JP7137696B2 - 1型糖尿病を予防するための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
1型糖尿病を予防するための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、その開示全体が参照により本明細書の一部をなす、2019年5月14日出願の米国仮出願第62/847,466号、および2020年5月14日出願の米国実用特許出願第15/931,685号の優先権および利益を主張するものである。
2020年5月14日にEFS-Web経由で提出された、2020年5月14日に作成されたサイズが6,083バイトの「010701seq.txt」という表題のASCIIテキストファイルは、その全体が参照により本明細書の一部をなすものとする。
[発明の分野]
T1Dのリスクがある非糖尿病対象を準備するステップと、
非糖尿病対象が、(1)亜鉛トランスポーター8(ZnT8)に対する抗体を実質的に有しないこと、(2)HLA-DR4+であること、および/または(3)HLA-DR3+でないことを決定するステップと、
非糖尿病対象に予防有効量の抗CD3抗体を投与するステップと
を含む方法が提供される。
T1Dのリスクがある非糖尿病対象を準備するステップと、
非糖尿病対象に予防有効量のテプリズマブ、オテリキシズマブまたはフォラルマブを投与するステップと、
非糖尿病対象の末梢血単核細胞中のTIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+T細胞の頻度をフローサイトメトリーによって決定するステップと、ここで、頻度の増加により、抗CD3抗体、例えばテプリズマブ、オテリキシズマブまたはフォラルマブに対する応答性が示される、
を含む、方法に関する。
特定の用語を本明細書において以下に定義する。追加的な定義が本出願全体を通して提供される。
「抗CD3抗体」および「CD3に結合する抗体」という用語は、表面抗原分類3(CD3)に十分な親和性で結合することができる抗体または抗体断片を指し、したがって、当該抗体は、CD3の標的化において予防剤、診断剤および/または治療剤として有用である。一実施形態では、抗CD3抗体の、CD3ではない無関係なタンパク質への結合の程度は、例えば、ラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)によって測定して、当該抗体のCD3への結合の約10%未満である。ある特定の実施形態では、CD3に結合する抗体の解離定数(Kd)は、<1μΜ、<100nM、<10nM、<1nM、<0.1nM、<0.01nM、または<0.001nM(例えば、10-8M以下、例えば、10-8Mから10-13Mまで、例えば、10-9M~10-13Mまで)である。ある特定の実施形態では、抗CD3抗体は、異なる種由来のCD3の間で保存されているCD3のエピトープに結合する。
テプリズマブ軽鎖(配列番号1):
テプリズマブ重鎖(配列番号2):
ある特定の実施形態では、本開示は、1型糖尿病が発生する素因を有するまたは前臨床ステージの1型糖尿病を有するが、米国糖尿病学会またはImmunology of Diabetes Societyによって確立された診断基準を満たさない個体に、1型糖尿病の発症を予防するもしくは遅延させるために、かつ/またはそのような患者へのインスリンの投与の必要性を予防するもしくは遅延させるために、テプリズマブなどの抗ヒトCD3抗体を投与することを包含する。ある特定の実施形態では、素因を有する対象を同定するための高リスク因子としては、1型糖尿病と診断された第一度近親者もしくは第二度近親者を有すること、空腹時グルコースレベルの異常(例えば、絶食(8時間食事なし)後のグルコースレベルが100~125mg/dlであることの少なくとも1回の判定)、75g OGTTに応答した耐糖能障害(例えば、75g OGTTに応答した2時間後のグルコースレベルが140~199mg/dlであることの少なくとも1回の判定)、コーカサス人ではHLA型がDR3、DR4もしくはDR7であること、アフリカ系人ではHLA型がDR3もしくはDR4であること、日系人ではHLA型がDR3、DR4もしくはDR9であること、ウイルス(例えば、コクサッキーBウイルス、エンテロウイルス、アデノウイルス、風疹、サイトメガロウイルス、エプスタイン・バーウイルス)への曝露、技術分野で認められている基準に従った少なくとも1つの他の自己免疫障害(例えば、甲状腺疾患、小児脂肪便症)の陽性診断、ならびに/または、血清もしくは他の組織における自己抗体、特にICAおよび1型糖尿病関連自己抗体の検出が挙げられる。ある特定の実施形態では、1型糖尿病が発生する素因を有すると同定された対象は、本明細書に記載されており、かつ/または当技術分野で公知のリスク因子の少なくとも1つを有する。本開示は、1型糖尿病が発生する素因を有する対象の同定も包含し、ここで、前記対象は、本明細書に開示されるまたは当技術分野で公知のリスク因子の2つ以上、3つ以上、4つ以上、または5つよりも多くの組合せを示す。
