KR101913897B1 - 이차전지용 양극활물질 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지 - Google Patents
이차전지용 양극활물질 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101913897B1 KR101913897B1 KR1020150137918A KR20150137918A KR101913897B1 KR 101913897 B1 KR101913897 B1 KR 101913897B1 KR 1020150137918 A KR1020150137918 A KR 1020150137918A KR 20150137918 A KR20150137918 A KR 20150137918A KR 101913897 B1 KR101913897 B1 KR 101913897B1
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- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- shell
- core
- cathode active
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 33
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 117
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 121
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 109
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 107
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 103
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 43
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- YGGXZTQSGNFKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-naphthalen-1-ylacetate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CC(=O)OC)=CC=CC2=C1 YGGXZTQSGNFKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 45
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 42
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 37
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 29
- -1 cationic cation Chemical class 0.000 description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 17
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 14
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- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 12
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- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 10
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000445 field-emission scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 229940053662 nickel sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- XMVONEAAOPAGAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium tungstate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O XMVONEAAOPAGAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
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- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);cobalt(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;[oxido(oxoboranyloxy)boranyl]oxy-oxoboranyloxyborinate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].O=BOB([O-])OB([O-])OB=O PSHMSSXLYVAENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003748 yttrium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
[화학식 1]
LiaNi1-x-yCoxM1yM3zM2wO2
(상기 화학식 1에서, M1, M2, M3, a, x, y, z 및 w는 명세서 중에서 정의한 바와 같다)
상기 양극활물질은 결정립 크기의 제어로 고출력 특성, 특히 저온에서 우수한 출력 특성을 나타낼 수 있다.
Description
도 1은 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 이차전지용 양극활물질을 개략적으로 나타낸 단면구조도이다.
도 2는 실시예 1에서 제조한 전구체를 전계 방사형 전자현미경(field emission scanning electron microscopy, FE-SEM)으로 관찰한 사진이다.
도 3은 실시예 1에서 제조한 양극활물질을 FE-SEM으로 관찰한 사진이다(관찰배율=30000배).
반직경(㎛) | 부피(㎛3) | |
코어 | 0.94 | 3.5 |
쉘 | 1.085 | 31.3 |
전체 | 2.025 | 34.8 |
a-axis (Å) |
c-axis (Å) |
단위격자 셀 부피 (Å8) |
c/a | 결정립 크기(nm) | 밀도 (g/cc) |
Ni occ. @ Li site (몰%) | |
실시예 1 (W도핑&농도구배) |
2.868 | 14.220 | 101.26 | 4.959 | 106 | 4.769 | 1.1 |
실시예 2 (W도핑) |
2.867 | 14.216 | 101.19 | 4.959 | 108 | 4.772 | 1.0 |
비교예 1 (bare) |
2.866 | 14.210 | 101.1 | 4.959 | 178 | 4.777 | 1.1 |
참고예 (농도구배) |
2.867 | 14.212 | 101.14 | 4.958 | 157 | 4.774 | 0.6 |
Scan | Ni(mol%) | Co(mol%) | Mn(mol%) | |
코어 | 01 | 68 | 18 | 14 |
완충층 | 02 | 65 | 20 | 15 |
쉘 | 03 | 62 | 21 | 16 |
04 | 60 | 22 | 16 | |
05 | 58 | 24 | 19 | |
전체 | 60 | 23 | 17 |
상온(25℃) 저항(mohm) | 저온(-30℃)에서의 전압 강하(V) | 상온(25℃)에서의 800회 사이클 용량유지율 (%) | |
실시예 1 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 94.5 |
실시예 2 | 1.23 | 1.11 | 92.8 |
비교예 1 | 1.45 | 1.59 | 92.5 |
참고예 | 1.34 | 1.25 | 95.4 |
2 쉘
3 완충층
3a 공극
3b 3차원 망목구조체
10 양극활물질
Claims (29)
- 코어;
상기 코어를 둘러싸며 위치하는 쉘; 및
상기 코어와 쉘 사이에 위치하며, 상기 코어와 쉘을 연결하는 3차원 망목구조체 및 공극을 포함하는 완충층을 포함하고,
상기 코어, 쉘 및 완충층에서의 3차원 망목구조체는 각각 독립적으로 복수 개의 결정립을 포함하는 하기 화학식 1의 다결정 리튬 복합금속 산화물을 포함하며,
상기 결정립은 평균 결정 크기가 50nm 내지 150nm인 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
[화학식 1]
LiaNi1-x-yCoxM1yM3zM2wO2
