KR102767262B1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
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- KR102767262B1 KR102767262B1 KR1020220036319A KR20220036319A KR102767262B1 KR 102767262 B1 KR102767262 B1 KR 102767262B1 KR 1020220036319 A KR1020220036319 A KR 1020220036319A KR 20220036319 A KR20220036319 A KR 20220036319A KR 102767262 B1 KR102767262 B1 KR 102767262B1
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- active material
- lithium
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- primary particles
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 71
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 44
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 30
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 23
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 22
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- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 4
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium oxalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/80—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing one or more other elements
- C01G53/82—Compounds containing nickel, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
- H01M4/1315—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx containing halogen atoms, e.g. LiCoOxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 2차 입자에서 방사형의 정의를 설명하기 위한 도면이다.
도 3은 2차 입자의 단면 구조를 나타낸 모식도이다.
도 4는 리튬 이차 전지를 개략적으로 도시한 단면도이다.
도 5는 실시예 1에서 제조한 양극 활물질을 집속 이온 빔(Focused Ion Beam; FIB)으로 자른 단면에 대한 주사 전자 현미경(scanning electron microscope; SEM) 사진 및 이미지 프로그램으로 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이다.
도 6은 비교예 1에서 제조한 양극 활물질을 FIB로 자른 단면에 대한 SEM 사진 및 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이다.
도 7은 비교예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질을 FIB로 자른 단면에 대한 SEM 사진 및 1차 입자들을 윤곽 처리한 이미지이다.
도 8은 실시예 1, 비교예 1 및 비교예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질 2차 입자의 단면에서 1차 입자들의 단면 넓이의 분포를 분석한 그래프이다.
도 9는 실시예 1, 비교예 1 내지 비교예 3에서 제조한 양극 활물질에 대한 엑스선 회절 분석에서 (003)면에서의 피크 반치폭(FWHM003), 및 초기 충방전 효율을 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 10은 실시예 1, 비교예 1 및 비교예 2에서 제조한 양극 활물질에 대한 리튬 이온 확산 계수(DGITT)의 로그값을 전압에 따라 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 11은 실시예 1과 비교예 1 내지 3에서 제조한 전지에 대한 초기 충전 용량, 초기 방전 용량, 및 초기 충방전 효율을 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 12는 실시예 1, 비교예 1 및 비교예 2에서 제조한 전지에 대하여 0.2C, 0.5C, 0.2C, 1.0C, 2.0C 및 3.0C로 충전한 각각의 경우의 충전 용량을 나타낸 그래프이다.
도 13은 실시예 1, 비교예 1 및 비교예 2의 전지에 대한 충전 C-rate에 따른 충전 효율을 나타낸 그래프이다.
13: 1차 입자 14: 2차 입자의 외부
100: 리튬 이차 전지 112: 음극
113: 분리막 114: 양극
120: 전지 용기 140: 봉입 부재
Claims (9)
- 리튬 니켈계 복합 산화물을 포함하고, 복수의 1차 입자들이 응집되어 이루어지고 상기 1차 입자들의 적어도 일부분이 방사형으로 배열된 2차 입자 형태인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질로서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.1 ㎛2 보다 작은 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 65% 이상이고,
상기 양극 활물질에 대한 엑스선 회절 분석에서 (003)면의 피크 반치폭(full width at half maximum; FWHM)은 0.125 이하인, 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.1 ㎛2 보다 작은 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 65% 내지 90%인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.3 ㎛2 보다 큰 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 5% 이하인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 단면에서, 단면의 넓이가 0.1 ㎛2 내지 0.3 ㎛2 인 1차 입자의 개수 비율은 5% 내지 30% 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 양극 활물질에 대한 엑스선 회절 분석에서 (003)면의 피크 반치폭은 0.100 내지 0.125인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자는 1차 입자들과 기공들이 불규칙적으로 배열된 내부, 및 상기 내부를 둘러싸는 영역으로서 1차 입자들의 적어도 일부분이 방사형으로 배열된 외부를 포함하는 것인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 2차 입자의 평균 입경(D50)은 5 ㎛ 내지 20 ㎛인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질. - 제1항에서,
상기 리튬 니켈계 복합 산화물은 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 것인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질:
[화학식 1]
Lia1Nix1M1 y1M2 1-x1-y1O2-zXz
상기 화학식 1에서, 0.9≤a1≤1.8, 0.3≤x1≤1, 0≤y1≤0.7, 및 0≤z≤0.1이고, M1 및 M2는 각각 독립적으로 Al, B, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Si, Sr, Ti, V, W, Zr 또는 이들의 조합이며, X는 F, P, S 또는 이들의 조합이다. - 제1항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극,
음극, 및
전해질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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