KR102144056B1 - 양극활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 양극을 포함한 리튬이차전지 - Google Patents
양극활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 양극을 포함한 리튬이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- KR102144056B1 KR102144056B1 KR1020190174169A KR20190174169A KR102144056B1 KR 102144056 B1 KR102144056 B1 KR 102144056B1 KR 1020190174169 A KR1020190174169 A KR 1020190174169A KR 20190174169 A KR20190174169 A KR 20190174169A KR 102144056 B1 KR102144056 B1 KR 102144056B1
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- active material
- transition metal
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- metal oxide
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
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- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 47
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
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- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910015872 LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 실시예 1 및 비교예 1의 양극활물질의 입도 분포를 보여주는 그래프이다.
도 3은 비교예 1의 양극활물질의 고해상도투과전자현미경(high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM)) 사진이다.
도 4는 실시예 1의 양극활물질의 고해상도투과전자현미경(high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM)) 사진이다.
도 5(a)는 실시예 1의 양극활물질의 고해상도투과전자현미경(high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM)) 사진이며; 도 5(b)은 실시예 1의 양극활물질의 에너지분산형 x-레이 분광학(energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)) 사진이다.
도 6(a)는 실시예 1의 양극활물질의 고해상도투과전자현미경(high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM)) 사진이며; 도 6(b)은 실시예 1의 양극활물질의 FFT 사진이다
도 7는 실시예 4 및 비교예 11 내지 15의 하프셀에 대한 수명 유지율 그래프이다.
도 8은 실시예 4 및 비교예 16 내지 18의 하프셀에 대한 수명 유지율 그래프이다.
도 9는 실시예 5 및 비교예 19의 하프셀에 대한 수명 유지율 그래프이다.
도 10은 실시예 6 및 비교예 20 의 하프셀에 대한 수명 유지율 그래프이다.
도 11은 예시적인 구현예에 따른 리튬전지의 모식도이다.
<도면의 주요 부분에 대한 부호의 설명>
1: 리튬전지 2: 음극
3: 양극 4: 세퍼레이터
5: 전지케이스 6: 캡 어셈블리
양극활물질/하프셀 | 양극활물질의 조성 | 농도구배영역 |
실시예 1/실시예 4 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.781Co0.119Mn0.084O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O |
실시예 2/실시예 5 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.876Co0.061Al0.047O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O |
실시예 3/실시예 6 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.87Co0.114O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O |
비교예 1/비교예 11 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.791Co0.103Mn0.09O1.999S0.001 | X |
비교예 2/비교예 12 | LiMg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.797Co0.098Mn0.099O2 | X |
비교예 3/비교예 13 | Li0.99Na0.01Mg0.003Ni0.798Co0.099Mn0.1O2 | X |
비교예 4/비교예 14 | LiW0.01Mg0.003Ni0.790Co0.098Mn0.099O2 | X |
비교예 5/비교예 15 | LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O1.999S0.001 | X |
비교예 6/비교예 16 | LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O |
비교예 7/비교예 17 | LiW0.01Mg0.003Ni0.790Co0.098Mn0.099O2-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O |
비교예 8/비교예 18 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.781Co0.119Mn0.084O1.999S0.001 | O |
비교예 9/비교예 19 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.879Co0.047Al0.049O1.999S0.001 | X |
비교예 10/비교예 20 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.886Co0.098O1.999S0.001 | X |
(몰%) | Li | Na | Ni | Co | Mn | W | Mg | Ti | S |
비교예 1 | 99 | 1 | 79.1 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
