JPH11500804A - 円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプ - Google Patents
円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプInfo
- Publication number
- JPH11500804A JPH11500804A JP8525462A JP52546296A JPH11500804A JP H11500804 A JPH11500804 A JP H11500804A JP 8525462 A JP8525462 A JP 8525462A JP 52546296 A JP52546296 A JP 52546296A JP H11500804 A JPH11500804 A JP H11500804A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- vacuum pump
- stationary
- pump
- axis
- disk
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C29/00—Component parts, details or accessories of pumps or pumping installations, not provided for in groups F04C18/00 - F04C28/00
- F04C29/0042—Driving elements, brakes, couplings, transmissions specially adapted for pumps
- F04C29/005—Means for transmitting movement from the prime mover to driven parts of the pump, e.g. clutches, couplings, transmissions
- F04C29/0057—Means for transmitting movement from the prime mover to driven parts of the pump, e.g. clutches, couplings, transmissions for eccentric movement
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01C17/00—Arrangements for drive of co-operating members, e.g. for rotary piston and casing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01C—ROTARY-PISTON OR OSCILLATING-PISTON MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01C21/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in groups F01C1/00 - F01C20/00
- F01C21/10—Outer members for co-operation with rotary pistons; Casings
- F01C21/102—Adjustment of the interstices between moving and fixed parts of the machine by means other than fluid pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
- F04C18/0207—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form
- F04C18/0215—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form where only one member is moving
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
- F04C18/0207—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form
- F04C18/0215—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form where only one member is moving
- F04C18/0223—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form where only one member is moving with symmetrical double wraps
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Reciprocating Pumps (AREA)
- Rotary Pumps (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
- Applications Or Details Of Rotary Compressors (AREA)
- Non-Positive Displacement Air Blowers (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Compressor (AREA)
- Transmission Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプであって、この真空ポンプが、その 一面上にうず巻状突出部(123)を備えた少なくとも1つの静止ディスク(1 14)を有する静止本体部(100)と、静止ディスク(114)に対向し且つ 静止ディスク(114)のうず巻状突出部(123)にはさみ込まれて同様な角 度領域を有する少なくとも1のうず巻状突出部(133)を備えた可動ディスク (131)と、ポンプの作動中に上記本体部(100)に対して可動ディスク( 131)の円弧状並進動作を駆動するために可動ディスク(131)を上記本体 部(100)に固定して支持する機構と、ポンプシャフト(140)により可動 ディスク(131)を駆動して上記円弧状並進動作を生じさせる駆動手段(12 0)とを有し、上記ポンプがさらに相対的な円弧状並進動作を制限する装置を有 し、上記機構が上記ポンプシャフト(140)により支持された少なくとも一つ のブッシュ(182,190)を有する真空ポンプにおいて、 上記ポンプシャフト(140)は静止本体部(100)に関して中心に配置 され、上記円弧状並進動作制限装置は静止歯部(202)を備えたリング(20 1)を有し、この静止支部(202)の間に上記可動ディスク(131)に取り 付けられた歯部(212)がはさみ込まれていることを特徴とする真空ポンプ。 2.上記静止歯部(202)は、ポンプの軸(155)と平行な軸を有する円筒 状面により制限され、さらに、上記軸(155)に垂直な面における静止歯部( 202)の断面は、半径Rと半径rをそれぞれ有する円弧(203,204)に より構成され、それらの円弧の中心は、上記軸(155)にその中心が位置する 半径Rpの円(205)上にあり、円弧(203)は円(205)の内側にあり 円弧(204)は外側にあることを特徴とする請求項1記載の真空ポンプ。 3.上記可動歯部(212)は、ポンプの軸(155)と平行な軸を有する円筒 状面により制限され、さらに、上記軸(155)に垂直な面における可動歯部 (212)の断面は、同様な円弧(203,204)により構成され、円弧(2 03)は円(205)の外側にあり円弧(204)は内側にあることを特徴とす る請求項2記載の真空ポンプ。 4.R=RpSinα/4+E/2、及び、r=RpSinα/4−E/2 ただし、αは2つの静止歯部(202)又は可動歯部(212)の間の角度で あり、Eは偏心率であり、この偏心率はポンプの静止軸(155)の周りの可動 軸(165)によりトレースされる円筒の半径に相当することを特徴とする請求 項2又は請求項3に記載の真空ポンプ。 5.クランク半径が調整可能であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項4の何 れか1項に記載の真空ポンプ。 