EP2459759A1 - Procede de recuperation selective de l'americium a partir d'une phase aqueuse nitrique - Google Patents
Procede de recuperation selective de l'americium a partir d'une phase aqueuse nitriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2459759A1 EP2459759A1 EP10736716A EP10736716A EP2459759A1 EP 2459759 A1 EP2459759 A1 EP 2459759A1 EP 10736716 A EP10736716 A EP 10736716A EP 10736716 A EP10736716 A EP 10736716A EP 2459759 A1 EP2459759 A1 EP 2459759A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- organic phase
- aqueous phase
- americium
- acid
- extractant
- Prior art date
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B60/00—Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals
- C22B60/02—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides
- C22B60/0295—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining other actinides except plutonium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G56/00—Compounds of transuranic elements
- C01G56/001—Preparation involving a liquid-liquid extraction, an adsorption or an ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/20—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching
- C22B3/26—Treatment or purification of solutions, e.g. obtained by leaching by liquid-liquid extraction using organic compounds
- C22B3/40—Mixtures
- C22B3/402—Mixtures of acyclic or carbocyclic compounds of different types
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
- G21C19/42—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel
- G21C19/44—Reprocessing of irradiated fuel of irradiated solid fuel
- G21C19/46—Aqueous processes, e.g. by using organic extraction means, including the regeneration of these means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
- G21F9/04—Treating liquids
- G21F9/06—Processing
- G21F9/12—Processing by absorption; by adsorption; by ion-exchange
- G21F9/125—Processing by absorption; by adsorption; by ion-exchange by solvent extraction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for selectively recovering americium from an aqueous nitric phase containing americium, curium and fission products including lanthanides, but which is free of uranium, plutonium and neptunium or which contains these last three elements only at trace levels.
- This process has applications in the field of the treatment and recycling of irradiated nuclear fuels where it is of particular interest to purify in americium raffinates from uranium and plutonium extraction and purification processes such as PUREX processes. and COEX TM.
- raffinates are aqueous solutions with high nitric acidity, typically 2 to 5 M, which contain americium, curium, lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and europium, fission products other than lanthanides such as molybdenum, zirconium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and yttrium, and other metallic elements that are neither lanthanides nor fission products like iron and chrome.
- lanthanides such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and europium
- fission products other than lanthanides such as molybdenum, zirconium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium and yttrium
- metallic elements that are neither lanthanides nor fission products like iron and chrome.
- Americium is the main contributor to residual radioactivity after 300 years of waste resulting from the conditioning of these raffinates (in particular by vitrification).
- the time required for this radioactivity to return to a level similar to that of natural uranium used to manufacture nuclear fuels is around ten thousand years.
- the curium In the irradiated fuel, after 5 years of cooling, the curium is 90% in the form of Cm-244, having 18 years of radioactive half-life.
- the other isotopes Cm-243, Cm-245, Cm-246, of greater than 30 years represent only about 10% of the isotopy curium.
- Curium being a neutron emitter, making its handling tricky and since the Cm-244 leads to Pu-239 decay with a period of less than 30 years, it is more advantageous not to directly recycle curium with americium .
- This process which is described in French Patent No. 2,731,717, [2], provides for the electrochemical oxidation of americium - which is stable in aqueous solution at the oxidation state III - in americium (VI). using, on the one hand, an electrochemical mediator whose role is to promote the formation of americium (VI) and, on the other hand, a complexing agent whose role is to stabilize americium (VI) in aqueous solution.
- the hexavalent americium can then be selectively extracted from the aqueous phase in which it is located by an organic phase containing a solvating extractant such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (or TBP), or an acidic extractant such as (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDEHP).
- a solvating extractant such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (or TBP), or an acidic extractant such as (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDEHP).
- This method which is described by B. Weaver and F. A. Kappelmann in ORNL-3559, 1964, [3], provides for an americium / curium partition after separating these two elements from lanthanides and other fission products. To do this, it uses an organic phase consisting of a TBP / HDEHP mixture in an aromatic diluent of the toluene or diisopropylbenzene type, and an aqueous phase containing a polyamino carboxylic acid / hydroxy carboxylic acid mixture and whose pH is adjusted to a specific value. from 2 to 3 by addition of a base.
