JP5691036B2 - 骨鉱化作用を増加するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
骨鉱化作用を増加するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5691036B2 JP5691036B2 JP2011145326A JP2011145326A JP5691036B2 JP 5691036 B2 JP5691036 B2 JP 5691036B2 JP 2011145326 A JP2011145326 A JP 2011145326A JP 2011145326 A JP2011145326 A JP 2011145326A JP 5691036 B2 JP5691036 B2 JP 5691036B2
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Description
本発明は、一般的に、化学薬品および製薬方法に関し、そして、より具体的には、骨の鉱物含有量の増加に適切な方法および組成物に関する。このような組成物および方法は、例えば、骨減少症、骨粗しょう症、骨折および他の障害(骨の低い鉱物密度がこの疾患の特徴である)を含む多種多様な状態を処置するために利用され得る。
骨質量に対する変化の2または3の明確なフェーズが、個体の生涯にわたって起こる(Riggs、West J.Med.154:63−77,1991を参照のこと)。第1のフェーズは男性および女性の両方において起こり、そして骨質量のピークに達するまで進行する。この第1のフェーズは、軟骨内の成長板の直線的な成長および骨膜の付着の速度による橈骨の成長を通して達成される。第2のフェーズは、約30歳で海綿質(椎骨および骨盤のように平らな骨)について、そして約40歳で皮質骨(例えば、肢において見出される長骨)について始まり、老齢まで継続する。この期は、ゆっくりとした骨の減少によって特徴付けられ、そして男性および女性の両方において起こる。女性においては、第3の骨減少期もまた起こり、おそらく閉経後のエストロゲンの欠乏による。この期の間だけで、女性は、さらに皮質骨から10%、および小柱画分から25%の骨質量を減少し得る(Riggs、前出、を参照のこと)。
上述のように、本発明は、TGF−β結合タンパク質の新規のクラスまたはファミリー、ならびに骨鉱物量および骨鉱物密度量を増大させる化合物を選択するためのアッセイ、骨鉱物量および骨鉱物密度量を増大させる化合物ならびに広範な種々の状態の処置または予防においてこのような化合物を利用するための方法を提供する。
(定義)
本発明を詳細に示す前に、特定の用語の定義を示し、そして列挙すること、および本明細書中以下で用いられる略語を定義することは、本発明を理解するのに役立ち得る。
硬化狭窄症は、Hansen(1967)(Hansen,H.G.,Sklerosteose.In:Opitz,H.;Schmid,F.,Handbuch der Kinderheilkunde.Berlin:Springer(pub.)6 1967.351−355頁)によって汎発性皮質過骨症に類似であるが、骨の変化の放射線学的な外見および多くの場合、指標および中指の非対称性皮膚合指症(asymmetric cutaneous syndactyly)の存在がおそらく異なる傷害に適用された用語である。
形質転換成長因子β(TGF−β)スーパーファミリーは、共通配列エレメントおよび(2次および3次レベルの両方で)構造的なモチーフを共有する種々の成長因子を含む。このタンパク質ファミリーは、多数の種々の細胞型における広い範囲の生物学的応答を発揮することが公知である。これらの多くは、それらが含まれる成体において(例えば、創傷治癒および骨修復ならびに骨再構築において、および免疫系の調節において)パターン形成および組織の特異化における胚の発達の間の重要な機能を有する。3つのTGF−βのものに加えて、スーパーファミリーは、骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、アクチビン、インヒビン、成長および分化因子(GDF)、およびグリア誘導神経栄養性因子(GDNF)を含む。主要な分類は、特定のタンパク質を一般的なサブファミリーに入れる一般的な配列特性を通じて確立される。サブファミリー内のさらなる層別化は、小さいグループのメンバーの間の、より厳密な配列保存のために可能である。BMP−5、BMP−6およびBMP−7に関するような特定の場合において、これは、小さいグループのメンバーの間の75%のアミノ酸相同性程度の高さであり得る。この同一性のレベルは、単一の代表的な配列が、大きなファミリーの他のメンバーから、それを分けるサブグループの鍵となる生化学的なエレメントを例示することを可能にする。
骨形成の理解における主な進歩は、インビボでの軟骨および骨の分化を調節する骨形成タンパク質(BMP)(骨原性タンパク質(OP)としても公知)の同定であった。BMP/OPは、軟骨の形成、軟骨の肥大およびカルシウム沈着、血管の湿潤、骨芽細胞の分化、および骨の形成を含む事象のカスケードを介して軟骨内の骨の分化を誘導する。上記のように、BMP/OP(BMP 2−14および骨原タンパク質1および骨原タンパク質2であるOP−1およびOP−2)は、TGF−βスーパーファミリーのメンバーである。BMP/OPサブファミリーのメンバーの間の著しい進化的保存は、それらが動物の正常な発達および機能に重要であることを示す。さらに、BMP/OPの複数の形態の存在は、この明白な重複性の生物学的な関連性についての重要な疑問を生じる。胎性後(postfetal)の軟骨形成および骨形成に加えて、BMP/OPは、骨格発生(頭蓋顔面組織および歯組織の発達を含む)および胚の発達および腎臓を含む実質の器官の形成の複数の役割を果たす。自然は、特定化した組織および器官の発生を提供するために随行する共通の(およびわずかな)分子機構に依存することが今や理解される。BMP/OPスーパーファミリーは、高度に保存されたカルボキシ末端領域内のアミノ酸モチーフにわずかなバリエーションを有する分子アイソフォームを分散する複数の特定化した機能をプログラムする際の天然の節減の的確な例である。
