JP4526851B2 - 多糖類のナノスケールの繊維および成形体 - Google Patents
多糖類のナノスケールの繊維および成形体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4526851B2 JP4526851B2 JP2004107168A JP2004107168A JP4526851B2 JP 4526851 B2 JP4526851 B2 JP 4526851B2 JP 2004107168 A JP2004107168 A JP 2004107168A JP 2004107168 A JP2004107168 A JP 2004107168A JP 4526851 B2 JP4526851 B2 JP 4526851B2
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- polysaccharide
- thin film
- fiber
- fibers
- acid
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Description
一般に、医用材料として生体材料に要求される条件は、生体機能性(用途に応じた性能や効果)、生体安全性(毒性がない)、可滅菌性(感染防止のための滅菌ができる)、生体適合性(生体に対する親和性)がある。また、生体組織培養および生体材料の一部として、細胞や組織の足場となる条件には、上記の条件以外に、1)適度な力学的強度、2)生体吸収性、3)細胞接着における十分な比表面積の確保、4)栄養や酸素供給が可能な隙間構造、等が挙げられる。
天然高分子として多糖類は、生体親和性が高く、細胞毒性がないばかりでなく、成形加工性もあって、医用材料の素材として注目されている。この多糖類を素材として、適度な力学的強度があって、細胞との親和性が高く、細胞接着における比表面積を十分に確保でき、栄養や酸素供給可能な密度を有する材料が得ることができれば、従来からあるコラーゲンや合成高分子素材からなる材料の代替として利用できるばかりでなく、これまで以上に細胞との界面制御の可能性が広がる。
その特徴は、従来の商業的紡糸方法とは異なり、高電圧下で高分子素材を帯電させ表面反発力によって紡糸する方法である。これまでに静電紡糸法で応用検討された素材としては、合成高分子系ではポリビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリビニルピロリドン、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリウレタン、ポリカーボネート、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリアクリレート、ポリヒドロキシブチレート、ポリアニリン、アラミド系等があり、天然高分子系ではデオキシリボ核酸、コラーゲン、α-ラクトアルブミン、インベルターゼ、絹フィブロイン等がある。しかし、多くの形成される繊維は、素材によって溶液の物性パラメータとして濃度や分子量、粘度、表面張力、電気伝導度、誘電率、印加電圧、湿度、等が異なっており、多糖類の条件を予測することは極めて困難であった。
(1)静電紡糸法によって得られるキトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類を主原料とする繊維であって、直径が500nm以下であることを特徴とする多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
(2)キトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類以外の添加物を含む複合組成物あるいはキトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類単独の繊維である上記(1)の多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
(3)直径が1〜100nmである上記(2)の多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
(4)上記(1)の繊維からなる不織性の薄膜。
(5)上記(1)の繊維および直径500nmを超えるミクロ繊維の集合体からなる不織性の薄膜。
(6)上記(1)の繊維を含む医用材料。
(7)上記の(4)または(5)の不織性の薄膜を含む医用材料。
特に、再生医療における生体組織培養の基材および生体組織の欠損、修復、再生、治療を目的とした生体材料(人工弁、人工臓器、人工血管、創傷被覆材等)の一部として用いられ、細胞組織の足場や支持体であって、酸素や栄養素の供給にも優れ、効率良く細胞の増殖や分化が期待できる。
本発明は、再生医療における生体組織培養の基材および代替皮膚や欠損組織の修復、再生、治療を目的とした生体材料(人工弁、人工臓器、人工血管、創傷被覆材等)の一部であり、細胞組織の足場や支持体であって、酸素や栄養素の供給にも優れ、効率良く細胞の増殖や分化が期待できる。多糖類でナノスケールの繊維であり、さらには不織性の薄膜、およびそれらで加工された医用材料等の成形体に関する。
すなわち、本発明の多糖類繊維、平均直径が数nm〜数100nmのナノスケールの繊維、いわゆるナノファイバーであるが、静電紡糸法によって連続的に大規模に紡糸できるもので、例えば図1記載のような装置を用いることで達成できる。その装置には、電極(白金線等)を挿入したキャピラリー(ガラス製等)、導電性の基板(アルミニウム製等)等が装備されている。その原理は、大気圧下で、高分子溶液の入ったキャピラリーのノズル先端と基板間に、2,000V〜20,000Vの高電圧を印加すると、ノズル先端で高分子溶液の電気的反発力が表面張力よりも高くなって噴射され、条件によって粒子状や紡錘状、繊維状の構造体が乾燥されて基板上に集積される。
図1記載の静電紡糸装置を用いた。試料はカニ殻から分離精製されたキトサン(Mw3万、株式会社共和テクノス製)を用いた。試料液の濃度は10%である(w/v,溶解剤として酢酸を5%含む)。この試料液に添加剤として5%ポリエチレングリコール(Mw50万、和光純薬工業株式会社製)を8:2の重量比で加え(粘度115cp/22℃)、先端口径が50μmのキャピラリーに充填し、基板上にアルミ箔を敷き、印加電圧は16kVで実施した(室温下、大気圧)。装置内の湿度が異なる条件下で実施した結果、繊維径の異なる2種類の薄膜を得た。それぞれの薄膜について繊維径を測定したところ直径100-300nmの薄膜(湿度20%)と直径500-1000nmの薄膜(湿度35%)であった。次ぎに、薄膜はアルミ箔に付着状態のままメタノールと1N苛性ソーダ(重量比99:1)の混合溶媒に室温で2時間浸漬した後、アルミ箔から剥がした。更に純水で洗浄し室温で風乾して不溶性の自立膜を得た。
本試験にはタンパク質として牛血清アルブミン(シグマ製)を用い、蒸留水で1%牛血清アルブミン溶液とした。その溶液を乾燥した薄膜(湿度20%条件、繊維径100nm- 300nm)に対して37倍量(重量)添加し浸漬した。浸漬液は蒸留水で10倍量に希釈後、遊離のタンパク質を280nmによる吸光度法で測定し、牛血清アルブミン検量線から薄膜に吸着したタンパク量を求めた。また、乾燥した薄膜(湿度35%条件、繊維径500nm- 1000nm)についても1%牛血清アルブミン溶液を50倍量(重量)添加し浸漬し、10倍に希釈後、同様に、遊離のタンパク質を280nmによる吸光度法で測定し、牛血清アルブミン検量線から薄膜に吸着したタンパク量を求めた。
その結果、繊維径100nm- 300nmの薄膜は乾燥薄膜1g当たり452mgの牛血清アルブミンを吸着し、繊維径500nm- 1000nmの薄膜は乾燥薄膜1g当たり171mgの牛血清アルブミンを吸着した。繊維径の細い薄膜は繊維径の太い薄膜よりも約2.6倍量の吸着量が高かった。
比較例として、一般に流通しているキトサン繊維(不織布)を入手したもので、繊維の直径は12‐38μmであった(図7)。
2 電極
3 キャピラリー
4 基板
5 アース
Claims (7)
- 静電紡糸法によって得られるキトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類を主原料とする繊維であって、直径が500nm以下であることを特徴とする多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
- キトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類以外の添加物を含む複合組成物あるいはキトサン、コンドロイチン硫酸、ペクチンのいずれかの多糖類単独の繊維である請求項1の多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
- 直径が1〜100nmである請求項2の多糖類のナノスケールの繊維。
- 請求項1の繊維からなる不織性の薄膜。
- 請求項1の繊維および直径500nmを超えるミクロ繊維の集合体からなる不織性の薄膜。
- 請求項1の繊維を含む医用材料。
- 請求項4または5の不織性の薄膜を含む医用材料。
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