4顯示可用於製備本文所揭示之擬肽巨環化合物之例示性胺基酸。
在一些實施例中,胺基酸及胺基酸類似物具有D-組態。在其他實施例中,其具有L-組態。在一些實施例中,該擬肽物中所含之一些胺基酸及胺基酸類似物具有D-組態,而一些胺基酸及胺基酸類似物具有L-組態。在一些實施例中,胺基酸類似物係經α,α-經二取代,例如α-甲基-L-炔丙基甘胺酸、α-甲基-D-炔丙基甘胺酸、ε-疊氮基-α-甲基-L-離胺酸及ε-疊氮基-α-甲基-D-離胺酸。在一些實施例中,
胺基酸類似物係經N-烷基化,例如,N-甲基-L-炔丙基甘胺酸、N-甲基-D-炔丙基甘胺酸、N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-L-離胺酸及N-甲基-ε-疊氮基-D-離胺酸。
在一些實施例中,使用保護基團(包括但不限於-Fmoc及-Boc)對胺基酸之-NH部分實施保護。在其他實施例中,在合成擬肽巨環化合物之前未對胺基酸實施保護。
視為適於實施本發明之形成擬肽巨環化合物之其他方法包括彼等由下列所揭示者:Mustapa,M.Firouz Mohd等人,J.Org.Chem(2003),68,第8193頁至第8198頁;Yang,Bin等人Bioorg Med.Chem.Lett.(2004),14,第1403頁至第1406頁;美國專利第5,364,851號;美國專利第5,446,128號;美國專利第5,824,483號;美國專利第6,713,280號;及美國專利第7,202,332號。在該等實施例中,使用在α位含有額外取代基R-之胺基酸前體。將該等胺基酸在期望位置納入巨環化合物前體中,其可位於交聯劑經取代之位置,或另一選擇為,在巨環化合物前體之序列中之其他地方。然後根據所指示方法實施前體之環化。
在一些實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物係在一種以上異構體中獲得,例如因交聯劑結構內之雙鍵之組態(E與Z)所致。該等異構體可或不可藉由習用層析方法分離。在一些實施例中,一種異構體相對於另一異構體具有改良之生物性質。在一實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物之E交聯劑烯烴異構體相對於其Z對等部分具有更佳之溶解性、更佳之靶親和力、更佳之活體內或活體外效力、更高之螺旋性或改良之
細胞滲透性。在另一實施例中,擬肽巨環化合物之Z交聯劑烯烴異構體相對於其E對等部分具有更佳之溶解性、更佳之靶親和力、更佳之活體內或活體外效力、更高之螺旋性、或改良之細胞滲透性。
藉由(例如)使用下文所述之方法來分析本發明擬肽巨環化合物之性質。在一些實施例中,本發明擬肽巨環化合物相對於缺乏本文所述取代基之相應多肽具有改良之生物性質。
在溶液中,具有α-螺旋結構域之多肽之二級結構將在無規線圈結構與α-螺旋結構之間達到動態平衡,通常表示為「螺旋性%」。因此,舉例而言,α-螺旋結構域在溶液中主要係無規線圈,其中α-螺旋含量通常低於25%。另一方面,具有優化連接體之擬肽巨環化合物具有(例如)比相應未交聯多肽大至少兩倍的α-螺旋性。在一些實施例中,本發明之巨環化合物將具有大於50%之α-螺旋性。為分析本發明擬肽巨環化合物之螺旋性,將該等化合物溶解於水溶液中(例如在pH 7下50 mM磷酸鉀溶液、或蒸餾H2O,至25 μM至50 μM之濃度)。在分光偏振計(例如,Jasco J-710)上使用標準量測參數(例如溫度,20℃;波長,190 nm至260 nm;步長解析度,0.5 nm;速度,20 nm/sec;累積次數,10;反應時間,1 sec;帶寬,1 nm;路徑長度,0.1 cm)來獲得圓偏光二色性(CD)光譜。藉由用平均殘基橢圓率
(例如[Φ]222obs)除以針對模型螺旋十肽菌素所報告之值來計算每一肽之α-螺旋含量(Yang等人(1986),Methods Enzymol.130:208))。
包含二級結構(例如α-螺旋)之本發明擬肽巨環化合物展示(例如)比相應未交聯多肽更高之熔融溫度。通常,本發明擬肽巨環化合物展示>60℃之Tm,此代表在水性溶液中具有高度穩定結構。為分析巨環化合物形成對熔融溫度之影響,將擬肽巨環化合物或未經修飾之肽溶解於蒸餾H2O中(例如以50 μM之最終濃度)並藉由在分光偏振計(例如,Jasco J-710)上使用標準參數(例如波長,222 nm;步長解析度,0.5 nm;速度,20 nm/sec;累積次數,10;反應時間,1 sec;帶寬,1 nm;溫度增加速率:1℃/min;路徑長度,0.1 cm)量測在一溫度範圍(例如4℃至95℃)內橢圓率之變化來測定Tm。
肽骨架之醯胺鍵易於被蛋白酶水解,因此使得肽化合物易於在活體內快速降解。然而,肽螺旋形成通常包埋醯胺骨架且因此可保護其不受蛋白水解切割。可對本發明擬肽巨環化合物實施活體外胰蛋白酶蛋白水解以評估與相應未交聯多肽相比降解速率之任一變化。舉例而言,用胰蛋白酶瓊脂糖培育擬肽巨環化合物及相應未交聯多肽並在不同時間點藉由離心中止反應,且隨後實施HPLC注射以藉由在280 nm處之紫外吸收對殘餘受質進行定量。簡言之,將
擬肽巨環化合物及擬肽前體(5 mcg)用胰蛋白酶瓊脂糖(Pierce)(S/E為約125)培育0分鐘、10分鐘、20分鐘、90分鐘及180分鐘。藉由以高速桌上型離心來中止反應;藉由在280 nm處基於HPLC之峰檢測對所分離上清液中之剩餘受質進行定量。蛋白水解反應展示一級動力學且速率常數k係自ln[S]對時間之曲線測定(k=-1X斜率)。
具有優化連接體之擬肽巨環化合物具有(例如)比相應未交聯多肽大至少兩倍之離體半衰期,且具有12小時或更長之離體半衰期。對於離體血清穩定性研究,可使用多種分析。舉例而言,在37℃下將擬肽巨環化合物及相應未交聯多肽(2 mcg)用新鮮小鼠、大鼠及/或人類血清(2 mL)培育0小時、1小時、2小時、4小時、8小時及24小時。為測定完整化合物之含量,可使用以下程序:藉由將100 μl血清轉移至2 ml離心管中,隨後添加10 μL 50%甲酸及500 μL乙腈並在4±2℃下以14,000 RPM離心10 min來萃取樣品。然後將上清液轉移至新鮮2 ml管中並在Turbovap上在<10 psi N2及37℃下蒸發。將樣品重構於100 μL 50:50乙腈:水中並實施LC-MS/MS分析。
使用(例如)螢光偏振分析(FPA)來評估擬肽巨環化合物及擬肽前體對受體蛋白質之結合及親和力。FPA技術使用偏振光及螢光追蹤劑來量測分子定向及遷移率。當用偏振光激發時,附接至具有高表觀分子量之分子之螢光追蹤劑
(例如,FITC)(例如結合至大蛋白質之經FITC標記之肽)發射較高量之偏振螢光,因其與附接至較小分子之螢光追蹤劑(例如在溶液中游離之經FITC標記之肽)相比轉速更慢。
舉例而言,在室溫下將螢光化擬肽巨環化合物(25 nM)用存於結合緩衝液(140 mM NaCl,50 mM Tris-HCL,pH 7.4)中之受體蛋白質(25 nM至1000 nM)培育30分鐘。藉由(例如)在發光分光光度計(例如Perkin-Elmer LS50B)上實施螢光偏振來量測結合活性。可藉由使用(例如)Graphpad Prism軟體(GraphPad Software公司,San Diego,CA)實施非線性回歸分析來測定Kd值。在一些情況下,本發明擬肽巨環化合物顯示與相應未交聯多肽類似或比其更低之Kd。