- the TALSPEAK process would require reducing the acidity of this raffinate so as to bring its pH back to a value greater than 1 with, as a result, a non-toxic risk. negligible hydrolysis of the fission products present in the raffinate, which may lead to the formation of insoluble products containing, for example, zirconium, molybdenum or ruthenium.
- the separation of americium and curium from fission products can only be obtained with one phase organic compound comprising an aromatic diluent, while the PUREX and COEX TM processes use an aliphatic diluent.
- This process provides for extracting americium from an aqueous phase containing curium and optionally other elements such as lanthanides, using a organic phase consisting of a synergistic acid (chlorophenyl) dithiophosphinic / tri (ethylhexyl) phosphate or (chlorophenyl) dithiophosphinic acid / trialkylphosphine oxide mixture in i-octane and t-butylbenzene.
- the selectivity of this mixture would be sufficient to selectively extract americium from an aqueous phase containing from 0.1 to 0.5 mol / L of nitric acid.
- the organic phase used in the ALINA process can strongly extract some fission products such as zirconium, molybdenum, ruthenium and palladium, which has the effect of reducing the load capacity and the extracting power of this phase vis-à-vis americium and especially significantly complicate the process if it is then desired to recover americium alone in a suitable aqueous phase.
- the organic phase used in the ALINA process comprises four constituents, one of which leads to degradation products containing sulfur or chlorine atoms, which are difficult to manage in an industrial process in the nuclear field because of the risk of formation of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.
- the presence of these four constituents considerably complicates the treatment of the degraded organic phase, which has not been studied to date.
- DIAMEX-SANEX This process has been proposed in French Patent No. 2,845,616, [6] for separating actinides of oxidation degree III, that is to say americium and curium, from lanthanides downstream of a PUREX process.
- This method is based on the use of two extractants operating in disjoint chemical domains, namely: a first extractant, of the solvating type, which is capable of extracting actinides (III) and lanthanides from a strong aqueous phase together nitric acidity, and a second extractant, of acid type, which is capable of extracting the lanthanides from an aqueous phase with low nitric acidity.
- This process consists schematically in coextracting actinides (III) and lanthanides from the strongly acidic aqueous phase, in which they are found by means of an organic phase containing the solvating extractant and then, after adding the acid extractant to the organic phase, to extract the actinides (III) of this organic phase by means of a weakly acidic aqueous solution.
- the acidic extractant then makes it possible to retain the lanthanides in the organic phase and thus prevent the latter from being extracted together with the actinides (III).
- D M the coefficient of distribution between two phases, organic and aqueous, of a metallic element M, denoted D M , corresponds to the ratio between the concentration (or activity) that this element has in the organic phase and the concentration that the same element has. in the aqueous phase;
- the extraction factor of a metal element M corresponds to O / A * D M , that is to say to the product of the ratio between the volume or the flow rate
- D M i / D M2 that is to say the ratio between the distribution coefficient of the element Ml and the distribution coefficient of the element M2.
- the subject of the present invention is therefore a process for the selective recovery of americium from an aqueous phase Al which contains at least 0.5 mol / l of nitric acid, americium, curium and fission including lanthanides, but which is free of uranium, plutonium and neptunium or which contains only the latter three trace elements, which process comprises at least the steps of:
- step b) washing the organic phase resulting from step a), by circulation of this organic phase in a second extractor, in countercurrent with an aqueous phase A2 which contains at least 0.5 mol / L of acid nitric;
- step c) optionally adding to the organic phase resulting from step b) of the acid extractant if it is not already present in this phase; d) the selective desextraction of the americium present in the organic phase resulting from step b) or from step c), by circulation of this organic phase in a third extractor, countercurrently with an aqueous phase A3 which has a pH of at least 1 and which contains one or more complexing agents; and
- the ratio between the flow rates at which the organic phase and the aqueous phase A1 flow in the first extractor and the ratio between the flow rates at which the organic phase and the aqueous phase A2 circulate in the second extractor are chosen so that the factor of americium extraction obtained in each of steps a) and b) is greater than 1 and the curium extraction factor obtained in each of steps a) and b) is less than 1.
