JP4596735B2 - コンパクト燃料プロセッサーの起動のために触媒を加熱する装置及び方法 - Google Patents
コンパクト燃料プロセッサーの起動のために触媒を加熱する装置及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4596735B2 JP4596735B2 JP2002548370A JP2002548370A JP4596735B2 JP 4596735 B2 JP4596735 B2 JP 4596735B2 JP 2002548370 A JP2002548370 A JP 2002548370A JP 2002548370 A JP2002548370 A JP 2002548370A JP 4596735 B2 JP4596735 B2 JP 4596735B2
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- catalyst bed
- cylindrical
- heating element
- bed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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Description
燃料電池の一層広い用途を抑制している重要な欠点は、広範囲に渡って水素のインフラが不足していることである。水素は、比較的小さい体積エネルギー密度を有しており、貯蔵し運搬することが、大抵の発電装置で現在使用されている炭化水素燃料に比べて一層困難である。この困難を克服する1つの方法は、炭化水素を、水素に富むガス流れであって燃料電池のための供給原料として使用することのできる該流れに転化するための改質装置(reformers;リフォーマー)を使用することである。
本発明は概して、起動のために触媒床を加熱し;しかも、過渡的動作の間、触媒床に熱を与えて所望の反応温度を維持する;ための装置及び方法に向けられている。本明細書に記述する装置及び方法は好ましい面において、炭化水素燃料供給原料から水素に富むガス流を製造するためのコンパクト燃料プロセッサーの中の触媒床に熱を与えることに関する。そのようなコンパクト燃料プロセッサーによって製造される、水素に富むガス流は、(電力自動車に使用される燃料電池を包含する)燃料電池の開発において重要性を増している。しかし、燃料プロセッサー設備における場合以外での発熱性触媒床のための起動と反応温度の維持とを包含する、他の可能性のある用途が、本明細書に記述する装置及び方法には意図されている。従って、本明細書には、本発明がコンパクト燃料プロセッサー及び燃料電池と共に使用されるものとして記述されているが、本発明の範囲は、そのような用途に限定されない。
燃料プロセッサーの排出流れは、水素及び二酸化炭素を含有し、また、幾らかの水、転化されなかった炭化水素、一酸化炭素、諸不純物(例えば、硫化水素及びアンモニア)、並びに諸不活性成分(例えば、窒素及びアルゴン、とりわけ空気が該供給原料の流れの1つの成分であった場合)を含有することもある。
プロセス工程Aは、自熱式リフォーミングプロセスであって、供給原料の流れFを、水素及び一酸化炭素を含有する合成ガスに転化するために、2つの反応[部分酸化(下記の式I)、及び任意的に更にスチームリフォーミング(下記の式II)]が組合されている該プロセスである。式I及びII:
CH4+1/2O2→2H2+CO (I)
CH4+H2O→3H2+CO (II)
は、メタンが炭化水素と見なされている典型的な反応式である。
H2S+ZnO→H2O+ZnS (III)
に従って、硫化水素を水に転化させることによって達成する。
流出物の流れは次いで、混合工程Dであってそこで水が任意的にガス流れに追加される該工程Dに送ることができる。水の追加により、水が蒸発するにつれて反応物流れの温度は低下し、そして、(以下で解説する)プロセス工程Eの水性ガス転化反応のために一層多くの水が供給される。水蒸気、及び他の流出物流れの諸成分は、不活性物質(例えば、セラミックビード);又は、効果的に混ざる他の類似物質及び(若しくは)水の蒸発を助ける他の類似物質;から成るプロセッシング・コアに通過させることによって混合する。もう1つの方法として、あらゆる追加の水は、供給原料と一緒に導入することができ、また、混合工程は、以下で解説するCO酸化工程Gで酸化体ガス(oxidant gas)を一層良好に混合するために、位置を変えることができる。
H2O+CO→H2+CO2 (IV)
に従って、一酸化炭素を二酸化炭素に転化させる水性ガス転化反応である。
これは重要な工程である。なぜなら、一酸化炭素はヒトにとって毒性が強いだけではなく、燃料電池にとって毒であるからである。一酸化炭素の濃度は好ましくは、燃料電池に許容され得るレベル(典型的には50ppm未満)まで低減すべきである。水性ガス転化反応は通常、150℃〜600℃の温度で起こることがあり、使用する触媒によって決まる。そのような条件下、該ガス流れ中の大抵の一酸化炭素はこの工程で転化される。