6.上記ポンプシャフト(140)の端部を受け入れる通路(183)の軸が、 ブッシュ(147)の外側面(192)の軸(165)に関して少しオフセット しており、上記ブッシュは、その内部に通路(183)が形成され且つ上記外側 面(192)により受け入れられるベアリング(148)を介して上記可動ディ スク(131)を支持するようにしていることを特徴とする請求項5記載の真空 ポンプ。 7.上記ポンプシャフト(140)の偏心ベアリング面(178)が、この偏心 ベアリング面(178)を取り囲み且つベアリングハブ(190)のためのベア リングを受け入れるリング(193)の軸に関してオフセットした軸を有するこ とを特徴とする請求項5記載の真空ポンプ。 8.上記機構は、ポンプシャフト(140)の周りの軸方向に離間した2つのベ アリング・ブッシュ(182,190)を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至 請求項7の何れか1項に記載の真空ポンプ。 9.上記真空ポンプは、ポンプシャフト(140)を取り囲む金属性のシール用 のベロー(160)を更に有し、このベローの一端は可動ディスク(131)に 固定され、他端は静止本体部(100)に固定されていることを特徴とする請求 項1乃至請求項8の何れか1項に記載の真空ポンプ。 10.上記真空ポンプは、静止ディスク(114)上に一つのうず巻突出部(12 3)のみを可動ディスク(131)上に一つのうず巻突出部(133) のみを有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項9の何れか1項に記載の真空 ポンプ。 11.上記静止ディスク(114)のうず巻突出部(123)及び上記可動ディス ク(131)のうず巻突出部(133)は、可動ディスク(131)の位置に関 係なく一定の小さなクリアランスにより離間していることを特徴とする請求項1 乃至請求項10の何れか1項に記載の真空ポンプ。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR95/02209 | 1995-02-24 | ||
FR9502209A FR2731051B1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1995-02-24 | Pompe a vide a cycle de translation circulaire |
PCT/FR1996/000290 WO1996026367A1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-23 | Pompe, notamment pompe a vide, a cycle de translation circulaire |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH11500804A true JPH11500804A (ja) | 1999-01-19 |
JP4088340B2 JP4088340B2 (ja) | 2008-05-21 |
Family
ID=9476504
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP52546296A Expired - Fee Related JP4088340B2 (ja) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-23 | 円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプ |
JP52546196A Expired - Fee Related JP3914974B2 (ja) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-23 | 円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプ |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP52546196A Expired - Fee Related JP3914974B2 (ja) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-23 | 円弧状並進サイクルを有する真空ポンプ |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5951268A (ja) |
EP (2) | EP0728947B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP4088340B2 (ja) |
KR (2) | KR100383696B1 (ja) |
DE (2) | DE69605462T2 (ja) |
ES (2) | ES2140040T3 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2731051B1 (ja) |
TW (2) | TW311162B (ja) |
WO (2) | WO1996026367A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2011085132A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-28 | Varian Inc | 分離障壁を有するスクロール・ポンプ |
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EP0863313A1 (en) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-09 | Anest Iwata Corporation | Two stage scroll compressor |
FR2764347B1 (fr) | 1997-06-05 | 1999-07-30 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | Machine du type scroll |
US6050792A (en) * | 1999-01-11 | 2000-04-18 | Air-Squared, Inc. | Multi-stage scroll compressor |
GB9912212D0 (en) | 1999-05-26 | 1999-07-28 | Boc Group Plc | Scroll-type apparatus |
EP1148246A3 (en) * | 2000-04-19 | 2002-11-20 | Unipulse Corporation | Scroll compressor and scroll-type pressure transformer |
US6464479B1 (en) | 2000-05-24 | 2002-10-15 | The Boc Group Plc | Scroll-type apparatus |
CN1761848A (zh) * | 2003-01-24 | 2006-04-19 | 布里斯托尔压缩机公司 | 用于制冷系统中分级容量调制的系统和方法 |
US20050063850A1 (en) * | 2003-09-18 | 2005-03-24 | Liepert Anthony G. | Scroll pump using isolation bellows and synchronization mechanism |
US7043146B2 (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2006-05-09 | Solomon Semaza | All season heat fan with electric heating elements powered by rotating rings and ball bearings |
EP1711685B1 (en) * | 2004-01-23 | 2015-09-16 | Starrotor Corporation | Gerotor apparatus for a quasi-isothermal brayton cycle engine |