使用(例如)利用衍生自擬肽前體序列之螢光化擬肽巨環化合物之螢光偏振分析(FPA)來評估拮抗肽與受體蛋白質之相互作用之化合物之結合及親和力。FPA技術使用偏振光及螢光追蹤劑來量測分子定向及遷移率。當用偏振光激發時,附接至具有高表觀分子量之分子之螢光追蹤劑(例如,FITC)(例如結合至大蛋白質之經FITC標記之肽)發射較高量之偏振螢光,因其與附接至較小分子之螢光追蹤劑(例如在溶液中游離之經FITC標記之肽)相比轉速更慢。將在競爭性結合FPA實驗中檢測拮抗螢光化擬肽巨環化合物與受體蛋白質間之相互作用之化合物。
舉例而言,在室溫下將假定拮抗劑化合物(1 nM至1 mM)及螢光化擬肽巨環化合物(25 nM)用存於結合緩衝液(140
mM NaCl,50 mM Tris-HCL,pH 7.4)中之受體蛋白質(50 nM)培育30分鐘。藉由(例如)在發光分光光度計(例如Perkin-Elmer LS50B)上實施螢光偏振來量測拮抗劑結合活性。可藉由使用(例如)Graphpad Prism軟體(GraphPad Software公司,San Diego,CA)實施非線性回歸分析來測定Kd值。
在此分析中可檢查作為假定拮抗劑之任一類分子(例如小有機分子、肽、寡核苷酸或蛋白質)。
使用(例如)親和力選擇質譜分析來評估測試化合物對蛋白質之結合及親和力。根據以下針對全系統對照實驗概述之代表性程序使用1 μM擬肽巨環化合物外加5 μM靶蛋白來實施蛋白質-配體結合實驗。將40 μM擬肽巨環化合物儲備溶液之1 μL DMSO等份試樣溶解於19 μLPBS(磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水:含有150 mM NaCl之50 mM pH 7.5磷酸鹽緩衝液)中。藉由重複移液來混合所得溶液並藉由以10 000 g離心10 min來澄清。向所得上清液之4 μL等份試樣中添加4 μL存於PBS中之10 μM靶蛋白。因此,每一8.0 μL實驗樣品含有以5.0 μM濃度存於PBS中之40 pmol(1.5 μg)蛋白質外加1 μM擬肽巨環化合物及2.5% DMSO。將每一濃度點之由此製備之兩份樣品在室溫下培育60 min,且然後冷凍至4℃,然後對5.0 μL注射液實施尺寸排除層析-LC-MS分析。將含有靶蛋白、蛋白質-配體錯合物及未結合化合物之樣品注射至SEC管柱上,其中藉由快速SEC步驟將錯合
物與未結合組份分離。使用UV檢測器來監測SEC管柱洗脫液以證實早期洗脫之蛋白質流份(其在SEC管柱之空隙體積中洗脫)與留在管柱上之未結合組份充分拆分。在含有峰之蛋白質及蛋白質-配體錯合物自初級UV檢測器洗脫出來後,其進入樣品環路中,於其中將其與SEC階段之流體流分割並經由閥系機構直接轉移至LC-MS中。在期望m/z下藉由ESI-MS來觀察擬肽巨環化合物之(M+3H)3+離子,從而證實對蛋白質-配體錯合物之檢測。
實施(例如)蛋白質-配體Kd滴定實驗來評估測試化合物對蛋白質之結合及親和力。蛋白質-配體K d滴定實驗係如下實施:製備經連續稀釋之滴定液擬肽巨環化合物儲備溶液(5 mM、2.5 mM、...、0.098 mM)之2 μL DMSO等份試樣,然後溶解於38 μL PBS中。藉由重複移液來混合所得溶液並藉由以10 000 g離心10 min來澄清。向所得上清液之4.0 μL等份試樣中添加4.0 μL存於PBS中之10 μM靶蛋白質。因此,每一8.0 μL實驗樣品含有以5.0 μM濃度存於PBS中之40 pmol(1.5 μg)蛋白質、不同濃度(125 μM、62.5 μM、...、0.24 μM)之滴定液肽及2.5% DMSO。在室溫下將每一濃度點之由此製備之兩份樣品培育30 min,然後冷凍至4℃,然後對2.0 μL注射液實施SEC-LC-MS分析。藉由ESI-MS來觀察(M+H)1+、(M+2H)2+、(M+3H)3+及/或(M+Na)1+離子;對萃取離子層析實施量化,然後擬合至公式以得到結合親和力K d,如下列中所述:「A General Technique to Rank Protein-Ligand Binding Affinities and Determine Allosteric vs.Direct Binding Site Competition in Compound Mixtures」,Annis,D.A.;Nazef,N.;Chuang,C.C.;Scott,M.P.;Nash,H.M.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2004,126,15495-15503;以及「ALIS:An Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry System for the Discovery and Characterization of Protein-Ligand Interactions」,D.A.Annis,C.-C.Chuang及N.Nazef;由Wanner K、Höfner G編輯之Mass Spectrometry in Medicinal Chemistry:Wiley-VCH;2007:121-184;Mannhold R,Kubinyi H,Folkers G(系列編輯):Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry。
實施(例如)親和力選擇質譜分析來測定測試化合物對蛋白質之結合競爭性之能力。藉由以下方式製備40 μM每一組份之配體混合物:將400 μM該三種化合物中之每一者之儲備溶液之2 μL等份試樣與14 μL DMSO組合。然後,將此40 μM每一組份之混合物之1 μL等份試樣與經連續稀釋之滴定液擬肽巨環化合物儲備溶液(10 mM、5 mM、2.5 mM、...、0.078 mM)之1 μL DMSO等份試樣組合。將此等2 μL樣品溶解於38 μL PBS中。藉由重複移液來混合所得溶液並藉由以10 000 g離心10 min來澄清。向所得上清液之4.0 μL等份試樣中添加4.0 μL存於PBS中之10 μM靶蛋白質。因此,每一8.0 μL實驗樣品含有以5.0 μM濃度存於PBS中之40 pmol(1.5 μg)蛋白質外加0.5 μM配體、2.5%