BMPおよびアクチビンサブファミリーは、有意な翻訳後調節に供される。複雑な細胞外制御系が存在し、そのために、高い親和性のアンタゴニストが合成および搬出され、引き続いて混合物の生物学的活性を分裂するためのBMPまたはアクチビンと選択的に複合体化する(W.C.Smith(1999)TIG 15(1)3−6)。多数のこれらの天然のアンタゴニストが同定されており、そして配列の開散性に基づくと、それらは主要な配列保存の欠如のために、独立的に進化したようである。今までのところ、このタンパク質の分類における構造的な研究は、なされていない。これらのアンタゴニストの研究は、BMP−2およびBMP−4を相互作用および中和するための明確な優先度が目立つ。さらに、阻害の機構は、異なるアンタゴニストについて異なるようである(S.lemuraら、(1998)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 9337−9342)。
(1.TGF−β結合タンパク質についての背景)
上記に記載したように、本発明は、TGF−β結合タンパク質の新規のクラスを提供する。それは、ヒトDAN、ヒトグレムリン(Gremlin)、およびヒトケルベロス(Cerberus)、ならびにSCGF(米国特許第5,780,263号)と比較した場合、ほとんど同一のシステイン(ジスルフィド)骨格を保有するが、ヌクレオチドレベル(背景の情報として、一般的にHsu,D.R.,Economides,A.N.,Wang,X.,Eimon,P.M.,Harland,R.M.,「The Xenopus Dorsalizing Factor Gremlin Identifies a Novel Family of Secreted Proteins that Antagonize BMP Activities」,Molecular Cell 1: 673〜683,1988を参照のこと)においてはほとんど相同性がない。
結合タンパク質遺伝子をコードするDNA分子は、例えば、配列番号1に基づくポリヌクレオチドプローブを用いたヒトのcDNAライブラリーまたはゲノムライブラリーのスクリーニングによって得られ得る。
改変体TGF−β結合タンパク質遺伝子をコードする核酸分子は、上記の手順を使用して、配列番号1、5、9、11、13、または15に基づくヌクレオチド配列を有するポリヌクレオチドプローブを用いて、種々のcDNAライブラリーまたはゲノムライブラリーをスクリーニングすることにより、得られ得る。TGF−β結合タンパク質遺伝子改変体もまた、合成的に構築され得る。例えば、配列番号2、6、8、10、12、14、または16のアミノ酸配列と比較して、保存的アミノ酸変化を有するポリペプチドをコードする核酸分子が、考案され得る。すなわち、TGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列におけるアルキルアミノ酸が、アルキルアミノ酸に置換され、TGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列における芳香族アミノ酸が、芳香族アミノ酸に置換され、TGF−β結合タンパク質配列における硫黄含有アミノ酸が、硫黄含有アミノ酸に置換され、TGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列におけるヒドロキシ含有アミノ酸が、ヒドロキシ含有アミノ酸に置換され、TGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列における酸性アミノ酸が、酸性アミノ酸に置換され、TGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列における塩基性アミノ酸が、塩基性アミノ酸に置換され、またはTGF−β結合タンパク質アミノ酸配列における二塩基性モノカルボキシアミノ酸が、二塩基性モノカルボキシアミノ酸に置換される、配列番号2、6、8、10、12、14または16の1つ以上のアミノ酸置換を含む改変体が得られ得る。
TGF−β結合タンパク質遺伝子を発現させるために、そのポリペプチドをコードしている核酸分子は、発現ベクター中の転写発現を制御する調節配列に対して作動可能に連結されなければならず、次いで、宿主細胞中へ導入されなければならない。プロモーターおよびエンハンサーのような転写調節配列に加えて、発現ベクターは、この発現ベクターを保有する細胞の選択に関して適切な翻訳調節配列およびマーカー遺伝子を含み得る。
TGF−β結合タンパク質に対する抗体が、例えば抗原として発現ベクターの産物を使用して、得られ得る。特に有用な抗−TGFβ結合タンパク質抗体は、配列番号2、6、10、12、14、または16のTGF−β結合タンパク質と「特異的に結合」するが、他のTGF−β結合タンパク質(例えば、Dan、Cerberus、SCGF、またはGremlin)とは結合しない。本発明の抗体(そのフラグメントおよび誘導体を含む)は、ポリクローナルであり得るか、または特にモノクローナル抗体であり得る。抗体は、任意の免疫グロブリンクラスに属し得、そして例えば、IgG、例えば、IgG1;IgG2;IgG3;IgG4;IgE;IgM;またはIgA抗体であり得る。抗体は、動物(例えば、哺乳動物起源)の抗体であり得、そして例えばマウス、ラット、ヒトまたは他の霊長類の抗体であり得る。所望される場合、その抗体は内部(internalising)抗体であり得る。