高温転化触媒は、約300℃〜約600℃の範囲の温度で作動するのが好ましく、遷移金属の酸化物(例えば、酸化第二鉄又は酸化第二クロム)を包含することがあり、また、任意的に促進剤(例えば、銅又は鉄のケイ化物)を含有する。また、高温転化触媒として、担持されている貴金属(例えば、担持されている白金、パラジウム及び/又は他の白金族元素)も包含される。
工程Fのプロセスに酸素を添加する。酸素は、下記のプロセス工程Gの反応によって消費される。酸素は、空気、濃縮空気、又は実質的に純粋な酸素の形態である場合がある。熱交換器は意図的に、空気と水素に富むガスとの混合を与えることができる。もう1つの方法として、プロセス工程Dの、説明に役立つ具体例は、その混合を行うのに使用することができる。
CO+1/2O2→CO2 (V)
H2+1/2O2→H2O (VI)
望ましい、一酸化炭素の酸化(式V)と、望ましくない、水素の酸化(式VI)とが起こる。
一酸化炭素の選択酸化(preferential oxidation)は、低温によって促進される。両反応は熱を生じるため、任意的に冷却要素(例えば、プロセス内部に配置される冷却用コイル)を備えることが好都合である場合がある。プロセスの作動温度は、約90℃〜約150℃の範囲に維持するのが好ましい。プロセス工程Gによって、一酸化炭素濃度は50ppm未満に減少するのが好ましい。この濃度は燃料電池で使用するのに適切な濃度であるが、当業者なら、一層高い濃度及び一層低い濃度の一酸化炭素を含有する、水素に富む生成物を生成するのに、本発明を適応させることができることを、よく理解する筈である。
次に図5に関連し、電気的加熱要素500は、一体構造の触媒構造体510に巻き付けられている。これによると、触媒の外側から中心部に向かって加熱が与えられる。加熱の間、流動体が触媒を通って流れることは任意的である。
Claims (8)
- 起動のために円筒状触媒床を加熱するための方法において、
上流面及び下流面を有する円筒状触媒床を与える工程、
前記円筒状触媒床の上流面に接触して配置される電気的加熱要素を与える工程、
前記の電気的加熱要素及び円筒状触媒床に炭化水素燃料の流れを通過させる工程、及び
前記の円筒状触媒床の上流面で発熱反応を開始させるために、前記電気的加熱要素を加熱する工程であって、その反応熱が該円筒状触媒床の全体に伝わり、それによって、起動のために該円筒状触媒床を加熱する該工程、
を含む上記円筒状触媒床加熱方法。 - 電気的加熱要素は、円筒状触媒床の上流面に沿って渦巻き構造で形成される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 触媒の形態は、ペレット、押出し物、球状体、及び一体構造体から成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 円筒状触媒床は、自熱式リフォーミング触媒、部分酸化触媒、スチームリフォーミング触媒、水性ガス転化触媒、選択酸化触媒、アノード・テールガス酸化触媒、及びイオウ吸収剤から成る群から選ばれる触媒を含有する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- コンパクト燃料プロセッサー中で使用するための反応器モジュールであって、
上流面及び下流面を有する円筒状触媒床、及び
前記円筒状触媒床の上流面に接触して配置されており、起動の間及び過渡的動作の間、円筒状触媒床を加熱するための電気的加熱要素であって、炭化水素燃料の流れの存在下、該円筒状触媒床の上流面で発熱反応を開始させることのできる該電気的加熱要素、
を含む上記反応器モジュール。 - 電気的加熱要素が、渦巻き構造で形成されている、請求項5に記載の反応器モジュール。
- 触媒の形態が、ペレット、押出し物、球状体、及び一体構造体から成る群から選ばれている、請求項5に記載の反応器モジュール。
- 円筒状触媒床が、自熱式リフォーミング触媒、部分酸化触媒、スチームリフォーミング触媒、水性ガス転化触媒、選択酸化触媒、アノード・テールガス酸化触媒、及びイオウ吸収剤から成る群から選ばれる触媒を含有している、請求項5に記載の反応器モジュール。
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US25122600P | 2000-12-05 | 2000-12-05 | |
PCT/US2001/047375 WO2002046676A1 (en) | 2000-12-05 | 2001-12-05 | Apparatus and method for heating catalyst for start-up of a compact fuel processor |
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