(상기 화학식 1에서, M1은 Al 및 Mn으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 어느 하나의 원소를 포함하고, M2는 Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta 및 Nb로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 원소를 포함하며, 그리고 M3은 W, Mo 및 Cr로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 원소를 포함하고, 1.0≤a≤1.5, 0<x≤0.5, 0<y≤0.5, 0.0005≤z≤0.03, 0≤w≤0.02, 0<x+y≤0.7이다)
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 니켈, 코발트 및 M1 중 적어도 어느 하나의 금속원소는, 상기 활물질 입자 내에서 변화하는 농도구배를 나타내는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코어 내에 포함되는 니켈의 함량이 쉘 내에 포함되는 니켈의 함량 보다 많은 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코어 내에 포함되는 망간의 함량이 쉘 내에 포함되는 망간의 함량 보다 적은 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코어 내에 포함되는 코발트의 함량이 쉘 내에 포함되는 코발트의 함량 보다 적은 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 코어 내에 포함되는 니켈의 함량이 쉘 내에 포함되는 니켈의 함량 보다 많으며,
상기 코어는 코어 내 포함되는 전이 금속원소 총 몰에 대하여 60몰% 이상 100몰% 미만의 함량으로 니켈을 포함하고,
상기 쉘은 쉘 내 포함되는 전이 금속원소 총 몰에 대하여 30몰% 이상 65몰% 미만의 함량으로 니켈을 포함하는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 니켈, 코발트 및 M1은 활물질 입자 전체에 걸쳐 각각 독립적으로 변화하는 농도구배로 분포하고,
상기 니켈은 활물질 입자의 중심에서부터 표면 방향으로 감소하는 농도구배로 분포하고, 그리고
상기 코발트 및 M1은 각각 독립적으로 활물질 입자의 중심에서부터 표면 방향으로 증가하는 농도구배로 분포하는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 쉘은 양극활물질의 중심에서부터 표면 방향으로 방사형으로 성장된 결정배향성의 다결정 리튬 복합금속 산화물의 입자를 포함하는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 양극활물질의 반지름에 대한 코어 반지름의 비가 0.01 내지 0.2이고, 상기 양극활물질의 반지름에 대한, 양극활물질 중심에서 완충층과 쉘의 계면까지의 길이의 비가 0.01 내지 0.5인 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
하기 수학식 1에 따라 결정되는 양극활물질의 반지름에 대한 쉘 두께의 비인 쉘 영역이 0.25 내지 0.7인 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
[수학식 1]
쉘 영역=(양극활물질의 반지름-코어 반지름-완충층 두께)/양극활물질의 반지름
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 M1이 망간(Mn) 또는 알루미늄(Al)인 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
평균 입자 직경(D50)이 2㎛ 내지 20㎛인 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
BET 비표면적이 0.1m2/g 내지 1.9m2/g 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 제1항에 있어서,
1.2g/cc 내지 2.5 g/cc의 탭밀도를 갖는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질.
- 니켈 원료물질, 코발트 원료물질 및 M1 원료물질(이때, M1은 Al 및 Mn으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 적어도 어느 하나의 원소를 포함함)을 혼합하여 제조한 전이금속 함유 용액에, 암모늄 양이온 함유 착물 형성제 및 염기성 화합물을 첨가하여 pH 11 내지 pH 13에서 공침반응시켜, 전구체 포함 반응용액을 준비하는 단계,
상기 전구체 포함 반응용액에 암모늄 양이온 함유 착물 형성제와 염기성 화합물을 상기 반응용액의 pH가 8 이상 pH 11 미만이 될 때까지 첨가하여 상기 전구체를 성장시키는 단계; 및
상기 성장된 전구체를 리튬 원료물질과 혼합한 후 500℃ 내지 700℃에서의 1차 소성 및 700℃ 내지 900℃에서의 2차 소성을 수행하는 단계를 포함하며,
상기 전이금속 함유 용액의 제조시, 또는 상기 성장된 전구체와 리튬 원료물질과의 혼합시에 M3 원료물질(이때, M3은 W, Mo 및 Cr로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 원소를 포함함)을 더 첨가하는, 제1항에 따른 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 전구체 포함 반응용액의 준비 단계는 40℃ 내지 70℃에서 수행되는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 암모늄 양이온 함유 착물 형성제는 NH4OH, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, CH3COONH4, 및 NH4CO3로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 염기성 화합물은 알칼리 금속의 수화물, 알칼리 금속의 수산화물, 알칼리 토금속의 수화물 및 알칼리 토금속의 수산화물로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 어느 하나 또는 둘 이상의 혼합물을 포함하는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 전구체의 성장 단계는 반응물의 pH를 시간당 pH 1 내지 2.5의 속도로 변화시키며 수행되는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 리튬 원료물질은 리튬 원료물질내 포함되는 리튬과 상기 전구체 내 포함되는 금속원소(Me)와의 몰비(리튬/금속원소(Me)의 몰비)가 1.0 이상이 되도록 사용되는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 전구체 포함 반응용액을 준비 단계시, 상기 전이금속 함유 용액과는 서로 다른 농도로 니켈 원료물질, 코발트 원료물질 및 M1 원료물질을 포함하는 제2 전이금속 함유 용액을 더 첨가하는 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 1차 및 2차 소성이 각각 독립적으로 공기 또는 산소 분위기하에서 수행되는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제15항에 있어서,
상기 1차 및 2차 소성이 각각 독립적으로 산소 분압 20% 이하의 분위기하에서 수행되는 것인 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법.
- 제1항 내지 제14항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극활물질을 포함하는 이차전지용 양극.
- 제24항에 따른 양극을 포함하는 리튬 이차전지.
- 제25항에 따른 리튬 이차전지를 단위셀로 포함하는 전지모듈.
- 제26항에 따른 전지모듈을 포함하는 전지팩.
- 제27항에 있어서,
중대형 디바이스의 전원으로 사용되는 것인 전지팩.
- 제28항에 있어서,
상기 중대형 디바이스가 전기자동차, 하이브리드 전기자동차, 플러그-인 하이브리드 전기자동차 및 전력 저장용 시스템으로 이루어진 군에서 선택되는 것인 전지팩.
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US20180048015A1 (en) | 2018-02-15 |
PL3249723T3 (pl) | 2019-09-30 |
EP3249723A1 (en) | 2017-11-29 |
EP3249723B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
US10862156B2 (en) | 2020-12-08 |
WO2017057900A1 (ko) | 2017-04-06 |
CN107251282B (zh) | 2021-03-12 |
KR20170038485A (ko) | 2017-04-07 |
JP6562576B2 (ja) | 2019-08-21 |
CN107251282A (zh) | 2017-10-13 |
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