DMSO及不同濃度(125 μM、62.5 μM、...、0.98 μM)之滴定液擬肽巨環化合物。在室溫下將每一濃度點之由此製備之兩份樣品培育60 min,然後冷凍至4℃,然後對2.0 μL注射液實施SEC-LC-MS分析。關於此等及其他方法之其他細節於下列中提供:「A General Technique to Rank Protein-Ligand Binding Affinities and Determine Allosteric vs.Direct Binding Site Competition in Compound Mixtures」,Annis,D.A.;Nazef,N.;Chuang,C.C.;Scott,M.P.;Nash,H.M.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2004,126,15495-15503;以及「ALIS:An Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry System for the Discovery and Characterization of Protein-Ligand Interactions」D.A.Annis、C.-C.Chuang及N.Nazef;由Wanner K,Höfner G編輯之Mass Spectrometry in Medicinal Chemistr:Wiley-VCH;2007:121-184;Mannhold R、Kubinyi H、Folkers G(系列編輯):Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry。
可藉由免疫沈澱實驗來量測在完整細胞中肽或擬肽巨環化合物與其天然受體之結合。舉例而言,在不存在血清時將完整細胞用螢光化(經FITC標記)化合物培育4小時,隨後添加血清替代物並進一步培育4至18小時之範圍。然後沈澱細胞並在4℃下在溶解緩衝液(50 mM Tris[pH 7.6]、150 mM NaCl、1% CHAPS及蛋白酶抑制劑混合劑)中培育10分鐘。將萃取物以14,000 rpm離心15分鐘並收集上清液
並用10 μl山羊抗-FITC抗體培育2小時,在4℃下旋轉,隨後在4℃下用蛋白質A/G瓊脂糖(50 μL 50%珠粒漿液)進一步培育2小時。在迅速離心後,在含有增加之鹽濃度(例如,150 mM、300 mM、500 mM)之溶解緩衝液中洗滌沈澱。然後在150 mM NaCl下使珠粒重新達到平衡,然後添加含有SDS之樣品緩衝液並煮沸。在離心後,視情況使用4%-12%梯度Bis-Tris凝膠使上清液電泳,隨後轉移至Immobilon-P膜中。在阻斷後,視情況用檢測FITC之抗體培育印跡並且用一或多個檢測結合至擬肽巨環化合物之蛋白質之抗體。
為量測擬肽巨環化合物及相應未交聯巨環化合物之細胞滲透性,在37℃下在無血清培養基中將完整細胞用螢光化擬肽巨環化合物或相應未交聯巨環化合物(10 μM)培育4小時,用培養基洗滌兩次並在37℃下用胰蛋白酶(0.25%)培育10 min。再次洗滌細胞並再懸浮於PBS中。藉由(例如)使用FACSCalibur流式細胞計或Cellomics KineticScan ® HCS讀數器來分析細胞螢光。
為研究擬肽巨環化合物之活體內穩定性,將該等化合物(例如)藉由IV、IP、PO或吸入途徑以介於0.1 mg/kg至50 mg/kg間之濃度投與小鼠及/或大鼠並在注射後0'、5'、15'、30'、1小時、4小時、8小時及24小時抽取血液試樣。然後藉由LC-MS/MS如上量測完整化合物在25 μL新鮮血清
中之含量。
實施臨床試驗以測定本發明擬肽巨環化合物對人類治療之適宜性。舉例而言,選擇經診斷患有肌肉消耗性疾病或脂質營養不良且需要治療的患者並分成治療組及一或多個對照組,其中對治療組投與本發明擬肽巨環化合物,而對照組接受安慰劑或已知GHRH或GH藥物。因此,本發明擬肽巨環化合物之治療安全性及效力可藉由對患者組實施關於諸如存活率及生活品質等因素之比較來評價。在此實例中,與經安慰劑治療之患者對照組相比,經擬肽巨環化合物治療之患者組顯示改良之長期存活率。
本發明擬肽巨環化合物亦包括其醫藥上可接受之衍生物或前藥。「醫藥上可接受之衍生物」意指在投與試受者後能夠提供(直接或間接)本發明化合物的本發明化合物之任一醫藥上可接受之鹽、酯、酯鹽、前藥或其他衍生物。尤佳醫藥上可接受之衍生物係彼等當投與哺乳動物時增加本發明化合物之生物利用度者(例如,藉由增加經口投與之化合物在血液中之吸收)或相對於母體物質增加活性化合物至生物腔室(例如,腦或淋巴系統)之遞送者。一些醫藥上可接受之衍生物包括增加水溶性或穿過胃腸黏膜之活性運輸的化學基團。
在一些實施例中,藉由以共價方式或非共價方式聯結適當官能基來修飾本發明擬肽巨環化合物以增強選擇性生物
性質。該等修飾包括彼等增加向給定生物腔室(例如,血液、淋巴系統、中樞神經系統)中之生物滲透、增加口服利用度、增加溶解性以允許注射投與、改變代謝及改變排泄速率者。
本發明化合物之醫藥上可接受之鹽包括彼等自醫藥上可接受的無機和有機酸和鹼衍生之鹽。適宜酸鹽之實例包括乙酸鹽、己二酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、丁酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、二葡糖酸鹽、十二烷基硫酸鹽、甲酸鹽、延胡索酸鹽、乙醇酸鹽、半硫酸鹽、庚酸鹽、己酸鹽、鹽酸鹽、氫溴酸鹽、氫碘酸鹽、乳酸鹽、馬來酸鹽、丙二酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、2-萘磺酸鹽、菸鹼酸鹽、硝酸鹽、雙羥萘酸鹽、磷酸鹽、苦味酸鹽、新戊酸鹽、丙酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽、硫酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、甲苯磺酸鹽及十一烷酸鹽。衍生自適當鹼之鹽包括鹼金屬(例如鈉)鹽、鹼土金屬(例如鎂)鹽、銨鹽及N-(烷基)4 +鹽。
對於自本發明化合物製備醫藥組合物,醫藥上可接受之載劑包括固體或液體載劑。固體形式製劑包括粉劑、錠劑、丸劑、膠囊、扁囊劑、栓劑及可分散顆粒。固體載劑可為一或多種物質,其亦可充當稀釋劑、矯味劑、黏合劑、防腐劑、錠劑崩解劑或囊封材料。關於調配及投與技術之細節已充分闡述於科學及專利文獻中,例如,參見最新版Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,Maack Publishing公司,Easton PA。
在粉劑中,載劑係與微細活性組份混合之微細固體。在
錠劑中,該活性組份與具有所需黏合性質之載劑以適宜比例混合並壓縮成期望形狀及尺寸。
適宜固體賦形劑係碳水化合物或蛋白質填充劑,包括(但不限於)糖,包括乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨醇;來自玉米、小麥、水稻、馬鈴薯或其他植物之澱粉;纖維素,例如甲基纖維素、羥基丙基甲基纖維素或羧基甲基纖維素鈉;及樹膠,包括阿拉伯膠及黃蓍膠;以及蛋白質,例如明膠及膠原。若需要,可添加崩解劑或增溶劑,例如交聯聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮、瓊脂、海藻酸或其鹽(例如海藻酸鈉)。