US7261528B2 (en) * | 2004-03-30 | 2007-08-28 | Varian, Inc. | Scroll pump with load bearing synchronization device |
EP1748716A4 (en) * | 2004-05-03 | 2009-08-26 | Charles A Castronovo | ESPECIALLY SILENT ASPIRATORS, PUMPS AND ENGINES ASSOCIATED |
FR2881189A1 (fr) * | 2005-01-21 | 2006-07-28 | V G B Vulliez Gestion Brevets | Pompe a vide a cycle de translation circulaire a plusieurs arbres |
GB0600588D0 (en) * | 2006-01-12 | 2006-02-22 | Boc Group Plc | Scroll-type apparatus |
US8523544B2 (en) * | 2010-04-16 | 2013-09-03 | Air Squared, Inc. | Three stage scroll vacuum pump |
US8668479B2 (en) * | 2010-01-16 | 2014-03-11 | Air Squad, Inc. | Semi-hermetic scroll compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders |
US10683865B2 (en) | 2006-02-14 | 2020-06-16 | Air Squared, Inc. | Scroll type device incorporating spinning or co-rotating scrolls |
US10221852B2 (en) | 2006-02-14 | 2019-03-05 | Air Squared, Inc. | Multi stage scroll vacuum pumps and related scroll devices |
US7942655B2 (en) * | 2006-02-14 | 2011-05-17 | Air Squared, Inc. | Advanced scroll compressor, vacuum pump, and expander |
US20080318010A1 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-12-25 | Wozniak John C | Release liner having print receptive surface and methods for manufacturing and using |
US11047389B2 (en) | 2010-04-16 | 2021-06-29 | Air Squared, Inc. | Multi-stage scroll vacuum pumps and related scroll devices |
JP5562263B2 (ja) * | 2011-01-11 | 2014-07-30 | アネスト岩田株式会社 | スクロール流体機械 |
US20130232975A1 (en) | 2011-08-09 | 2013-09-12 | Robert W. Saffer | Compact energy cycle construction utilizing some combination of a scroll type expander, pump, and compressor for operating according to a rankine, an organic rankine, heat pump, or combined organic rankine and heat pump cycle |
US9404491B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2016-08-02 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Scroll pump having bellows providing angular synchronization and back-up system for bellows |
US8961160B2 (en) | 2013-03-29 | 2015-02-24 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Scroll pump having separable orbiting plate scroll and method of replacing tip seal |
US9328730B2 (en) * | 2013-04-05 | 2016-05-03 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Angular synchronization of stationary and orbiting plate scroll blades in a scroll pump using a metallic bellows |
US9366255B2 (en) | 2013-12-02 | 2016-06-14 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Scroll vacuum pump having external axial adjustment mechanism |
US9360013B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2016-06-07 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Scroll pump having axially compliant spring element |
US9429020B2 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2016-08-30 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Scroll pump having axially compliant spring element |
US10508543B2 (en) | 2015-05-07 | 2019-12-17 | Air Squared, Inc. | Scroll device having a pressure plate |
US10865793B2 (en) | 2016-12-06 | 2020-12-15 | Air Squared, Inc. | Scroll type device having liquid cooling through idler shafts |
EP3788262B1 (en) | 2018-05-04 | 2024-11-20 | Air Squared, Inc. | Liquid cooling of fixed and orbiting scroll compressor, expander or vacuum pump |
US20200025199A1 (en) | 2018-07-17 | 2020-01-23 | Air Squared, Inc. | Dual drive co-rotating spinning scroll compressor or expander |
US11067080B2 (en) | 2018-07-17 | 2021-07-20 | Air Squared, Inc. | Low cost scroll compressor or vacuum pump |
US11530703B2 (en) | 2018-07-18 | 2022-12-20 | Air Squared, Inc. | Orbiting scroll device lubrication |
CN109268265A (zh) * | 2018-10-18 | 2019-01-25 | 东北大学 | 一种涡旋真空泵 |
US11473572B2 (en) | 2019-06-25 | 2022-10-18 | Air Squared, Inc. | Aftercooler for cooling compressed working fluid |
