KR102787045B1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 이의 제조 방법과 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 이의 제조 방법과 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- KR102787045B1 KR102787045B1 KR1020220035511A KR20220035511A KR102787045B1 KR 102787045 B1 KR102787045 B1 KR 102787045B1 KR 1020220035511 A KR1020220035511 A KR 1020220035511A KR 20220035511 A KR20220035511 A KR 20220035511A KR 102787045 B1 KR102787045 B1 KR 102787045B1
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- lithium
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 165
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 46
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 27
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- -1 laminate Substances 0.000 description 17
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 6
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- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011871 silicon-based negative electrode active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 239000003232 water-soluble binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920005993 acrylate styrene-butadiene rubber polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052795 boron group element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/50—Agglomerated particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/54—Particles characterised by their aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of sizes in the longest to the shortest dimension
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 2차 입자에서 방사형의 정의를 설명하기 위한 도면이다.
도 3은 2차 입자의 단면 이미지 및 1차 입자의 종횡비를 설명하기 위한 도면이다.
도 4는 리튬 이차 전지를 개략적으로 도시한 단면도이다.
도 5는 비교예 1에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대한 주사 전자 현미경(SEM) 사진이다.
도 6은 비교예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대한 주사 전자 현미경(SEM) 사진이다.
도 7은 비교예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대해 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이며, 외부와 내부를 구분하여 표시한 도면이다.
도 8는 실시예 1에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대한 주사 전자 현미경(SEM) 사진이다.
도 9는 실시예 1에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대해 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이며, 외부와 내부를 구분하여 표시한 도면이다.
도 10은 실시예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대한 주사 전자 현미경(SEM) 사진이다.
도 11은 실시예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질의 단면에 대해 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이며, 외부와 내부를 구분하여 표시한 도면이다.
도 12는 비교예 2, 실시예 1, 및 실시예 2의 양극 활물질 2차 입자 단면에서 내부의 1차 입자들의 종횡비 분포를 나타낸 곡선이다.
도 13은 비교예 2, 실시예 1, 및 실시예 2의 양극 활물질 2차 입자 단면에서 외부의 1차 입자들의 종횡비 분포를 나타낸 곡선이다.
도 14는 도 12의 2차 입자 내부의 종횡비 분포 곡선을 통해 분석한 것으로 종횡비 범위에 따른 개수 비율을 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 15은 도 13의 2차 입자 외부의 종횡비 분포 곡선을 통해 분석한 것으로 종횡비 범위에 따른 개수 비율을 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 16은 비교예 1, 실시예 1 및 실시예 2의 양극 활물질의 2차 입자 단면에서, 1차 입자 단면의 넓이 분포를 나타내는 곡선이다.
도 17은 도 16의 1차 입자 단면의 넓이 분포 곡선을 통해 분석한 것으로 1차 입자 단면의 넓이 범위에 따른 개수 비율을 나타내는 그래프이다.
도 18는 비교예 1, 비교예 2, 실시예 1, 및 실시예 2에서 제조한 전지에 대한 초기 충전 용량, 초기 방전 용량, 및 초기 충방전 효율을 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 19는 비교예 1, 비교예 2, 실시예 1, 및 실시예 2에서 제조한 전지에 대한 고온 수명 특성을 나타낸 것으로, 초기 방전 용량, 50회 사이클 진행 후의 방전 용량, 및 전자에 대한 후자의 비율인 용량 유지율을 나타낸 그래프이다.
113: 분리막 114: 양극
120: 전지 용기 140: 봉입 부재
Claims (16)
- 리튬 니켈계 복합 산화물을 포함하고, 복수의 1차 입자들이 응집되어 이루어지고 상기 1차 입자들의 적어도 일부분이 방사형으로 배열된 2차 입자 형태인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질로서,
상기 2차 입자는 내부 및 외부를 포함하고, 2차 입자의 내부는 상기 2차 입자의 중심에서 표면까지의 총 거리 중 중심에서부터 50±5 길이%까지의 영역으로서 1차 입자들과 기공들이 불규칙적으로 배열된 영역이며, 2차 입자의 외부는 상기 내부를 둘러싸는 나머지 영역으로서 1차 입자들의 적어도 일부분이 방사형으로 배열된 영역이고,
상기 2차 입자의 외부에서 종횡비가 4 이상인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 18% 이상인, 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 외부에서 종횡비가 4 이상인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 18% 내지 45%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 외부에서 종횡비가 2.5 이하인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 54% 이하인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 외부에서 종횡비가 4 이상인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은, 상기 2차 입자의 내부에서 종횡비가 4 이상인 1차 입자의 개수 비율의 3배 이상인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 내부에서 종횡비가 4 이상인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 5% 내지 15%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 내부에서, 종횡비가 2.5 이하인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 71% 이하인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.1 ㎛2 보다 작은 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 70% 이상인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제7항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.1 ㎛2 보다 작은 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 70% 내지 90%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제7항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.3 ㎛2 보다 큰 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 5% 이하인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)은 8 ㎛ 내지 20 ㎛인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 리튬 니켈계 복합 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 것인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질:
[화학식 1]
Lia1Nix1M1 y1M2 1-x1-y1O2-zXz
상기 화학식 1에서, 0.9≤a1≤1.8, 0.3≤x1≤1, 0≤y1≤0.7, 및 0≤z≤0.1이고, M1 및 M2는 각각 독립적으로 Al, B, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Si, Sr, Ti, V, W, Zr 또는 이들의 조합이며, X는 F, P, S 또는 이들의 조합이다. - 니켈계 복합 수산화물을 포함하는 양극 활물질 전구체와 리튬 원료를 혼합하고 열처리하여 제1항에 따른 양극 활물질을 수득하는 것을 포함하며,
상기 열처리는 승온 단계 및 온도 유지 단계를 포함하고, 승온 시간은 온도 유지 시간보다 더 긴 것인, 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조 방법. - 제12항에서,
상기 승온 시간은 6 시간 내지 16 시간이고,
상기 온도 유지 시간은 1 시간 내지 9 시간인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조 방법. - 제12항에서,
(승온 시간):(온도 유지 시간)의 비율은 1.1:1 내지 10:1인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조 방법. - 제12항에서,
상기 열처리는 600℃ 내지 900℃에서 진행되는 것인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조 방법. - 제1항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극,
음극, 및
전해질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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US12272815B2 (en) | 2025-04-08 |
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