液體形式製劑包括溶液、懸浮液及乳液,例如,水或水/丙二醇溶液。對於非經腸注射,液體製劑可調配成存於聚乙二醇水溶液中之溶液。
醫藥製劑較佳呈單位劑型。在該形式中,將該製劑再分為含有適當量活性組份之若干單位劑量。單位劑型可為包裝製劑,該包裝含有離散量之製劑,例如小包裝錠劑、膠囊及存於小瓶或安瓿中之粉末。此外,單位劑型自體亦可為膠囊、錠劑、丸劑和菱形錠劑,或可為適當量之此等包裝形式中之任一者。
當本發明組合物包含擬肽巨環化合物與一或多種額外治療劑或預防劑之組合時,該化合物及該額外試劑二者均應以介於在單療法方案中通常投與劑量的約1%至100%之間、且更佳介於約5%至95%之間的劑量含量存在。在一些實施例中,額外試劑係作為多種劑量方案之一部分與本發
明化合物分開投與。另一選擇為,彼等試劑係單一劑型之一部分,其以單一組成與本發明化合物混合。
在一些實施例中,該等組合物係作為單位劑型存在,該等單位劑型可遞送(例如)約0.0001 mg至約1,000 mg擬肽巨環化合物、其鹽、其前藥、其衍生物或此等之任一組合。因此,在一些實施例中,單位劑型可遞送(例如)約1 mg至約900 mg、約1 mg至約800 mg、約1 mg至約700 mg、約1 mg至約600 mg、約1 mg至約500 mg、約1 mg至約400 mg、約1 mg至約300 mg、約1 mg至約200 mg、約1 mg至約100 mg、約1 mg至約10 mg、約1 mg至約5 mg、約0.1 mg至約10 mg、約0.1 mg至約5 mg、約10 mg至約1,000 mg、約50 mg至約1,000 mg、約100 mg至約1,000 mg、約200 mg至約1,000 mg、約300 mg至約1,000 mg、約400 mg至約1,000 mg、約500 mg至約1,000 mg、約600 mg至約1,000 mg、約700 mg至約1,000 mg、約800 mg至約1,000 mg、約900 mg至約1,000 mg、約10 mg至約900 mg、約100 mg至約800 mg、約200 mg至約700 mg或約300 mg至約600 mg擬肽巨環化合物、其鹽、其前藥、其衍生物或此等之任一組合。
在一些實施例中,該等組合物係作為單位劑型存在,該等單位劑型可遞送(例如)約1 mg、約2 mg、約3 mg、約4 mg、約5 mg、約6 mg、約7 mg、約8 mg、約9 mg、約10 mg、約20 mg、約30 mg、約40 mg、約50 mg、約60 mg、約70 mg、約80 mg、約90 mg、約100 mg、約150 mg、約
200 mg、約250 mg、約300 mg、約350 mg、約400 mg、約500 mg、約600 mg、約700 mg、約800 mg或約800 mg擬肽巨環化合物、其鹽、其前藥、其衍生物或此等之任一組合。
適宜投與途徑包括(但不限於)經口、靜脈內、直腸、氣溶膠、非經腸、眼部、肺、經黏膜、經皮、陰道、耳、鼻及局部投與。另外,僅舉例而言,非經腸遞送包括肌內、皮下、靜脈內、髓內注射以及鞘內、直接心室內、腹膜腔內、淋巴內和鼻內注射。
在某些實施例中,如本文所述之組合物係以局部而非全身方式(例如,經由將化合物直接注射至器官中)投與。在特定實施例中,長效調配物係藉由植入(例如皮下或肌內)或藉由肌內注射投與。此外,在其他實施例中,藥物係以靶向藥物遞送系統(例如,以塗佈有器官特異性抗體之脂質體)遞送。在該等實施例中,使脂質體靶向器官並由其選擇性地吸收。在又一些實施例中,如本文所述之化合物係以快速釋放調配物形式、以延遲釋放調配物形式或以即刻釋放調配物形式提供。在又一些實施例中,本文所述化合物係以局部方式投與。
在另一實施例中,調配用於經口投與之本文所述組合物。藉由將擬肽巨環化合物與(例如)醫藥上可接受之載劑或賦形劑組合來調配本文所述組合物。在各實施例中,以口服劑型調配本文所述化合物,該等劑型包括(僅舉例而言)錠劑、粉劑、丸劑、糖衣錠、膠囊、液體、凝膠、糖
漿、酏劑、漿液、懸浮液及諸如此類。
在某些實施例中,口服使用之醫藥製劑係藉由以下方式獲得:將一或多種固體賦形劑與一或多種本文所述擬肽巨環化合物混合,視情況研磨所得混合物,且若需要在添加適宜助劑後處理顆粒混合物以獲得錠劑或糖衣錠核心。具體而言,適宜賦形劑係填充劑,例如糖,包括乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨醇;纖維素製劑,例如,玉米澱粉、小麥澱粉、水稻澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、明膠、黃蓍膠、甲基纖維素、微晶纖維素、羥丙基甲基纖維素、羧甲基纖維素鈉;或其他賦形劑,例如聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP或聚維酮(povidone))或磷酸鈣。在特定實施例中,視情況添加崩解劑。崩解劑包括(僅舉例而言)交聯之交聯羧甲基纖維素鈉、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、瓊脂、或海藻酸或其鹽(例如海藻酸鈉)。
在一實施例中,提供具有一或多個適宜塗層之劑型,例如糖衣錠核心及錠劑。在特定實施例中,使用濃糖溶液來塗佈劑型。糖溶液視情況含有額外組份,例如僅舉例而言,阿拉伯膠、滑石粉、聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮、卡波普(carbopol)凝膠、聚乙二醇及/或二氧化鈦、漆料溶液及適宜有機溶劑或溶劑混合物。亦視情況將染料及/或顏料添加至塗層中以用於識別用途。另外,視情況使用染料及/或顏料來表徵活性化合物劑量之不同組合。
在某些實施例中,將治療上有效量之本文所述擬肽巨環化合物中之至少一者調配成其他口服劑型。口服劑型包括
由明膠製成之配合推入膠囊以及由明膠及增塑劑(例如甘油或山梨醇)製成之軟質密封膠囊。在特定實施例中,配合推入膠囊含有與一或多種填充劑混合之活性成份。填充劑包括(僅舉例而言)乳糖、黏合劑(例如澱粉)及/或潤滑劑(例如滑石粉或硬脂酸鎂)及視情況穩定劑。在其他實施例中,軟質膠囊含有一或多種溶解或懸浮於適宜液體中之活性化合物。適宜液體包括(僅舉例而言)一或多種脂肪油、液體石蠟或液體聚乙二醇。另外,視情況添加穩定劑。
在其他實施例中,調配用於經頰或舌下投與之治療上有效量之本文所述擬肽巨環化合物中之至少一者。適用於經頰或舌下投與之調配物包括(僅舉例而言)錠劑、稜形錠劑或凝膠。在再一些實施例中,調配用於非經腸注射之本文所述擬肽巨環化合物,包括適用於推注注射或連續灌注之調配物。在特定實施例中,注射用調配物係以單位劑型(例如,以安瓿)或以多劑量容器存在。視情況將防腐劑添加至注射調配物中。在再一些實施例中,醫藥組合物係以適用於非經腸注射之形式作為無菌懸浮液、溶液或乳液在油性或水性媒劑中調配。非經腸注射調配物視情況含有諸如懸浮劑、穩定劑及/或分散劑等調配劑。在特定實施例中,用於非經腸投與之醫藥調配物包括為水溶性形式之活性化合物的水溶液。在其他實施例中,活性化合物之懸浮液係作為適當油性注射懸浮液製備。適宜用於本文所述醫藥組合物之親脂性溶劑或媒劑包括(僅舉例而言)脂肪油(例如芝麻油)或合成脂肪酸酯(例如油酸乙酯或甘油三酸酯)或