上記のように、本発明は、骨密度を増加し得る化合物を選択し、そして/または単離するための方法を提供する。例えば、本発明の1つの局面において、選択された分子が、骨鉱物含量を増加し得るか否かを決定するための方法が提供され、この方法は、以下の工程を包含する:(a)選択された分子を、TGF−β結合タンパク質および選択された数のTGF−βファミリーのタンパク質と混合する工程、(b)選択された分子が、TGF−βファミリーのタンパク質によるシグナル伝達を刺激するか否か、またはTGF−β結合タンパク質のTGF−βファミリーのタンパク質への結合を阻害するか否かを決定する工程。特定の実施形態において、この分子は、TGF−βの、間葉細胞分化の陽性レギュレーターとして機能する能力を増強する。
広範な種々の分子は、TGF−βファミリーのメンバーに対するTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合を阻害する能力についてアッセイされ得る。以下でより詳細に考察される代表的例としては、有機分子、タンパク質またはペプチド、および核酸分子が挙げられる。本明細書中に記載の候補分子が、本明細書中に記載のアッセイにおいて利用され得ることは以下の考察から明らかであるべきであるが、このような分子もまた、種々の診断設定および治療設定において利用され得ることもまら容易に明らかであるべきである。
多数の有機分子が、TGF−βファミリーのメンバーに対するTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合を阻害する能力についてアッセイされ得る。
る。
広範な範囲のタンパク質およびペプチドが、同様に、TGF−βファミリーメンバーへのTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合のインヒビターのための候補分子として利用され得る。
TGF−βファミリーメンバーへのTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合の推定インヒビターであるペプチド分子は、コンビナトリアルペプチドライブラリーのスクリーニングを通じて得られ得る。このようなライブラリーは、当業者によって調製され得るか(例えば、米国特許第4,528,266号および同第4,359,535号、ならびに特許協力条約公報番号WO92/15677、WO92/15677、WO90/07862、WO90/02809を参照のこと)、または市販の供給源(例えば、New England Biolabs Ph.D.TMPhage Display Peptide Library Kit)から購入され得るかのいずれかであり得る。
TGF−βファミリーメンバーへのTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合を阻害する抗体は、本明細書中に提供される開示を考慮して容易に調製され得る。本発明の状況内では、抗体は、モノクローナル抗体、ポリクローナル抗体、抗イディオタイプ抗体、抗体フラグメント(例えば、Fab、およびF(ab’)2、Fv可変領域、または相補決定領域)を含むことが理解される。上記で議論されるように、抗体は、107M−1以上、好ましくは108M−1以上、のKaにて結合し、そして他のTGF−β結合タンパク質に結合しないか、または106M−1以下のKaにて結合する場合に、TGF−β結合タンパク質に対して、または特定のTGF−βファミリメンバーに対して特異的であることが理解される。さらに、本発明の抗体は、TGF−βファミリーメンバーへのTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合をブロックするか、または阻害する。
本明細書中および以下の実施例(例えば、実施例8および9)に記載されるように、特定のTGF−βファミリーメンバーの活性をブロックするネイティブなTGF−β結合タンパク質の能力と競合する、改変バージョンのTGF−β結合タンパク質は、骨密度の増加を導くはずである。従って、TGF−βファミリーメンバーに結合するが、TGF−βファミリーメンバーの機能を阻害しないTGF−β結合タンパク質の変異体が基準を満たす。変異バージョンは、TGF−β結合タンパク質の内因性阻害機能と効率的に競合するに違いない。
種々の遺伝子(または、それらの部分)が本明細書中に提供されるが、本発明の状況下で、これらの遺伝子の1以上に対する言及が、それらの遺伝子に実質的に類似する遺伝子の誘導体(および、適切な場合、それらの遺伝子またはそれらの誘導体によってコードされるタンパク質(ペプチドおよびポリペプチドを含む))を包含することが、理解されるべきである。本明細書中で使用される場合、ヌクレオチド配列は、以下の場合に「実質的に類似」するとみなされる:(a)そのヌクレオチド配列が、上記の遺伝子のコード領域に由来し、そして例えば、上記で議論された配列または配列の対立遺伝子改変の部分を有するか、あるいは、TGF−β結合タンパク質のTGF−βファミリーのメンバーへの結合を阻害する分子をコードする;(b)そのヌクレオチド配列が、中程度、高度または非常に高度なストリンジェンシー(Sambrookら、Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,NY,1989を参照のこと)の下で、本発明のヌクレオチド配列にハイブリダイズし得る;あるいは(c)そのDNA配列が、(a)または(b)において定義されたDNA配列に対する遺伝コードの結果として縮重する。さらに、本明細書中で開示される核酸分子は、それらの配列が、他で本明細書中に示される基準を満たす限り、相補的配列または非相補的配列の両方を含む。本発明の状況下で、高いストリンジェンシーは、標準的なハイブリダイゼーション条件(例えば、5×SSPE、0.5% SDS中、65℃、あるいはその等価条件)を意味する。