- a solvating extractant and an acidic extractant are used, as in the DIAMEX-SANEX process, but:
- the solvating extractant is chosen from solvating extractants which are capable of extracting americium more than curium from an acidic aqueous phase, that is to say those with which the distribution coefficient americium obtained during an extraction is always greater than the distribution coefficient of the curium obtained during the same irradiation and this, whatever the operating conditions under which this extraction is carried out, and
- the ratios between the flow rates at which the organic and aqueous phases circulate in the extractors devolved in steps a) and b) are adjusted so as to obtain, at each of these stages, an extraction factor greater than 1 for americium and an extraction factor of less than 1 for curium,
- the solvating extractant can in particular be chosen from:
- Malonamides such as N, N '-dimethyl-N, N' -dibutyltetradecylmalonamide (or DMDBTDMA),
- N, N '-dimethyl-N, N' -dioctylhexylmalonamide or DMDOHMA
- N, N '-dimethyl-N, N' -dibutyldodecylmalonamide or DMDBDDEMA
- Carbamoylphosphine oxides such as diisobutylphenyloctylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (or CMPO);
- triisobutylphosphine sulphides such as dihexyl-N, N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (or DHDECMP); and
- the acidic extractant (so called because it has one or more acid functions) can, in particular, be chosen from:
- phosphorus-containing acids such as mono- and dialkylphosphoric acids such as di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDEHP), di (n-hexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDHP), di ( 1,3-dimethylbutyl) phosphoric acid (or HBDMBP) or diisodecylphosphoric acid (or DIDPA), mono- and dialkylphosphonic acids such as 2-ethylhexyl-2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid (or HEHEHP), mono- and dialkylphosphinic acids, thiophosphoric acids, thiophosphonic acids and thiophosphinic acids;
- mono- and dialkylphosphoric acids such as di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDEHP), di (n-hexyl) phosphoric acid (or HDHP), di ( 1,3-dimethylbutyl) phosphoric acid (or HBDMBP) or diiso
- the lipophilic carboxylic acids such as dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (or HDNNS); and
- the organic diluent can be chosen from all the polar or aliphatic organic diluents whose use has been proposed for carrying out liquid-liquid extractions in the field of the treatment of irradiated nuclear fuels such as toluene, xylene, propylene oxide and t-butylbenzene, triisopropylbenzene, kerosene, linear or branched dodecanes, such as hydrogenated n-dodecane or tetrapropylene (or TPH), isane, a normal paraffinic hydrocarbon (or NPH), metanitrobenzotrifluoride and 5,5 '- [oxybis (methyleneoxy)] bis (1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluoropentane).
- irradiated nuclear fuels such as toluene, xylene, propylene oxide and t-butylbenzene, triisopropylbenzene, kerosene, linear or
- This or these complexing agents which must be capable, when in an aqueous phase of high acidity, that is to say in practice of pH ⁇ 0, of complexing curium preferentially with americium and / or to strongly complex the fission products that we do not want to migrate into the organic phase, may especially be chosen from:
- carboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid or mesoxalic acid
- Hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, citric acid or tartaric acid
- Polyaminocarboxylic acids such as N- (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine triacetic acid (or HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (or NTA) or diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (or DTPA);
- Pyridine polycarboxylic acids such as dipicolinic acid (or DPA, also known as 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid);
- Diglycolamides such as tetraethylglycolamide (or TEDGA), tetramethyldiglycolamide
- TMDGA tetrapropyldiglycolamide
- TPDGA tetrapropyldiglycolamide
- Amines polyazines grafted with alkyl chains containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, hydroxyoximes, hydroxamic acids and ⁇ -diketones.
- one or more complexing agents are also present in the aqueous phase A3 that is used in step d) to selectively remove the americium from the organic phase that is either from step b) in the where the acid extractant is present in the organic phase from step a), or from step c) otherwise.
- complexing agents which must be capable, when in an aqueous phase of low acidity, that is to say in practice of pH> 1, of complexing americium preferentially with lanthanides, may in particular be chosen among:
- carboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid or mesoxalic acid
- Hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glycolic acid, citric acid or tartaric acid; polyaminocarboxylic acids such as HEDTA, NTA or DTPA;
- pyridine polycarboxylic acids such as DPA
- the aqueous phase A4 used during step e) to extract the lanthanides from the organic phase may be free of any complexing agent, in which case it is a simple nitric acid solution whose The acidity advantageously falls within the range of acidities for which the extracting power of the organic phase is minimal vis-à-vis the lanthanides and preferably at a concentration of less than 1.5 mol / l.