脂質體。在某些特定實施例中,水性注射懸浮液含有增加懸浮液黏度之物質,例如羧甲基纖維素鈉、山梨醇或聚葡萄糖。視情況,懸浮液含有適宜穩定劑或增加化合物溶解性之試劑以允許製備高度濃縮溶液。另一選擇為,在其他實施例中,活性成份係呈粉劑形式,以便在使用前用適宜媒劑(例如無菌無熱原水)構造。
本文醫藥組合物可投與(例如)每日1次或2次或3次或4次或5次或6次、或每週1次或2次或3次或4次或5次或6次,且可投與(例如)1天、1週、1個月、3個月、6個月、1年、5年或(例如)10年。
在一態樣中,本發明提供新穎擬肽巨環化合物,其可用於競爭性結合分析以識別結合至蛋白質或肽之天然配體之試劑,藉此對將該等擬肽巨環化合物進行建模。舉例而言,在GHRH系統中,經標記之基於GHRH之擬肽巨環化合物可與競爭性結合至GHRH受體之小分子一起用於結合分析。競爭性結合研究達成對特定用於GHRH系統之藥物候補者之快速活體外評價及測定。該等結合研究可使用本文所揭示任一擬肽巨環化合物及其結合配偶體來實施。
本發明進一步提供抗擬該等肽巨環化合物之抗體之生成。在一些實施例中,此等抗體特異性結合擬肽巨環化合物及與該等擬肽巨環化合物相關之前體肽(例如GHRH)二者。舉例而言,該等抗體破壞天然蛋白質-蛋白質相互作用(例如GHRH與GHRH受體間之相互作用)。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供活化GHRH受體之方法,藉此刺激生長激素之產生及釋放,進而可增加淨肌肉質量或減少脂肪組織(例如內臟及/或腹部脂肪組織)。在一些實施例中,使用本發明之醫藥組合物來治療患有肥胖症(例如腹部肥胖症)之個體。例如,參見Makimura等人,J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.2009,94(12):5131-5138,其以引用方式併入本文中。
在又一態樣中,本發明提供治療肌肉消耗性疾病(包括厭食症、惡病質(例如癌症惡病質、慢性心臟衰竭惡病質、慢性阻塞性肺病惡病質、類風濕性關節炎惡病質)及肌少症)之方法、治療脂質營養不良(包括HIV脂質營養不良)之方法、治療生長激素失調(包括成人及小兒生長激素缺乏)之方法或治療胃肌輕癱或短腸症候群之方法。此等方法包含向溫血動物(包括人類)投與有效量之本發明化合物。在一些實施例中,本文所提供用於治療肌肉消耗性疾病之醫藥組合物係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
在一些實施例中,本文提供治療成人生長激素缺乏之方法。該等缺乏可由(例如)對垂體腺或下視丘之損害或損傷引起。通常,成人型生長激素缺乏係由垂體腫瘤或藉由例如顱腦照射治療該等腫瘤引起。成人生長激素缺乏亦可由對垂體腺之血液供應降低引起。在一些實施例中,用於治療成人生長激素缺乏之本發明之醫藥組合物係以不超過每
日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
在一些實施例中,本文提供治療小兒生長激素缺乏之方法。兒童生長激素缺乏通常係特發性。然而,可能之原因包括基因(包括GHRHR或GH1)之突變、關於垂體之先天性畸形(例如透明膈缺損併單側視神經發育不全或垂體後葉異位)、慢性腎病、顱內腫瘤(例如在蝶鞍中或附近,例如顱咽管瘤)、由顱骨之輻射療法(用於癌症,例如白血病或腦腫瘤)造成之垂體損傷、外科手術、創傷或顱內疾病(例如腦積水)、自體免疫疾病(垂體炎)、低血壓引起之局部缺血性或出血性梗塞(席漢氏症(Sheehan syndrome))或出血性垂體中風。在(例如)以下先天性疾病中觀察到生長激素缺乏:普拉德-威利症候群、特納症候群或矮小同源盒基因(SHOX)缺陷、特發性身材矮小或小於妊娠年齡之胎兒。在一些實施例中,用於治療小兒生長激素缺乏之本發明之組合物係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
本文所用術語「治療」定義為出於治癒、痊癒、減緩、減輕、改變、補救、改善、改良或影響疾病、疾病症狀或疾病誘因之目的對患者施加或投與治療劑,或對來自具有疾病、疾病症狀或疾病誘因之患者之經分離組織或細胞系施加或投與治療劑。
儘管已在本文中顯示及闡述本發明之較佳實施例,但熟習此項技術者顯然瞭解該等實施例僅作為實例提供。熟習此項技術者現將構想出許多變更、改變及替代,此並不背離本發明。應瞭解,可在本發明實踐中使用本文所述本發明實施例之各種替代實施例。本發明之範圍意欲由以下申請專利範圍界定且因此在此等申請專利範圍及其等效內容之範圍內之方法及結構皆涵蓋在本發明內。
擬肽巨環化合物係如先前所述且如下文所述合成、純化及分析(Schafmeister等人,J.Am.Chem.Soc.122:5891-5892(2000);Schafmeister & Verdine,J.Am.Chem.Soc.122:5891(2005);Walensky等人,Science 305:1466-1470(2004);及美國專利第7,192,713號)。藉由用相應合成胺基酸替代兩種或更多種天然存在之胺基酸來設計擬肽巨環化合物。在i位及i+4位及i及i+7位進行取代。肽合成法係使用固相條件、rink amide AM樹脂(Novabiochem)及Fmoc主鏈保護基團化學,以手動或在自動肽合成器(Applied Biosystems,433A型)上進行。對於經Fmoc保護之天然胺基酸(Novabiochem)之偶合法,則使用10當量胺基酸及1:1:2莫耳比之偶合試劑HBTU/HOBt(Novabiochem)/DIEA。非天然胺基酸(4當量)係與1:1:2莫耳比之HATU(Applied Biosystems)/HOBt/DIEA偶合。使合成肽之N-末端乙醯化,同時使C-末端醯胺化。
藉由在逆相C18管柱(Varian)上進行高效液相層析法(HPLC)(Varian ProStar)達成交聯化合物之純化,得到純化合物。純產物之化學組成係藉由LC/MS質譜(與Agilent 1100 HPLC系統介面連接之Micromass LCT)及胺基酸分析(Applied Biosystems,420A型)來證實。
表3顯示所製備本發明擬肽巨環化合物之列表。
在上文及其他地方顯示之序列中,使用以下縮寫:表示為「$」之胺基酸係由包含一個雙鍵之全碳i至i+4交聯劑連接之α-Me S5-戊烯基-丙胺酸烯烴胺基酸。「%」係由不包含雙鍵之全碳i至i+4交聯劑(完全飽和伸烷基交聯劑)連接
之α-Me S5-戊烯基-丙胺酸烯烴胺基酸。表示為「$r8」之胺基酸係由包含一個雙鍵之全碳i至i+7交聯劑連接之α-Me R8-辛烯基-丙胺酸烯烴胺基酸。名稱「iso1」或「iso2」指示擬肽巨環化合物係單一異構體。
按照下文所指示之代號表示用於形成三唑交聯劑之胺基酸。除非另有說明,否則在每一胺基酸之α位處之立體化學係S。對於疊氮基胺基酸,所指示碳原子之數量係指α碳與末端疊氮基間之亞甲基單元之數量。對於炔烴胺基酸,所指示碳原子之數量係α位與三唑部分間之亞甲基單元之數量加上三唑基團中來源於炔烴之兩個碳原子。