背景:インスリン産生β細胞の破壊および生存のための外因性インスリンへの依存に至る1型糖尿病(T1D)は、慢性自己免疫疾患である。臨床疾患を有する患者におけるインスリン産生の喪失を減弱させることに関していくつかの介入の成功が示されているが、当該疾患が発生するリスクが高い個体における疾患の増悪に影響を及ぼすことができた介入は現在まで存在していない。
<試験参加者>
参加者をTrialNet Natural History Study14を通じて同定した。この試験は、2011年7月から2018年11月の間に米国、カナダおよびドイツ内のサイトで行われた。各参加サイトにおいて治験審査委員会(IRB)の認可を得た。患者、患者の親、または両者から試験に入る前に書面のインフォームドコンセントを得た。
対象をTrialNet Pathway to Prevention(PTP)試験において同定した。図5を参照されたい。PTP試験には、1~45歳のT1D患者の第一度近親者、および20歳までの第二度近親者または第三度近親者を登録し、微小インスリンに対する糖尿病自己抗体(mIAA)、グルタミン酸脱炭素酵素-65(GAD)、およびインスリノーマ関連抗原-2(IA-2、またはICA512)について評価した。検査した他の抗体の少なくとも1種が陽性であった場合、膵島細胞(ICA)および亜鉛トランスポーター8(ZnT8)自己抗体を測定した。
テプリズマブまたはプラセボのいずれかを受けるように参加者をランダム化し、各群への割り当ては同等にした。ランダム化を各TrialNet試験サイトにおいて年齢(18歳超または18歳未満)、および事前ランダム化OGTT状態の間のグルコースによって層別化した。治療への割り当てを二重マスク化した。
主要転帰は、米国糖尿病学会によって定義された基準15を使用した、ランダム化から糖尿病の診断までの経過時間であった。
Cペプチドを、凍結した血漿から、2つのサイトでの酵素免疫測定アッセイ(Tosoh Bioscience、South San Francisco、CA)によって測定した。HbA1cを、イオン交換高速液体クロマトグラフィー(Variant II、Bio-Rad Diagnostics、Hercules、CA)を使用して測定した。各アッセイについて、分割した2連の試料からの信頼度係数は0.99を上回った。mIAA、GAD-65Ab、ICA-512Ab、ZnT8AをBarbara Davis Diabetes Center、Anschultz COにおいて放射免疫結合アッセイを使用して測定し、ICAをUniversity of Florida at Gainesvilleにおいて間接免疫蛍光法を使用して測定した。Cペプチド、グルコースおよびHbA1cをNorthwest Research Laboratory、Seattle、WAにおいて測定した。Cペプチドを凍結した血漿から2つのサイトでの酵素免疫測定アッセイ(Tosoh Bioscience,South San Francisco,CA)によって測定し、HbA1cをイオン交換高速液体クロマトグラフィー(Variant II、Bio-Rad Diagnostics、Hercules、CA)を使用して測定した。各アッセイについて、分割した2連の試料からの信頼度係数は0.99を上回った。全血中のEBVおよびCMVウイルス負荷量をUniversity of Coloradoにおいて以前に記載された方法1を使用して測定した。
末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を処理し、NIDDKレポジトリにおいて保管した。PBMCの凍結バイアルを、図4に示されている抗体パネルを用いたフローサイトメトリーによる分析のためにBenaroya Research Instituteに送付した。PBMCに対してT細胞表現型決定をLSR-Fortessa(BD Biosciences)でFACS Divaソフトウェアを用いて以前に記載されている通り実施し、FlowJoソフトウェアバージョン9.5(Tree Star、Ashland、OR)を用いて解析した。TIGIT+KLRG+CD57-、TIGIT-KLRG1-CD57-、またはCD4+CD127loFoxp3+(CD4+Treg)であるCD8+T細胞の頻度を以前に記載されている通り決定した2。四分円を染色対照に基づいて設置した。
本試験は、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)および青少年糖尿病研究財団(Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation)による資金援助を受けてType 1 Diabetes TrialNetによって開発され、実施された。
各群内のランダム化からの経時的な糖尿病発症の累積的な発生率を「無糖尿病(diabetes-free)」生存関数のカプラン・マイヤー推定値から推定した16。6カ月の間隔の累積的な発生率関数の治療群間の差異をハザード比(HR)および尤度比検定を使用した仮説検定によって推定した;どちらもコックス比例ハザード(PH)モデルに基づいた17。一次仮説についての検定統計量の臨界値を群逐次手順によって決定した。