本発明の他の局面において、TGF−βファミリーのメンバーに対する、TGF−β結合タンパク質の結合を阻害し得る、核酸分子が提供される。例えば、1つの実施形態において、TGF−β結合タンパク質の核酸配列の発現を特異的に阻害する、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド分子が提供される(一般に、Hirashimaら、Molecular Biology of RNA:New Perspectives(M.InouyeおよびB.S.Dudock編、1987 Academic Press,San Diego、401頁);Oligonucleotides:Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression(J.S.Cohen編、1989 MacMillan Press,London);SteinおよびCheng、Science 261:1004−1012,1993;WO 95/10607;米国特許第5,359,051号;WO 92/06693;およびEP−A2−612844を参照のこと)。簡単には、このような分子は、それらが、転写されるTGF−β結合タンパク質のmRNA配列の領域に相補的であり、かつこの領域とワトソン−クリック塩基対を形成し得るように、構築され得る。得られた二重鎖核酸は、mRNAの引き続くプロセシングを妨害し、それによりタンパク質合成を防ぐ(実施例10を参照のこと)。
上記および以下に記載の遺伝子産物または任意の候補分子は、種々の化合物(例えば、蛍光分子、毒素および放射性核種)で標識され得る。蛍光分子の代表的な例としては、フルオレセイン、Phycobiliタンパク質(例えば、フィコエリトリン)、ローダミン、Texasレッドおよびルシフェラーゼが挙げられる。毒素の代表的例としてはリシン、アブリンジフテリア毒素、コレラ毒素、ゲロニン(gelonin)、ヤマゴボウ(pokeweed)抗ウイルスタンパク質、トリチン、Shigella毒素およびPseudomonas外毒素Aが挙げられる。放射性核種の代表的な例としてはCu−64、Ga−67、Ga−68、Zr−89、Ru−97、Tc−99m、Rh−105、Pd−109、ln−111、I−123、I−125、I−131、Re−186、Re−188、AU−198、Au−199、Pb−203、At−211、Pb−212およびBi−212が挙げられる。さらに、上記の抗体はまた、標識され得るか、またはリガンド結合対の1つのパートナーに結合体化され得る。代表的な例としてはアビジン−ビオチン、およびリボフラビン−リボフラビン結合タンパク質が挙げられる。
上記のように、本発明はまた、種々の薬学的組成物を提供する。この薬学的組成物は、薬学的に受容可能なキャリアもしくは生理学的に受容可能なキャリア、賦形剤または希釈剤とともに、TGF−βファミリーのメンバーに対するTGF−β結合タンパク質の結合を阻害する上記の分子の1つを含む。一般に、このようなキャリアは、使用される投与量および濃度でレシピエントに対して毒性であってはならない。普通は、このような組成物の調製物は、以下との治療剤の組み合わせを必要とする:緩衝液、抗酸化剤(例えば、アスコルビン酸)、低分子量(約10残基未満)のポリペプチド、タンパク質、アミノ酸、炭水化物(グルコース、スクロースまたはデキストリン)、キレート剤(例えば、EDTA)、グルタチオンならびに他の安定化剤および賦形剤。中性の緩衝液化生理食塩水または非特異的血清アルブミンと混合した生理食塩水は、代表的な適切な希釈剤である。
本発明はまた、骨の鉱物含量および鉱物密度を増加させるための方法を提供する。手短には、多くの状態が骨鉱物含量の損失を生じる。この状態としては、例えば、疾患、遺伝素因、骨の使用の不足をまねく(例えば、骨折による)事故、骨再吸収に影響するか、または骨形成細胞を殺傷する治療、および正常な加齢が挙げられる。TGF−βファミリーメンバーへのTGF−β結合タンパク質結合の結合を阻害する、本明細書で記載の分子の使用を通じて、このような条件は処置または予防され得る。本明細書において利用されるように、骨鉱物含量が、選択された部位で、統計的に有意な様式で(例えば、1/2標準偏差より大きく)増加された場合、骨鉱物含量が増加されたことが理解されるべきである。
(ヒト第17染色体のロングアームに対する硬化狭窄症マップ)
ヒトの硬化狭窄症に対して重大な欠失の遺伝マッピングは、新規なTGF−β結合タンパク質ファミリーメンバーをコードするヒト第17染色体の領域に、この障害に対して重大な遺伝子を局在化した。硬化狭窄症において、骨格骨は、非羅患の個体の鉱物密度に対して鉱物密度の実質的増加を示す。頭部の骨は同様に過成長を示す。硬化狭窄症患者は、一般に健康であるが、それらは生まれつき合指の可変度および頭蓋骨の頭蓋圧縮および神経圧縮の可変度を示し得る。
(TGFβ結合タンパク質遺伝子発現の組織特異性)
(A.RT−PCRによるヒトBeer遺伝子の発現)