- step e one or more complexing agents of carboxylic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyaminocarboxylic acids, diglycolamides, sulfonic acids, phosphoric acids or polyazines grafted from alkyl chains containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, especially if it is also desired to extract from the organic phase, in step e), metallic elements such as zirconium and iron which, although they are not lanthanides, have been extracted from the aqueous phase A1 to step a) and then remained in the organic phase.
- the acidic extractant is added to the organic phase only after step b).
- Step a) is therefore performed using an organic phase which contains only the solvent extractant as extractant, and the process comprises all the steps a) to e).
- step c) is preferably carried out by circulating in the third extractor an organic phase which not only contains the same solvating extractant as that present in the organic phase used in step a), the same concentration and in the same organic diluent, but which additionally contains the acid extractant, this phase being added, in said third extractor, to the organic phase resulting from step b).
- step e) is preferably followed by an additional step of separating the solvent extractant from the acid extractant for subsequent reuse.
- the separation of the two extractants is preferably carried out by an operation leading to the withdrawal of the acid extractant from the organic phase resulting from step e) and to the maintenance of the solvating extractant in this phase.
- the industrial implementation of the process of the invention for the treatment of a raffinate be in the form of a succession of cycles each making it possible to treat a volume of this raffinate
- the organic phase also comprises an organic diluent
- the selective removal of the acid extractant from the organic phase is preferably carried out by the extraction of this extractant.
- the organic phase is then subjected to a purification step, which may comprise, as is well known per se, a washing of this phase with one or more aqueous phases capable of removing the impurities and degradation products it contains without thereby extracting the solvent extractant, and one or more filtration operations of the organic phase thus washed if it contains a precipitate.
- a purification step which may comprise, as is well known per se, a washing of this phase with one or more aqueous phases capable of removing the impurities and degradation products it contains without thereby extracting the solvent extractant, and one or more filtration operations of the organic phase thus washed if it contains a precipitate.
- the organic phase resulting from this purification is divided into two fractions: a first fraction which is intended to comprise only the solvating extractant and the organic diluent for reuse in step a) of the following cycle, and a second fraction in which the acid extractant is re-extracted for reuse in step c) of the following cycle.
- the acid extractant is present in the organic phase as of step a).
- Step a) is therefore carried out using an organic phase which contains both the solvating extractant and the acidic extractant, and the process does not comprise either step c) or the step of separating the two extractants.
- step e it advantageously comprises, after step e), a step of purifying the organic phase in order to remove from it the impurities and the degradation products which accumulated therein during the preceding steps, and this, in for reuse in the next cycle.
- This purification step may, as before, include one or more washing operations with aqueous solutions and possibly one or more filtration operations.
- this second embodiment has the advantage of involving fewer operations than the previous embodiment, it turns out, however, that certain metal elements such as molybdenum, zirconium and iron, which are not extractable from an aqueous phase of high acidity by an organic phase containing only a solvating extractant become it when this organic phase also contains an acid extractant.
- certain metal elements such as molybdenum, zirconium and iron, which are not extractable from an aqueous phase of high acidity by an organic phase containing only a solvating extractant become it when this organic phase also contains an acid extractant.
- the process advantageously comprises an additional step which consists of selectively extracting molybdenum from the organic phase, for example by means of an aqueous phase of low acidity, that is to say - Typically say pH 3, and containing a complexing agent capable of selectively complexing molybdenum such as citric acid.
- step b) This additional step is preferably carried out between step b) and step d), step c) being non-existent in this case.
- zirconium and iron can, in turn, be extracted from the organic phase in step e), together with the lanthanides, by addition to the aqueous phase A4 of one or more complexing agents judiciously chosen.
- a malonamide as a solvating extractant such as DMDOHEMA, because of the particularly pronounced ability of this type of extractant to extract more americium than curium from an aqueous phase of high nitric acidity;
- an aliphatic diluent as an organic diluent and, more specifically, TPH, which is the diluent used in the PUREX process currently used in irradiated nuclear fuel treatment plants.
- the aqueous phase Al prefferably has a nitric acid content of 2 to 6 mol / l and to contain one or more complexing agents which are preferably chosen from hydroxycarboxylic acids and polyamino carboxylic acids. and diglycolamides, the use of a hydrophilic diglycolamide such as TEDGA being particularly preferred.