患者:適格性についてスクリーニングした112名の対象のうち、76名を登録した:44名をテプリズマブに、32名をプラセボにランダムに割り当てた(図1)。ランダム化プロセスの結果、試験群に不均等な割合が生じ、これは、おそらく、登録された対象が少数(<3)である試験サイトにおけるランダム化の結果、アーム間の不均等な分布が生じたことによって説明される。参加者全員が少なくとも2種を超える自己抗体を有しており、参加者の71%が3種以上を有していた。治療アームは一般に十分に平衡した(表1)。大多数の対象(55、72%)が小児であり、約半分がT1D患者の同胞であった。18歳未満の対象のうち、47名について、ランダム化前に血糖代謝異常OGTTが確認された。単回血糖代謝異常OGTT後にランダム化された対象のうち、2名が「糖尿病」OGTTを有し、6名が正常な治療前OGTTを有した:これらの8個体は登録前の血糖異常OGTTに基づいて登録した。
この第II相試験において、単一クールのテプリズマブにより、試験参加時にOGTT中の耐糖能の異常を有する非糖尿病血縁者のT1Dへの増悪が有意に緩徐になることが見いだされた。糖尿病の診断の遅延の中央値は2年であった。また、試験終了時に、無糖尿病個体の頻度は薬物による治療を受けた対象(57%)ではプラセボによる治療を受けた対象(28%)の2倍であった。小児および成人における安全性知見は良好であり、予測される有害事象は皮疹および一過性リンパ球減少症であった。本発明者らの知見によると、これは、T1Dの発症を遅延させたまたは予防した最初の治療法である。日々の管理という課題を伴う臨床T1Dの発症の遅延は臨床的に重要である。さらに、診断時の年齢が若いほど転帰が悪い2,4。大規模かつ十分にデザインされたものでありながら予防に失敗した以前の試験では免疫細胞に対する免疫治療法を利用しておらず、本発明者らの発見は、T1Dが慢性T細胞媒介性疾患であるという見解を裏付けるものである21,22。さらに、この治療法が、診断前の疾患増悪、および診断後のβ細胞機能の喪失に影響を及ぼすという知見から、自己免疫プロセスの連続が存在することが示唆され、臨床疾患の発症前に免疫調節を使用する試みが確証される9~11,23~25。
本明細書において言及される特許および刊行物は全て、それぞれ独立した特許および刊行物が具体的にかつ個別に参照により組み込まれることが示されたものと同じく参照により本明細書の一部をなすものとする。
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Claims (34)
- 臨床1型糖尿病(T1D)のリスクがあるが無症候性である非糖尿病対象においてT1Dの発症を予防するまたは遅延させるための医薬組成物であって、
前記非糖尿病対象が、(1)亜鉛トランスポーター8(ZnT8)に対する抗体を有しない、(2)HLA-DR4+である、かつ(3)HLA-DR3+でなく、
前記医薬組成物が予防有効量のテプリズマブを含む、医薬組成物。 - 前記非糖尿病対象が、T1D患者の血縁者である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記非糖尿病対象が、膵島細胞抗体(ICA)、インスリン自己抗体(IAA)、グルタミン酸脱炭素酵素(GAD)に対する抗体およびチロシンホスファターゼ(IA-2/ICA512)に対する抗体から選択される糖尿病関連自己抗体を2種以上有する、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記非糖尿病対象が、経口ブドウ糖負荷試験(OGTT)で耐糖能の異常を有する、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記OGTTでの耐糖能の異常が、110~125mg/dLの空腹時グルコースレベル、または140mg/dL以上200mg/dL未満のOGTT開始後2時間での血漿グルコース値、または200mg/dL超のOGTT開始後30分、60分もしくは90分でのグルコース値である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量のテプリズマブが、10~1000マイクログラム/平方メートル(μg/m2)であって、10~14日間のクールで皮下(SC)注射または静脈内(IV)注入または経口投与されるものである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量のテプリズマブが、14日間のクールで、0日目に51μg/m 2 、1日目に103μg/m 2 、2日目に207μg/m 2 、3日目に413μg/m 2 をIV注入し、4日目~13日目の各日に826μg/m 2 の単一用量をIV注入されるものである、請求項6に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも50%遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも80%遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも90%遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも12カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも18カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも24カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも36カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも48カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも60カ月遅延させるものである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記非糖尿病対象の末梢血単核細胞中のTIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+T細胞の相対量がテプリズマブ投与後に増加することによりテプリズマブに対する応答性が示される、請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 1型糖尿病(T1D)の発症の予防または遅延におけるテプリズマブに対する応答性を予想する方法であって、
T1Dのリスクがあるが無症候性であり、かつ予防有効量のテプリズマブを投与された非糖尿病対象から単離された末梢血準備するステップと、
前記非糖尿病対象の末梢血単核細胞中のTIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+T細胞の相対量をフローサイトメトリーによって決定するステップと、ここで、相対量の増加がテプリズマブに対する応答性を示す、
を含む方法。 - 前記非糖尿病対象が、T1D患者の血縁者である、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記非糖尿病対象が、膵島細胞抗体(ICA)、インスリン自己抗体(IAA)、グルタミン酸脱炭素酵素(GAD)に対する抗体およびチロシンホスファターゼ(IA-2/ICA512)に対する抗体から選択される糖尿病関連自己抗体を2種以上有する、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記非糖尿病対象が、経口ブドウ糖負荷試験(OGTT)で耐糖能の異常を有する、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記OGTTでの耐糖能の異常が、110~125mg/dLの空腹時グルコースレベル、または140mg/dL以上200mg/dL未満のOGTT開始後2時間での血漿グルコース値、または200mg/dL超のOGTT開始後30分、60分もしくは90分でのグルコース値である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記非糖尿病対象が、(1)亜鉛トランスポーター8(ZnT8)に対する抗体を有しないこと、(2)HLA-DR4+であること、および(3)HLA-DR3+でないことを決定するステップをさらに含む、請求項18~22のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量のテプリズマブが、10~1000マイクログラム/平方メートル(μg/m2)であり、10~14日間のクールで皮下(SC)注射または静脈内(IV)注入または経口投与される、請求項18~23のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量のテプリズマブが、14日間のクールで、0日目に51μg/m 2 、1日目に103μg/m 2 、2日目に207μg/m 2 、3日目に413μg/m 2 をIV注入し、4日目~13日目の各日に826μg/m 2 の単一用量をIV注入される、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも50%遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも80%遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも90%遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも12カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも18カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも24カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも36カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも48カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記予防有効量が、T1Dの臨床診断までの時間の中央値を、プラセボによる治療を受けた非糖尿病対象と比較して少なくとも60カ月遅延させるものである、請求項18~25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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