$5a5 A-Me炔烴1,5三唑(5個碳)
$5n3 A-Me疊氮基1,5三唑(3個碳)
$4rn6 A-Me R-疊氮基1,4三唑(6個碳)
$4a5 A-Me炔烴1,4三唑(5個碳)
若干擬巨環化合物之例示性結構顯示於表5中。
藉由將每一肽以10 μM濃度溶解於200 μL 100 mM NH4OAc(pH 7.5)中來測試線性肽及交聯擬肽巨環化合物對胰蛋白酶(MP Biomedicals,Solon OH)蛋白水解之穩定性。藉由在密封小瓶中添加3.5 μL胰蛋白酶(每500 μL反應12.5 μg蛋白酶)並不斷震盪來引發反應,同時在室溫(22±2℃)下培育。酶/受質比率為1:102(w/w)。在0 min、5 min、30 min、60 min及135 min培育時間後,藉由添加等體積0.2%三氟乙酸來終止反應。然後,立即藉由LC-MS以正檢測模式來分析溶液。在GraphPad Prism中藉由未經校準之MS反應對酶培育時間之非線性擬合來計算每一肽之
反應半衰期。結果顯示於圖1A及1B中。
在人類GHRH受體(hGHRHR)及不同濃度下測試GHRH(1-29)及交聯擬肽巨環化合物之激動作用。使瞬態或穩定表現hGHRH之人類293細胞與具有懸浮於無血清培養基中之維耳新(versene)(Lifetechnologies)之細胞培養燒瓶脫離(5×104個細胞/分析點),並在室溫下用GHRH(1-29)(Bachem)或交聯擬肽巨環化合物刺激30 min。cAMP係使用基於HTRF®之分析(CisBio)進行定量並按照製造商說明書使用。自反應對劑量之非線性擬合(GraphPad Prism)計算每一激動劑之EC 50%。藉由用10 μM GHRH(1-29)刺激來測定最大反應。結果顯示於圖3中。
對本發明之五種擬肽巨環化合物(SP-1、SP-6、SP-8、SP-21、SP-32)以及舍莫瑞林(sermorelin)進行研究以測定在大鼠中之藥物動力學及藥效參數。使用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠(300 g,未禁食,插入導管)。該研究具有三種途徑:IV投與、SC投與及SC投與(媒劑對照)。對於使用舍莫瑞林之實驗,使用3 mg/kg IV/SC推注劑量量(劑量體積為3 mL/kg劑量且劑量濃度為1 mg/mL)。所用媒劑係:10 wt% N,N-二甲基乙醯胺、10 wt% DMSO、2 wt%存於含有45 mg/mL(4.5 wt%)甘露醇及25 mM(0.38 wt%)組胺酸之注射用水(pH 7.5:320 mOsm/kg)中之Solutol HS 15。首先將肽以高濃度溶解於DMA及DMSO中,然後在Solutol媒劑
中二次稀釋。
對於使用擬肽巨環化合物之實驗,將0.1 mL DMA及0.1 mL DMSO與每mg巨環化合物組合使用(在每一實驗中使用約4.3 mg至4.5 mg巨環化合物)。使用超音波處理以確保完全溶解。對每mg存於DMA/DMSO中之巨環化合物使用0.8 mL Solutol媒劑。用移液管或光渦流將溶液輕輕混合。使用新鮮小瓶進行每日給藥,且巨環化合物在調配前係固態儲存於-20℃下。
對於每一研究途徑,在特定時間點(5 min、15 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、24 h及48 h)抽取2隻大鼠之血液(350 μL)並在即將給藥前抽取150 μL血液。在收集後30分鐘,藉由在4℃下以2000 G最大值離心20分鐘將血漿製備於K2EDTA管中。將每一所抽取之350 μL血液中之120 μL轉移至用於PK研究之一個管中並將50 μL轉移至用於PD研究之另一管中並立即冷藏。將所抽取之150 μL血液中之70 μL轉移至用於PD研究之一個管中並立即冷藏。
結果顯示於圖4至圖11中。
圖1A及1B顯示本發明擬肽巨環化合物對胰蛋白酶蛋白水解改良之穩定性。
圖2顯示本發明擬肽巨環化合物之改良之血清穩定性。
圖3及3a顯示藉由本發明擬肽巨環化合物之cAMP釋放量及胰蛋白酶半衰期衡量之GHRH受體激動劑活性。對於cAMP值,「+」代表大於50 nM之值;「++」代表介於10
nM至50 nM間之值;「+++」代表介於1 nM至10 nM間之值;「++++」代表低於1 nM之值。對於胰蛋白酶半衰期,「+」代表低於50 min之值;「++」代表介於50 min至100 min間之值;「+++」代表介於100 min至200 min間之值;「++++」代表大於200 min之值;且「NT」表示「未測定」。
圖4顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-1實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖5顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-8實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖6顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-6實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖7顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-21實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖8顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-32實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖9顯示利用擬肽巨環化合物SP-1、SP-6、SP-8、SP-21及SP-32實施之血漿PK研究之結果。
圖10顯示擬肽巨環化合物SP-8對生長激素產生之刺激。
圖11顯示由舍莫瑞林誘導之生長激素釋放(AUC)與擬肽巨環化合物SP-1、SP-6、SP-8、SP-21及SP-32之比較。
Claims (52)
- 一種擬肽巨環化合物,其包含與GHRH 1-29至少約60%相同之胺基酸序列,其進一步包含至少兩個形成巨環之連接體,其中該兩個形成巨環之連接體中之第一者連接第一胺基酸與第二胺基酸,且該兩個形成巨環之連接體中之第二者連接第三胺基酸與第四胺基酸。
- 如請求項1之擬肽巨環化合物,其包含兩個形成巨環之連接體。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該等形成巨環之連接體中之每一者連接以下其中一對胺基酸:4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29;25及29。