第1鎖cDNAを、市販のキット(「Superscript Preamplification System for First−Strand cDNA Synthesis」、Life Technologies,Rockville,MD)を使用して、以下の全RNAサンプルから調製した:ヒト脳、ヒト肝臓、ヒト脾臓、ヒト胸腺、ヒト胎盤、ヒト骨格筋、ヒト甲状腺、ヒト下垂体、ヒト骨芽細胞(Clonetics Corp.,San Diego,CA製のNHOst)、ヒト骨肉腫細胞株(Saos−2,ATCC#HTB−85)、ヒト骨、ヒト骨髄、ヒト軟骨、ベルベットモンキー骨、Saccharomyces cerevisiae、およびヒト末梢血単核細胞。全てのRNAサンプルは、社内で調製した以下のものを除いて、市販の供給源(Clontech,Palo Alto,CA)から購入した:ヒト骨芽細胞、ヒト骨肉腫細胞株、ヒト骨、ヒト軟骨およびベルベットモンキー骨。これらの社内RNAサンプルは、市販のキット(「TRI試薬」、Molecular Research Center,Inc.,Cincinnati,OH)を使用して調製した。
全長マウスBeer cDNA(配列番号11)を、製造業者のプロトコルを使用して、アンチセンスおよびセンス方向で、pCR2.1ベクター(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)にクローン化した。35S−α−GTP−標識cRNAセンスおよびアンチセンス転写物を、Ambion,Inc(Austin,TX)により供給されるインビトロ転写試薬を使用して合成した。Lyonsら(J.Cell Biol.111:2427〜2436,1990)のプロトコルに従って、インサイチュハイブリダイザーションを行った。
ba=鰓弓、h=心臓、te=終脳(前脳)、b=脳、f=前頭鼻骨塊、g=腸、h=心臓、j=顎、li=肝臓、lu=肺、ot=耳胞、ao=、sc=脊髄、skm=骨格筋、ns=鼻洞、th=胸腺、to=舌、fl=前肢、di=横隔膜。
(組換えBEERタンパク質の発現および精製)
(A.COS−1細胞中での発現:)
全長ヒトBeerタンパク質をコードするDNA配列を、以下のPCRオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを使用して増幅した:5’オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、配列
(BEER、GREMLINおよびDANに対するポリクローナル抗体の調製および試験)
(A.抗原の調製:)
ヒトBeer、ヒトGremlin、およびヒトDanのDNA配列を、以下のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを用いる標準的なPCR方法を使用して増幅した:
これら3つの抗原の各々に対するポリクローナル抗体を、ウサギおよびニワトリの宿主において、標準的なプロトコル(R&R Antibody、Stanwood、WA;standard protocol for rabbit immunization and antisera recovery;Short Protocols in Molicular Biology.第2版.1992.11.37〜11.41.Helen M.CooperおよびYvonne Paterson寄稿;ニワトリ抗血清は、Strategic Biosolutions、Ranoma、CAを用いて生成した)を使用して産生した。
上記節に記載のプロトコルに続いて、Beer、GremlinまたはDanのニトロセルロース小片を、それらのそれぞれのウサギ抗血清または鶏卵IgYの希釈物(1:5000および1:10,000)ならびに残り2つの抗原に対して作製した抗血清または鶏卵Igy(1:1000および1:5000の希釈物)と共にインキュベートした。増加した濃度においてのみ見られ得る、対応しない抗体による低親和性の結合を検出するために、それらの対応しない抗体のレベルを増加して行った。現像のプロトコルおよび持続時間は、上に記載したプロトコルを使用する3つ全ての結合事象に対して同一である。試験したいずれの抗原についても、抗原交叉反応性は観察されなかった。
(BeerとTGF−βスーパーファミリータンパク質との相互作用)
Beerの、TGF−βスーパーファミリーの異なる系統発生的アーム由来のタンパク質との相互作用を、免疫沈降法を使用して研究した。精製したTGFβ−1、TGFβ−2、TGFβ−3、BMP−4、BMP−5、BMP−6およびGDNFを、販売源(R&D systems;Minneapolis、MN)から入手した。代表的なプロトコルは、以下の通りである。部分的に精製したBeerを、HEPES緩衝化生理食塩水(25mM HEPES 7.5、150mM NaCl)中に透析した。免疫沈降を、300μlのIP緩衝液(150mM NaCl、25mM Tris pH7.5、1mM EDTA、1.4mM β−メルカプトエタノール、0.5% tritonX100、および10%グリセロール)中で行った。30ngの組換えヒトBMP−5タンパク質(R&D systems)を、500ngのFLAGエピトープタグ化Beerの存在下および非存在下で、15μlのFLAGアフィニティーマトリックス(Sigma;St Louis MO)にアプライした。これらのタンパク質を4℃で4時間インキュベートし、次いでアフィニティーマトリックス会合タンパク質をIP緩衝液(1回の洗浄あたり1ml)中で5回で洗浄した。結合したタンパク質を、60μlの1×SDS PAGEサンプル緩衝液中でアフィニティーマトリックスから溶出した。これらのタンパク質をSDS PAGEにより分離し、そしてBeer会合BMP−5を、抗BMP−5抗血清(Research Diagnostics、Inc)を使用してウェスタンブロットにより検出した(図5を参照のこと)。