- hydrophilic diglycolamides make it possible to significantly exalt the separation factor between americium and curium, FSAm / cm / at the stage at). They also make it possible to exalt also the separation factors between americium and heavy lanthanides such as samarium, europium and gadolinium, between americium and yttrium and between americium and zirconium.
- the diglycolamide present in the aqueous phase Al is associated with a polyaminocarboxylic acid such as HEDTA or DTPA, which allows it to inhibit the extraction of palladium by the organic phase.
- the aqueous phase Al can also contain, as complexing agent, a carboxylic acid such as oxalic acid, which allows it to inhibit the extraction of molybdenum, zirconium and iron in the case where the phase organic does not contain dialkylphosphoric acid from step a).
- a carboxylic acid such as oxalic acid
- aqueous phase A2 it is preferred to use a solution having a nitric acid content of 2 to 6 mol / l and preferably containing the same complexing agent (s) as those present in the aqueous phase Al, in the same ranges of concentrations.
- the aqueous phase A3 is preferably a solution containing a polyamino carboxylic acid such as HEDTA or DTPA, as well as a carboxylic or hydroxycarboxylic acid capable of acting both as a complexing agent and as a buffer such as glycolic acid, and whose pH is adjusted to a value of 2 to 4 by the addition of a base of the hydroxide type such as soda or hydrazine, carbonate type such as sodium carbonate, or amine or hydroxylamine type.
- aqueous phase A4 a solution containing from 0.5 to 1.5 mol / L of nitric acid and a diglycolamide such as TEDGA is preferably used. alone or in combination with a carboxylic acid such as oxalic acid.
- the ratio between the flow rates at which the organic phase circulates and the aqueous phase A1 in the first extractor and the ratio between the flow rates at which the organic phase circulates and the aqueous phase A2 in the second extractor are preferably chosen so that the americium extraction factor obtained in each of steps a) and b) is greater than or equal to 1.40 and that the curium extraction factor obtained in each of steps a) and b) that is, less than or equal to 0, 90.
- the organic phase which it uses does not comprise any component likely to lead to chlorinated degradation products, difficult to manage in the nuclear field; the organic phase may comprise an aliphatic diluent; and
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of a first example of implementation of the method of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a second exemplary implementation of the method of the invention.
- the organic phase flows entering or leaving these devices are symbolized by a double continuous line, while the aqueous phase flows entering or leaving said devices are symbolized by a single continuous line.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a first example of implementation of the method of the invention, designed to treat, on an industrial scale, a raffinate from the first purification cycle of a PUREX or COEX TM process. to selectively recover the americium present in this raffinate.
- aqueous phase A1 consists of an aqueous solution of high nitric acidity, which contains americium, curium, lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu , Gd, ...), fission products other than lanthanides (Mo, Zr, Ru, Rd, Pa, Y, %) as well as other metallic elements which are neither lanthanides nor fission like iron and chrome.
- the method is implemented in the form of a succession of cycles each comprising the following eight steps:
- Extraction Am + Ln in Figure 1
- the aqueous phase is circulated in a first extractor, against the current of an organic phase, immiscible with water, which contains a solvating extractant capable of extracting americium more strongly than curium from a concentrated nitric medium, in an organic diluent.
- This solvating extractant is preferably a malonamide, in this case DMDOHEMA, which is used at a concentration typically of 0.5 to 0.7 mol / l, for example 0.65 mol / l.
- the organic diluent is TPH.
- the nitric acidity of the aqueous phase Al is, if necessary, rectified so that it is preferably between 3 and 5 mol / l, for example at 4 moles / L.
- the aqueous phase Al is supplemented with two complexing agents, namely a polyaminocarboxylic acid, in this case HEDTA, at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.1 mol / L, and the acid oxalic acid at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.5 mol / L.
- two complexing agents namely a polyaminocarboxylic acid, in this case HEDTA, at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.1 mol / L
- the acid oxalic acid at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.5 mol / L.
- the organic phase resulting from the first extractor is circulated in a second extractor, countercurrently with an aqueous phase A2 typically containing from 2 to 3 mol / L. nitric acid, for example 2.4 mol / l, and the same complexing agents, in the same ranges of concentrations, as the aqueous phase Al.
- the aqueous phase resulting from this second stage is returned to the first extractor where it joins the aqueous phase Al and is added to it, while the organic phase is directed to a third extractor in which are carried out simultaneously the third stage and the fourth stage. step (referred to as "Am de-extraction" in FIG. 1).