- 如請求項3之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該等形成巨環之連接體中之每一者連接以下其中一對胺基酸:4及8;5及12;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28。
- 如請求項2之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;或12及19;且該第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29;或25及29。
- 如請求項5之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8;5及12;或12及19;且該第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸15及22;18及 25;21及25;或21及28。
- 如請求項6之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該第一形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸4及8,且該第二形成巨環之連接體連接成對胺基酸21及25。
- 一種擬肽巨環化合物,其包含與GHRH 1-29至少約60%相同之胺基酸序列,其進一步包含連接第一胺基酸與第二胺基酸之形成巨環之連接體,其中該第一胺基酸及該第二胺基酸係選自以下成對胺基酸:4及8;5及12;8及12;8及15;9及16;12及16;12及19;15及22;18及25;21及25;21及28;22及29。
- 如請求項8之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該形成巨環之連接體連接胺基酸12及19。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其包含與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列至少約60%相同的胺基酸序列。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物之該胺基酸序列與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列至少約80%相同。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物之該胺基酸序列與選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群之胺基酸序列至少約90%相同。
- 如請求項1之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物之該胺基酸序列選自由表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列組成之群。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物包含螺旋。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物包含α-螺旋。
- 如請求項1之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物包含α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。
- 如請求項16之擬肽巨環化合物,其中每一由該形成巨環之連接體連接之胺基酸皆係α,α-經二取代之胺基酸。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其具有下式:
- 如請求項18之擬肽巨環化合物,其中u係2。
- 如請求項19之擬肽巨環化合物,其具有下式:
- 如請求項18至20中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中x+y+z之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
- 如請求項20之擬肽巨環化合物,其中x'+y'+z'之總和係2、3或6,例如3或6。
- 如請求項18至20中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中v及w中之每一者獨立地為1至10、1至15、1至20或1至25之整數。
- 如請求項1至23中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物包含連接該擬肽巨環化合物中之第一胺基酸之骨架胺基與第二胺基酸之骨架胺基的交聯劑。
- 如請求項24之擬肽巨環化合物,其中該擬肽巨環化合物具有式(II)或(IIa):
- 如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其具有下式:
- 如請求項26之擬肽巨環化合物,其中A、B、C、D及E連同由該形成巨環之連接體L連接之交聯胺基酸一起形成與表1、2或3中之胺基酸序列至少約60%、70%、80%、90%相同之胺基酸序列。
- 一種擬肽巨環化合物,其包含下式之胺基酸序列:X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-X11-X12-X13-X14-X15-X16-X17-X18-X19-X20-X21-X22-X23-X24-X25-X26-X27-X28-X29其中:X1係Tyr或His;X2係Ala、D-Ala或Val;X3係Asp;X4係Ala或交聯胺基酸;X5係Ile;X6係Phe;X7係Thr;X8係Gln、Asn或交聯胺基酸;X9係Ser或交聯胺基酸;X10係Tyr;X11係Arg、Ala或Gln;X12係Lys、Ala、Gln或交聯胺基酸;X13係Val或Ile;X14係Leu;X15係Gly、Ala或交聯胺基酸;X16係Gln或交聯胺基酸;X17係Leu;X18係Ser、Tyr或交聯胺基酸;X19係Ala或交聯胺基酸; X20係Arg或Gln;X21係Lys或交聯胺基酸;X22係Leu、Ala或交聯胺基酸;X23係Leu;X24係Gln或His;X25係Asp、Glu或交聯胺基酸;X26係Ile;X27係Met、Ile、Leu或Nle;X28係Ser或交聯胺基酸;X29係Arg、Ala、Gln或交聯胺基酸;其中該擬肽巨環化合物包含至少一個連接至少一個選自X1-X29之成對胺基酸之形成巨環之連接體;L係式-L1-L2-之形成巨環之連接體;L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸環芳基、伸雜環芳基或[-R4-K-R4-]n,每一者視情況經R5取代;每一R4係伸烷基、伸烯基、伸炔基、伸雜烷基、伸環烷基、伸雜環烷基、伸芳基或伸雜芳基;每一K係O、S、SO、SO2、CO或CO2;每一R5獨立地為鹵素、烷基、-OR6、-N(R6)2、-SR6、-SOR6、-SO2R6、-CO2R6、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治療劑;且每一R6獨立地為-H、烷基、烯基、炔基、芳基烷基、環烷基烷基、雜環烷基、螢光部分、放射性同位素或治 療劑。