FLAG−Beerタンパク質(20ng)を100μl PBS/0.2% BSAに添加し、そして予め抗FLAGモノクローナル抗体(Sigma;St Louis MO)でコーティングした96ウェルのマイクロタイタープレートの各ウェルに吸着させ、そしてPBS中10%BSAでブロックする。これを、室温で60分間行う。このタンパク質溶液を除去し、そしてウェルを洗浄して、結合していないタンパク質を除去する。BMP−5を、PBS/0.2%BSA中10pM〜500nMの範囲の濃度で各ウェルに添加し、そして室温で2時間インキュベートする。この結合溶液を除去し、そしてプレートを200μl容量のPBS/0.2%BSAで3回洗浄する。次いで、BMP−5抗血清を使用してELISA(F.M.Ausubelら(1998)Current Protocols in Mol Biol.第2巻、11.2.1〜11.2.22)によりBMP−5レベルを検出する。特異的な結合を、全結合から非特異的結合を減算することにより算出し、そしてLIGANDプログラムにより分析する(MunsonおよびPodbard、Anal.Biochem.、107、220〜239頁、(1980))。
(TGF−βファミリーメンバーに対するTGF−β結合−タンパク質結合の阻害についてのスクリーニングアッセイ)
上記のアッセイは、2つの例外を伴い繰り返す。第1に、BMPの濃度を、以前に決定したKdに固定したままにする。第2に、アンタゴニスト候補の収集物を、一定の濃度で添加する(低有機分子収集物の場合20μM、および抗体の研究の場合1μM)。TGF−β結合−タンパク質結合のこれらの候補分子(アンタゴニスト)は、多様な化学構造を示す市販の収集物または内部の収集物由来の有機化合物を含む。これらの化合物を、DMSO中のストック溶液として調製し、そして標準アッセイ条件下の最終体積の1%以下で、アッセイウェルに添加する。これらを、BMPおよびBeerと共に室温で2時間インキュベートし、この溶液を取り除き、そして結合したBMPを記載のように定量化する。化合物または抗体の非存在下、観察されるBMP結合の40%を阻害する薬剤を、この相互作用のアンタゴニストとみなす。これらを、さらに、それらの阻害定数およびTGF−β結合−タンパク質結合親和性に対するそれらの影響を決定するための滴定研究に基づいて、潜在的なインヒビターとして評価する。比較可能な特異性コントロールアッセイをまた、BMPリガンド作用に依存するアッセイを使用する研究を通じて、同定したアンタゴニストについての選択性プロフィールを確立するために実施し得る(例えば、BMP/BMPレセプター競争研究)。
(骨基質へのTGF−β結合−タンパク質局在化の阻害)
骨基質へ(ヒドロキシアパタイト)の局在化の阻害の評価は、Nicolasの方法(Nicolas,V.Calcif Tissue Int 57:206,1995)の改良を使用して実施される。簡単に、125I−標識TGF−β結合タンパク質を、Nicolas(前出)によって記載されるようにして調製する。ヒドロキシアパタイトを、ポリプロピレン濾過膜(Polyfiltroninc,Weymouth MA)を備えた96ウェルマイクロタイタープレートの各ウェルに添加する。TGF−β結合タンパク質を、PBS緩衝液中の0.2%アルブミンに添加した。基質を含むウェルを、この緩衝液で3回洗浄した。吸着されたTGF−β結合−タンパク質を、0.3MのNaOHを使用して溶出し、そして定量化した。
(TGF−β結合−タンパク質変異体の構造)
(A.変異誘発)
pBluescript SK中の完全長のTGF−β結合−タンパク質cDNAは、変異誘発のテンプレートとして有用である。簡単には、適切なプライマー(上に提供された議論を参照のこと)を利用して、Vent DNAポリメラーゼを使用するポリメラーゼ(New England Biolabs,Beverly,MA)連鎖反応により、DNAフラグメントを生成する。ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応は、57℃のアニーリング温度を使用して、製造者により提供される緩衝液中で23サイクルで実施する。次いで、この産物を、2種の制限酵素に曝露し、そしてアガロースゲル電気泳動を使用して単離した後に、その整合する配列を酵素的消化により取り除いた、pRBP4−503に連結した。この変異体の完全性を、DNA配列決定によって確認する。
変異体TGF−β結合−タンパク質cDNAを、実施例3に記載のpcDNA3.1哺乳動物発現ベクター内に転移する。この配列を確認した後に、生じる構築物を、COS−1細胞中にトランスフェクトし、そして分泌タンパク質を、実施例3に記載されるように精製する。
(動物モデル−I)
(Beer遺伝子を過剰発現するトランスジェニックマウスの作製)