- the organic phase is:
- aqueous phase A3 circulating against the current of an aqueous phase A3 to selectively deseamtrate americium.
- This aqueous phase contains a polyaminocarboxylic acid, in this case DTPA, at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.1 mol / l, as well as a carboxylic or hydroxycarboxylic acid capable of acting both as an agent complexant and that of buffer, in this case glycolic acid, at a concentration typically of 0.1 to 1 mol / L.
- pH is preferably adjusted to a value between 2 and 4, for example 3, by the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide.
- an aqueous phase which contains, as metallic element, only americium and an organic phase in which cerium, praseodymium, lanthanum, samarium and neodymium are partially present. extracted during the first stage.
- the organic phase is circulated in a fourth extractor, countercurrently with an aqueous phase A4 which typically contains from 0.5 to 1 mol / L. nitric acid and, optionally, diglycolamide, at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.5 mol / L.
- an organic phase is thus obtained which no longer contains any of the metallic elements which it had charged itself during the first stage but which contains, in addition to the solvating extractant and the acidic extractant. , a number of impurities and degradation products, including radiolysis, which accumulated during the previous steps.
- the organic phase is circulated in a fifth extractor countercurrently with an aqueous solution of pH greater than 7, for example a solution of a hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or hydrazine, a carbonate such as sodium carbonate, an amine or a hydroxylamine.
- the organic phase thus discharged from the HDHP, is circulated in a sixth extractor, countercurrently with an aqueous solution.
- the organic phase thus purified is divided into two fractions: a first fraction representing from 75 to 95% (v / v) of this phase and a second fraction representing 5 to 25% (v / v) of said phase and in which the HDHP was re-extracted.
- This reextraction can, for example, be carried out by acidifying the basic aqueous solution used to remove the HDHP from the organic phase by the addition of a nitric acid solution 4 to 5 M, and by circulating this solution as well. acidified in a seventh extractor, countercurrent to the fraction organic phase in which it is desired to re-extract this extractant.
- the organic phase is thus recovered in the form of two fractions, one of which contains only DMDOHEMA in TPH, and the other of which contains both DMDOHEMA and HDHP in
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a second example of implementation of the method of the invention, which is also designed to treat, on an industrial scale, a raffinate from the first cycle of purification of a process PUREX or COEX TM to selectively recover the americium present in this raffinate, but wherein the acid extractant is present in the organic phase at all stages of the process.
- each cycle of the process includes the following six steps:
- the solvating extractant is DMDOHEMA as in Example 1, which is also used at a concentration typically of 0.5 to 0.7 mol / l, for example 0.6 mol / l, while
- the acid extractant is HDEHP, which is used at a concentration typically of 0.1 to 0.5 mol / L, for example 0.3 mol / L.
- the nitric acidity of the aqueous phase Al is, if necessary, rectified before or during its introduction into the first extractor so that it is preferably between 2 and 6 moles For example, 4 mol / L.
- HEDTA complexing agent
- TEDGA diglycolamide
- the organic phase resulting from the first extractor is circulated in a second extractor, in countercurrent to an aqueous phase A2, which typically contains from 4 to 6 moles Nitric acid, for example 5 mol / l, and the same complexing agents, in the same concentration ranges, as the aqueous phase Al.
- aqueous phase A2 typically contains from 4 to 6 moles Nitric acid, for example 5 mol / l, and the same complexing agents, in the same concentration ranges, as the aqueous phase Al.
- the aqueous phase from the second stage is returned to the first extractor where it joins the aqueous phase Al and is added to it, while the organic phase is directed to a third extractor in which is carried out the third step (denominated "Mo extraction" in Figure 2).
- said organic phase is circulated in the third extractor, against the current of an aqueous solution containing a complexing agent, in this case citric acid, at a concentration typically of 0.1 to 1 mole / L and whose pH is adjusted to a value between 2 and 4, for example 3, by the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide.
- a complexing agent in this case citric acid
- the organic phase is circulated in a fourth extractor, countercurrently with an aqueous phase A3 which contains a polyaminocarboxylic acid, in this case from 1 HEDTA, at a concentration typically of 0.01 to 0.5 mol / L, and a carboxylic acid or hydroxycarboxylic acid capable of acting both as a complexing agent and as a buffer, in this case glycolic acid at a concentration typically of 0.1 to 1 mol / L, and whose pH is preferably adjusted to a value of between 2 and 4, for example of 3, by the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide.