- 如請求項28之擬肽巨環化合物,其中每一形成巨環之連接體連接以下其中一對胺基酸:X4及X8;X5及X12;X8及X12;X8及X15;X9及X16;X12及X16;X12及X19;X15及X22;X18及X25;X21及X25;X21及X28;X22及X29;X25及X29。
- 如請求項29之擬肽巨環化合物,其中每一形成巨環之連接體連接以下其中一對胺基酸:X4及X8;X5及X12;X12及X19;X15及X22;X18及X25;X21及X25;X21及X28。
- 如請求項28至30中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中L1及L2獨立地為伸烷基、伸烯基或伸炔基。
- 如請求項31之擬肽巨環化合物,其中L1及L2獨立地為C3-C10伸烷基或伸烯基。
- 如請求項32之擬肽巨環化合物,其中L1及L2獨立地為C3-C6伸烷基或伸烯基。
- 如請求項28至30中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中R1及R2係H。
- 如請求項28至30中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中R1及R2獨立地為烷基。
- 如請求項28至30中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物,其中R1及R2係甲基。
- 一種增加個體之生長激素(GH)之循環量之方法,其包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 一種增加個體之淨肌肉質量之方法,其包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 一種減少個體之脂肪組織之方法,其包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 如請求項39之方法,其中該脂肪組織係腹部組織。
- 如請求項39之方法,其中該個體患有肥胖症,例如腹部肥胖症。
- 一種治療個體之肌肉消耗性疾病之方法,該等肌肉消耗性疾病包括厭食症、惡病質(例如癌症惡病質、慢性心臟衰竭惡病質、慢性阻塞性肺病惡病質、類風濕性關節炎惡病質)或肌少症,該方法包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 一種治療個體之脂質營養不良之方法,該等脂質營養不良包括HIV脂質營養不良,該方法包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 一種治療個體之生長激素失調之方法,其包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 如請求項44之方法,其中該失調係成人生長激素缺乏。
- 如請求項44之方法,其中該失調係小兒生長激素缺乏。
- 如請求項46之方法,其中該小兒生長激素缺乏與以下相關:特發性身材矮小、SGA(小於妊娠年齡之胎兒)、慢性腎病、普拉德-威利症候群(Prader-Willi syndrome)、特納症候群(Turner syndrome)、矮小同源盒(SHOX)基因缺陷或原發性IGF-1缺陷。
- 一種治療個體之胃肌輕癱或短腸症候群之方法,其包含投與該個體如前述請求項中任一項之擬肽巨環化合物。
- 一種藉由投與GHRH受體之激動劑治療個體之肌肉消耗性疾病、脂質營養不良、生長激素失調或胃肌輕癱/短腸症候群之方法,其中該激動劑係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
- 一種藉由投與GHRH類似物治療個體之肌肉消耗性疾病、脂質營養不良、生長激素失調或胃肌輕癱/短腸症候群之方法,其中該GHRH類似物係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
- 一種藉由投與GHRH受體之激動劑增加個體之生長激素(GH)之循環量之方法,其中該激動劑係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
- 一種藉由投與GHRH類似物增加個體之生長激素(GH)之循環量之方法,其中該GHRH類似物係以不超過每日一次之頻率、以不超過每隔一日之頻率、以不超過每週兩次之頻率、以不超過每週一次之頻率或以不超過每隔一週之頻率投與。
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AU2012326026B2 (en) | 2017-04-13 |
AU2017204332A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 |
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KR20140100937A (ko) | 2014-08-18 |
JP6342808B2 (ja) | 2018-06-13 |
MX2014004644A (es) | 2014-08-01 |
RU2014119673A (ru) | 2015-11-27 |
CA2852468A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
AU2012326026A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 |
CN108929375A (zh) | 2018-12-04 |
RU2639523C2 (ru) | 2017-12-21 |
WO2013059525A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
AR088392A1 (es) | 2014-05-28 |
JP2014530868A (ja) | 2014-11-20 |
EP2768518A4 (en) | 2015-05-27 |
EP2768518A1 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
TW201806968A (zh) | 2018-03-01 |
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