CIBTマウスゲノムDNAライブラリ−(Reserch Genetics,Huntsville,ALによって分配された)から単離された約200キロベース(kb)のBACクローン15G5を使用して、マウスBeer遺伝子ならびにその5’および3’隣接領域の完全配列を決定した。遺伝子全体、ならびに約17kbの5’隣接配列および約20kbの3’隣接配列を含む41kb SalIフラグメントを、SuperCosIコスミドベクター(Stratagene,La Jolla,CA)のBamHI部位にサブクローニングし、そしてE.coli株DH10B中で増殖させた。次いで、このコスミド構築物から、マウスBeer遺伝子全体、ならびにそれぞれ17kbおよび14kbの5’および3’隣接配列を含む35kb MluI−AviII制限フラグメント(配列番号6)を、従来の手段を使用してゲル精製し、そしてマウス接合体の微量注入に使用した(DNX Transgenics;米国特許第4,873,191号)。クローン化したDNAフラグメントがランダムにゲノムに組み込まれた創始動物(founder animal)を、生存新生児の5〜30%の頻度で得た。トランスジーンの存在を、少量のマウス組織(例えば、尾部の先端)から抽出されたゲノムDNAのサザンブロット分析を実施することにより確認した。DNAを、以下のプロトコールを使用して抽出した:組織を200mMのNaCl、100mMのTris(pH8.5)、5mMのEDTA、0.2%のSDS、および0.5mg/mlのプロテイナーゼKを含む溶解緩衝液中、55℃で一晩消化した。翌日、このDNAをフェノール/クロロホルム(50:50)で一回、クロロホルム/イソアミルアルコール(24:1)で一回抽出し、そしてエタノールで沈殿させた。TE(10mMのTris(pH7.5)、1mMのEDTA)中での再懸濁して、8〜10μgの各DNAサンプルを、制限エンドヌクレアーゼ(例えば、EcoRI)で消化し、ゲル電気泳動に供し、そしてHyBondN+(Amersham,Arlington Heights,IL)のような荷電したナイロン膜に転移させた。次いで、この得られるフィルターに、マウスBeer遺伝子座由来のDNAの放射活性標識フラグメントをハイブリダイズさせ、そして、内因性遺伝子座由来のフラグメントとトランスジーン由来の異なるサイズのフラグメントの両方を認識し得る。創始動物を、Beer遺伝子の過剰発現の効果を決定するのに、十分な数のトランスジェニック子孫および非トランスジェニック子孫を生じるために、正常の非トランスジェニックマウスに交配した。これらの研究のために、種々の年齢(例えば、1日、3週間、6週間、4ヶ月)の動物を、全体の骨格形成、骨鉱物密度(bone mineral density)、骨鉱物含量(bone mineral content)、破骨細胞および骨芽細胞の活性、軟骨内骨化の程度、軟骨形成などを確認するために設計された多数の異なるアッセイに供する。トランスジーン由来の転写活性は、種々の組織由来のRNAを抽出し、そしてトランスジーンが由来するマウス株(129Sv/J)とDNA微量注入のために使用されるマウス株[(C57BL5/J×SJL/J)F2]との間の一ヌクレオチド多型を利用するRT−PCRアッセイを使用することによって決定され得る。
(相同組換えによるマウスBEER遺伝子の破壊)
胚性幹(ES)細胞における相同組換えが、内因性マウスBeer遺伝子を不活性化し、そして引き続いて機能喪失変異(loss−function mutation)を保有する動物を産生するために、使用され得る。E.coli β−ガラクトシダーゼ遺伝子のようなレポーター遺伝子が、標的ベクターへ操作され、その結果、その発現が、内因性Beer遺伝子のプロモーターおよび翻訳開始シグナルによって制御される。この様式で、Beer遺伝子発現の空間的パターンおよび時間的パターンが、標的化対立遺伝子を保有する動物において、決定され得る。
(アンチセンス−媒介BEER不活性化)
17−ヌクレオチドアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを、第1のオリゴヌクレオチドの5’末端がBeer転写の翻訳開始AUGと重複し、そして連続するオリゴヌクレオチドの5’末端が、BeerAUGに対して5’方向へ(50ヌクレオチド隔てるまで)5ヌクレオチド増加移動が生じるような様式で、重複形式で調製する。対応するコントロールオリゴヌクレオチドは、等価な塩基組成物を使用して設計および調製されるが、コードmRNAへのいずれの有意なハイブリダイゼーションをも阻害するために配列において再分配される。試験細胞系への薬剤送達が、カチオン性脂質送達を通して実施される(P.L.Felgner,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:7413,1987)。2ugのアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドを、100ulの還元血清媒体(Opti−MeM I 還元血清媒体;Life Technologies,Gaithersburg MD)へ添加し、そしてこれを、100ulの還元血清媒体中でリポフェクション薬剤(6ul)(Life Technologies,Gaithersburg MD)と混合する。これらを混合し、30分間、室温で複合体化させ、そしてこの混合物を、予め播種したMC3T3E21細胞またはKS483細胞へ添加する。これらの細胞を培養し、そしてこのmRNAを回収する。Beer mRNAを、Beer特異的プライマーと組み合わせたRT−PCRを使用してモニタリングする。さらに、個々の実験ウエルを収集し、そしてタンパク質レベルを、実施例4に記載されるウエスタンブロット方法によって特徴付ける。これらの細胞を収穫し、溶解緩衝液(50mM Tris pH7.5、20mM NaCl、1mM EDTA、1%SDS)中に再懸濁させ、そしてこの可溶性タンパク質を収集する。この物質を、10〜20%勾配変性SDS PAGEへ適用する。これらの単離されたタンパク質をニトロセルロースへ移し、そしてウエスタンブロットを記載した抗体薬剤を使用して上記のように行う。並行して、コントロールオリゴヌクレオチドを、同一のクラスターへ添加し、そして実験操作を繰り返す。Beer mRNAまたはタンパク質レベルの減少は、このアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドでの処置が、このコントロールスクランブル化(scrambled)オリゴヌクレオチドと比較する場合のいずれかで50%の変化が生じる場合、有意であると考えられる。この方法は、この組織培養モデルにおける鉱化ノジュール(nodule)の選択的遺伝子不活性化および引き続く表現型特徴付けを可能にする。