- a polyaminocarboxylic acid in this case from 1 HEDTA
- carboxylic acid or hydroxycarboxylic acid capable of acting both as a complexing agent and as a buffer
- glycolic acid at a concentration typically of 0.1 to 1 mol / L
- whose pH is preferably adjusted to a value of between 2 and 4, for example of 3, by the addition of a base such as
- an aqueous phase which contains, as metallic element, only americium and an organic phase in which are found cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium and iron, being understood that the molybdenum was desextracted during the third stage.
- this organic phase is circulated in a fourth extractor, countercurrently to an aqueous phase A4 which typically contains from 0.5 to 1 mol / L.
- nitric acid and two complexing agents namely a diglycolamide, in this case TEDGA, which is typically used at a concentration of 0.01 to 0.5 mol / L, and optionally oxalic acid, typically used at a concentration of 0.01 to 0.8 mol / L.
- an organic phase is obtained which no longer contains any of the metallic elements which it had loaded during the first stage but which contains, in addition to the solvating extractant and the acidic extractant. , a number of impurities and degradation products, including radiolysis, which accumulated during the previous steps.
- the organic phase thus purified can then be reused in the first step of the next cycle.
- the coefficients of distribution of the metallic elements have been determined: in the case of americium and curium, by calculating the ratio of the activity of these elements in a given organic phase to the activity of these same elements in the aqueous phase which has been brought into contact with this organic phase;
- organic phase a phase consisting of 0.65 mol / l of DMDOHEMA in TPH
- aqueous phase Al a solution simulating a raffinate resulting from the treatment, by the PUREX process, of an irradiated nuclear fuel of the UOX3 type (except for curium which is present only in trace amounts) ) and to which were added 0.01 mol / L of oxalic acid and 0.01 mol / L of HEDTA; and
- aqueous phase A2 a solution of nitric acid equal to 2.4 M and containing 0.01 mol / l of oxalic acid and 0.01 mol / l of HEDTA.
- nitric acidity of the aqueous phase Al is 4.2 mol / l and its qualitative and quantitative composition in metallic elements is given in Table I below. All these elements have been dissolved in the form of nitrates.
- the organic phase previously equilibrated with acid by the addition of 3M nitric acid, was brought into contact with the aqueous phase Al, at the rate of 1.3 volume of Al aqueous phase for 1 volume of organic phase, and the phase aqueous A2 at a rate of 3.1 volumes of aqueous phase A2 for 1 volume of organic phase, and stirred for 10 minutes at a constant temperature of 25 ° C.
- the organic phase was brought into contact with the aqueous phase A2, at the rate of one volume of organic phase for 3, 1 volumes of aqueous phase, and the two phases were left stirring for 10 minutes at a constant temperature. 25 ° C.
- Table II below presents the distribution coefficients D M , the extraction factors E M and the separation factors obtained from the activities and concentrations thus measured.
- a 24-stage extractor for the extraction stage coupled to a 24-stage extractor for the washing step
- the americium is found in the organic phase resulting from the washing to more than 99, 95% with about 78% of cerium, 29% of praseodymium, but with only 0.2% of curium and 0.4 to 0.9 % lanthanum, neodymium and samarium.
- the other fission products remain in the aqueous phase.
- aqueous phase A3 a solution containing 0.05 mol / l of DTPA and 1 mol / l of glycolic acid, and whose pH was adjusted to 3 by addition of sodium hydroxide.
- the organic and aqueous phases were stirred for 10 minutes at a constant temperature of 25 ° C. Then, after decantation and separation of these phases, the activity of americium was measured in each of them, while the concentrations of the other metallic elements were measured in the single aqueous phase.
- Table IV shows the distribution coefficients D M and the separation factors FS M / Am obtained from the activities and concentrations thus measured. Table IV
- the distribution coefficients obtained are quite satisfactory since they should make it possible to obtain, on an industrial scale, a desextraction of all of the americium with a retention of the lanthanides in the organic phase by using an O / A flow ratio. about 2.
- the separation factors are all greater than 20, which is largely sufficient to obtain the separation of americium lanthanides using an extractor comprising a limited number of stages, for example 16 stages.