실시예 1 | 99 | 1 | 78.2 | 11.9 | 8.3 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
D10(㎛) | D50(㎛) | D90(㎛) | |
비교예 1 | 3.2 | 6.4 | 10.8 |
실시예 1 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 10.9 |
위치 | Ni(mol%) | Co(mol%) | Mn(mol%) |
1 | 79.1 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
2 | 79.5 | 10.8 | 9.7 |
3 | 79.7 | 10.3 | 9.8 |
위치 | Ni(mol%) | Co(mol%) | Mn(mol%) |
1 | 66.3 | 23.7 | 10.0 |
2 | 72.0 | 18.3 | 9.7 |
3 | 74.6 | 15.6 | 9.8 |
4 | 76.4 | 13.5 | 10.1 |
5 | 78.4 | 11.9 | 9.7 |
6 | 80.3 | 9.8 | 9.9 |
위치 | Ni(몰%) | Co(몰%) | Mn(몰%) |
1 | 61.1 | 31.4 | 7.5 |
2 | 61.2 | 30.7 | 8.1 |
양극활물질/하프셀 | 양극활물질의 조성 | 농도구배영역 | 50사이클 후 수명 유지율 (%) |
실시예 1/실시예 4 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.781Co0.119Mn0.084O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O | 99.0 |
실시예 2/실시예 5 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.876Co0.061Al0.047O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O | 97.1 |
실시예 3/실시예 6 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.87Co0.114O1.999S0.001-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O | 96.3 |
비교예 1/비교예 11 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.791Co0.103Mn0.09O1.999S0.001 | X | 97.3 |
비교예 2/비교예 12 | LiMg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.797Co0.098Mn0.099O2 | X | 94.5 |
비교예 3/비교예 13 | Li0.99Na0.01Mg0.003Ni0.798Co0.099Mn0.1O2 | X | 93.1 |
비교예 4/비교예 14 | LiW0.01Mg0.003Ni0.790Co0.098Mn0.099O2 | X | 93.8 |
비교예 5/비교예 15 | LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O1.999S0.001 | X | 91.3 |
비교예 6/비교예 16 | LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O | 96.3 |
비교예 7/비교예 17 | LiW0.01Mg0.003Ni0.790Co0.098Mn0.099O2-Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1 | O | 95.6 |
비교예 8/비교예 18 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.781Co0.119Mn0.084O1.999S0.001 | O | 98.1 |
비교예 9/비교예 19 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.879Co0.047Al0.049O1.999S0.001 | X | 93.2 |
비교예 10/비교예 20 | Li0.99Na0.01W0.01Mg0.003Ti0.003Ni0.886Co0.098O1.999S0.001 | X | 92.7 |
Claims (20)
- Li의 일부가 Na으로 치환되고, O의 일부가 S로 치환되고, Ni 및 Co 원자를 포함하는 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자; 및
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자 표면에 배치된 코발트-함유 코팅층을 포함하고,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자가 표면으로부터 입자 중심 방향으로 Co 원자의 농도가 감소하는 농도구배 영역을 포함하는, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 농도구배 영역은 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자 표면으로부터 입자 중심 방향으로 Ni 원자의 농도가 증가하는, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 농도구배 영역은 상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자 표면으로부터 중심 방향으로 500 nm 거리까지의 영역을 포함하는, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자는 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 리튬 전이금속 산화물을 포함하는, 양극활물질:
<화학식 1>
Li1-xNaxM1-(α+β+γ)WαMgβTiγO2-aSa
상기 화학식 1에서,
M은 W, Mg, Ti, Na, 및 S를 제외한 알칼리금속 원소, 알칼리토금속 원소, 전이금속 원소, 전이후 금속 및 비금속 원소 중에서 선택된 1종 이상의 원소이고,
0<x≤0.01, 0<α≤0.01, 0<β≤0.005, 0<γ≤0.005, 0<a≤0.01, 0<α+β+γ≤0.02이다. - 제4항에 있어서,
상기 화학식 1에서 β 및 γ는 각각 0<β≤0.003, 0<γ≤0.003인, 양극활물질. - 제4항에 있어서,
상기 M은 Ni, Co, Mn, Al, V, Ca, Zr, B, 및 P 중에서 선택된 1종 이상의 원소인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 단일 입자인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 단결정인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물은 하기 화학식 2 내지 4 중 어느 하나로 표시되는, 양극활물질.