US11898557B2 (en) | 2020-11-30 | 2024-02-13 | Air Squared, Inc. | Liquid cooling of a scroll type compressor with liquid supply through the crankshaft |
US11885328B2 (en) | 2021-07-19 | 2024-01-30 | Air Squared, Inc. | Scroll device with an integrated cooling loop |
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FR2153129B2 (ja) * | 1971-06-01 | 1974-01-04 | Vulliez Paul | |
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CH586348A5 (ja) * | 1975-02-07 | 1977-03-31 | Aginfor Ag | |
US4178143A (en) * | 1978-03-30 | 1979-12-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Relative orbiting motion by synchronoously rotating scroll impellers |
JPS57212303A (en) * | 1981-06-23 | 1982-12-27 | Matsushita Refrig Co | Scroll type hydraulic machine |
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DE3243571A1 (de) * | 1982-11-25 | 1984-05-30 | Volkswagenwerk Ag, 3180 Wolfsburg | Verdraengermaschine fuer kompressible medien |
US4477238A (en) * | 1983-02-23 | 1984-10-16 | Sanden Corporation | Scroll type compressor with wrap portions of different axial heights |
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1995
- 1995-02-24 FR FR9502209A patent/FR2731051B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-02-23 JP JP52546296A patent/JP4088340B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-23 KR KR1019970705831A patent/KR100383696B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-02-23 WO PCT/FR1996/000290 patent/WO1996026367A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1996-02-23 JP JP52546196A patent/JP3914974B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-23 DE DE69605462T patent/DE69605462T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-23 US US08/894,638 patent/US5951268A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-23 US US08/894,637 patent/US6022202A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-02-23 KR KR1019970705856A patent/KR100383695B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-02-23 EP EP96400385A patent/EP0728947B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-23 DE DE69605461T patent/DE69605461T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-23 TW TW085102063A patent/TW311162B/zh active
- 1996-02-23 ES ES96400386T patent/ES2140040T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-23 TW TW085102064A patent/TW314576B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-02-23 ES ES96400385T patent/ES2140039T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-23 EP EP96400386A patent/EP0728948B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-23 WO PCT/FR1996/000289 patent/WO1996026366A1/fr active IP Right Grant
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2011085132A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-04-28 | Varian Inc | 分離障壁を有するスクロール・ポンプ |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69605462T2 (de) | 2000-07-27 |
EP0728948B1 (fr) | 1999-12-08 |
KR100383696B1 (ko) | 2004-05-20 |
KR19980702456A (ko) | 1998-07-15 |
JPH11504692A (ja) | 1999-04-27 |
JP3914974B2 (ja) | 2007-05-16 |
ES2140040T3 (es) | 2000-02-16 |
ES2140039T3 (es) | 2000-02-16 |
EP0728948A1 (fr) | 1996-08-28 |
DE69605461D1 (de) | 2000-01-13 |
DE69605461T2 (de) | 2000-07-27 |
EP0728947B1 (fr) | 1999-12-08 |
EP0728947A1 (fr) | 1996-08-28 |
KR100383695B1 (ko) | 2004-05-20 |
US6022202A (en) | 2000-02-08 |
FR2731051B1 (fr) | 1997-04-30 |
DE69605462D1 (de) | 2000-01-13 |
TW314576B (ja) | 1997-09-01 |
JP4088340B2 (ja) | 2008-05-21 |
WO1996026366A1 (fr) | 1996-08-29 |
TW311162B (ja) | 1997-07-21 |
KR19980702432A (ko) | 1998-07-15 |
US5951268A (en) | 1999-09-14 |
WO1996026367A1 (fr) | 1996-08-29 |
FR2731051A1 (fr) | 1996-08-30 |
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