Claims (26)
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、配列番号2の分泌タンパク質に結合する、単離された抗体であって、該抗体がIgGクラス抗体である、上記抗体。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、配列番号1によりコードされるタンパク質に結合する、単離された抗体またはそのフラグメントであって、該抗体がIgGクラス抗体である、上記抗体またはそのフラグメント。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、昆虫細胞内において配列番号1に示すヌクレオチド配列を発現することによって得られうるタンパク質に結合する、請求項2に記載の抗体またはそのフラグメント。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、Sf9細胞内でバキュロ系を用いて配列番号1に示すヌクレオチド配列を発現することによって得られうるタンパク質に結合する、請求項2に記載の抗体またはそのフラグメント。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、ヒト胎児腎細胞内において配列番号1に示すヌクレオチド配列を発現することによって得られうるタンパク質に結合する、請求項2に記載の抗体またはそのフラグメント。
- 107M−1以上のKa値で、当該タンパク質に結合する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはそのフラグメント。
- 前記抗体がモノクローナル抗体である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
- 前記モノクローナル抗体がマウス抗体、ヒト抗体、およびヒト化抗体から成る群から選択される、請求項7に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体が抗体フラグメントである、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がF(ab’)2、F(ab)2、Fab’、FabおよびFvからなる群より選択される、請求項9に記載の抗体。
- ポリクローナル抗体である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、配列番号2のポリペプチドに結合する、単離された抗体であって、該抗体がIgGクラス抗体である、上記抗体。
- 107M−1以上のKa値で、配列番号2のポリペプチドに結合する、請求項12に記載の単離された抗体。
- 106M−1以上のKa値で、ヒト胎児腎細胞において配列番号1を発現させることによって得られうるタンパク質に結合する、単離された抗体であって、該抗体がIgGクラス抗体である、上記抗体。
- 前記抗体が、ポリマーに結合している、請求項14に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体が、ポリエチレングリコールに結合している、請求項14に記載の抗体。
- 前記IgGクラス抗体が、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4から成る群から選択される、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
- 請求項1〜17のいずれかに一項に記載の抗体と、レポーターまたはエフェクター分子を含む、融合ポリペプチド。
- 配列番号18に記載の核酸配列からなる単離された核酸分子。
- 請求項19に記載の核酸分子によってコードされる単離されたヒトBEERタンパク質。
- 請求項20に記載のヒトBEERタンパク質に特異的に結合する抗体。
- 前記抗体がモノクローナル抗体である、請求項21に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がマウスまたはヒト抗体である、請求項21または22に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がヒト化抗体である、請求項21または22に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がF(ab’)2、F(ab)2、Fab’、FabおよびFvからなる群より選択される、請求項21〜24のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
- 前記抗体がIgGクラス抗体であって、該IgGクラス抗体がIgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4から成る群から任意に選択される、請求項21〜25のいずれか一項に記載の抗体。
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