<화학식 2>
Li1-x'Nax'Niy1'Coy2'Mny3'Wα'Mgβ'Tiγ'O2-a'Sa'
<화학식 3>
Li1-x''Nax''Niy1''Coy2''Aly3''Wα''Mgβ''Tiγ''O2-a''Sa''
<화학식 4>
Li1-x'''Nax'''Niy1'''Coy2'''Wα'''Mgβ'''Tiγ'''O2-a'''Sa'''
상기 화학식 2에서,
0<x'≤0.01, 0<α'≤0.01, 0<β'≤0.005, 0<γ'≤0.005, 0<a'≤0.01, 0<α'+β'+γ'≤0.02, 0.48≤y1'<1, 0<y2' ≤0.2, 0<y3'≤0.3, y1'+y2'+y3'+ α'+ β'+ γ'=1이고,
상기 화학식 3에서,
0<x''≤0.01, 0<α''≤0.01, 0<β''≤0.005, 0<γ''≤0.005, 0<a''≤0.01, 0<α''+β''+γ''≤0.02, 0.73≤y1''<1, 0<y2'' ≤0.2, 0<y3''≤0.05, y1''+y2''+y3''+ α''+ β''+ γ''=1이고,
상기 화학식 4에서,
0<x'''≤0.01, 0<α'''≤0.01, 0<β'''≤0.005, 0<γ'''≤0.005, 0<a'''≤0.01, 0<α'''+β'''+γ'''≤0.02, 0.78≤y1'''<1, 0<y2''' ≤0.2, y1'''+y2'''+ α'''+ β'''+ γ'''=1이다. - 제9항에 있어서,
상기 화학식 2에서, 0<β'≤0.003, 0<γ'≤0.003, 0<α'+β'+γ'≤0.016이고,
상기 화학식 3에서, 0<β''≤0.003, 0<γ''≤0.003, 0<α''+β''+γ''≤0.016이고,
상기 화학식 4에서, 0<β'''≤0.003, 0<γ'''≤0.003, 0<α'''+β'''+γ'''≤0.016인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물의 평균 입경(D50)은 0.1㎛ 내지 20㎛인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코팅층은 하기 화학식 5로 표시되는 코발트-함유 화합물을 포함하는, 양극활물질:
[화학식 5]
Lix1Coy1M1z1Oa1
상기 화학식 5 중,
M'은 Co를 제외한 1종 이상의 전이금속이고,
0.5<x1, 0<y1<1, 0<z1<1, 및 1<a1<3이다. - 제12항에 있어서,
0.3≤y1/(y1+z1)<1인, 양극활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코팅층은 하기 화학식 6으로 표시되는 코발트-함유 화합물을 포함하는, 양극활물질 :
[화학식 6]
Lix1Coy1Niz11M2z12M3z13O2
상기 화학식 6 중
M2 및 M3는 서로 독립적으로 Mn, B, Zr, P, Ca, Al, W, Mg, V 및 Ti 중에서 선택된 1종 이상의 전이금속이고,
0.5<x1<1.1, 0.3≤y1<1, 0<z11≤0.7, 0≤z12<1, 및 0≤z13<1이다. - Li의 일부가 Na으로 치환되고, O의 일부가 S로 치환되고, Ni 및 Co 원자를 포함하는 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자를 준비하는 단계;
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자, Co 원소 함유 화합물을 혼합하여 양극활물질 전구체를 얻는 단계; 및
상기 양극활물질 전구체를 소성하여 양극활물질을 얻는 단계를 포함하고,
상기 양극활물질은 표면에 코발트-함유 코팅층, 및 표면으로부터 입자 중심 방향으로 Co 원자의 농도가 감소하는 농도구배 영역을 포함하는, 양극활물질의 제조방법. - 제15항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자를 준비하는 단계는:
Li 원소 함유 화합물, Na 원소 함유 화합물, W 원소 함유 화합물, Mg 원소 함유 화합물, Ti 원소 함유 화합물, M 원소 함유 화합물, 및 S원소 함유 화합물을 혼합하여 리튬 전이금속 산화물 전구체를 얻는 단계; 및
상기 리튬 전이금속 산화물 전구체를 열처리하여 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 리튬 전이금속 산화물 입자를 포함하는 양극활물질을 얻는 단계를 포함하는, 양극활물질의 제조방법:
<화학식 1>
Li1-xNaxM1-(α+β+γ)WαMgβTiγO2-aSa
상기 화학식 1에서,
M은 W, Mg, Ti, Na, 및 S를 제외한 알칼리금속 원소, 알칼리토금속 원소, 전이금속 원소, 전이후 금속 및 비금속 원소 중에서 선택된 1종 이상의 원소이고,
0<x≤0.01, 0<α≤0.01, 0<β≤0.005, 0<γ≤0.005, 0<a≤0.01, 0<α+β+γ≤0.02이다. - 제16항에 있어서,
상기 혼합 단계는 기계적 혼합하는 단계를 포함하는, 양극활물질의 제조방법. - 제16항에 있어서,
상기 열처리 단계는 제1 열처리 단계 및 제2 열처리 단계를 포함하고,
상기 제1 열처리 단계의 열처리 온도는 제2 열처리 단계의 열처리 온도보다 높은, 양극활물질의 제조방법. - 제15항에 있어서,
상기 소성하는 단계는 500℃ 내지 900℃의 온도에서 1 내지 6시간 동안 수행되는, 양극활물질의 제조방법. - 제1항 내지 제14항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극활물질을 포함하는 양극;
음극; 및
전해질;
을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
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CN114930574A (zh) | 2022-08-19 |
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JP7503863B2 (ja) | 2024-06-21 |
JP2023523667A (ja) | 2023-06-07 |
WO2021132761A1 (ko) | 2021-07-01 |
US20220411284A1 (en) | 2022-12-29 |
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