- aqueous phase A4 either a 1 M aqueous nitric acid solution or a 0.5 M nitric acid solution containing 0.2 mol / l of TEDGA. These two phases were brought into contact with each other, volume to volume, and left stirring for 10 minutes at a constant temperature of 25 ° C.
- the concentrations of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and samarium were measured in the single aqueous phase.
- Table V shows, for each type of aqueous phase A4, the distribution coefficients D M obtained from the concentrations thus measured.
- This step was validated by tube tests and calculations based on the results obtained in these tests.
- organic phase a phase containing 0.6 mol / l of DMDOHEMA and 0.3 mol / l of HDEHP in TPH;
- aqueous phase A1 a solution of nitric acid equal to 4 M, of qualitative and quantitative composition identical to that presented in Table I above and to which 0.05 mol / L of TEDGA and O have been added, 05 mole / L of HEDTA; and
- aqueous phase A2 a nitric acid solution equal to 5 M and containing 0.07 mol / L of TEDGA and 0.05 mol / L of HEDTA.
- the organic phase previously equilibrated in acid by the addition of 4M nitric acid, and the aqueous phase Al, were brought into contact with each other, volume to volume, and left stirring for 10 minutes at a constant temperature. 25 ° C.
- Table VI presents the distribution coefficients D M , the extraction factors E M and the separation factors obtained from the activities and concentrations thus measured.
- TEDGA In the presence of TEDGA, it is found that the separation factors are modified. The separation factors between americium and curium, heavy lanthanides (Sm, Eu, Gd), yttrium and zirconium are increased. On the other hand, the separation factors between americium and light lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd) are lower than in the absence of TEDGA. This means that TEDGA not only exalts the separation factor between americium and curium but also the separation factors between lanthanides of adjoining atomic number.
- americium is found in the organic phase resulting from the washing to more than 99, 95% with about 100% of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, molybdenum and iron but with only 0.07% of curium and 0.8% zirconium.
- the other fission products remain in the aqueous phase resulting from the extraction.
- aqueous phase a solution containing 0.2 mol / l of citric acid and whose pH was adjusted to 3 by addition of sodium hydroxide.
- the organic and aqueous phases were stirred for 10 minutes at a constant temperature of 25 ° C. Then, after decantation and separation of these phases, the activity of americium was measured in each of them, while the concentrations of the other metallic elements were measured in the single aqueous phase.
- Table VIII shows the distribution coefficients D M and the separation factors FS M / M0 obtained from the activities and concentrations thus measured.
- the distribution coefficients of all metal elements other than molybdenum are greater than 1 and the separation factors between these elements and molybdenum are all greater than 700.
- aqueous phase A3 a solution containing 0.05 mol / l of HEDTA and 1 mol / l of glycolic acid, and whose pH was adjusted to 3 by addition of sodium hydroxide.
- Table IX shows the distribution coefficients D M and the separation factors FS H / arteriess obtained from the activities and concentrations thus measured.
- the distribution coefficients are greater than 1 for all metallic elements other than americium and the separation factors between these elements and americium are all greater than 9.
- aqueous phase A4 a solution of nitric acid equal to 1 M and comprising 0.2 mol / l of TEDGA and 0.8 mol / l of oxalic acid.
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FR0955239A FR2948385B1 (fr) | 2009-07-27 | 2009-07-27 | Procede de recuperation selective de l'americium a partir d'une phase aqueuse nitrique |
PCT/EP2010/060770 WO2011012563A1 (fr) | 2009-07-27 | 2010-07-26 | Procede de recuperation selective de l'americium a partir d'une phase aqueuse nitrique |
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FR2968014B1 (fr) | 2010-11-25 | 2012-12-28 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de separation de l'americium des autres elements metalliques presents dans une phase aqueuse acide ou organique et ses applications |
US8354085B1 (en) * | 2012-03-16 | 2013-01-15 | U.S. Department Of Energy | Actinide and lanthanide separation process (ALSEP) |
FR3015760B1 (fr) | 2013-12-20 | 2016-01-29 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de traitement d'un combustible nucleaire use comprenant une etape de decontamination de l'uranium(vi) en au moins un actinide(iv) par complexation de cet actinide(iv) |
RU2603405C1 (ru) * | 2015-05-13 | 2016-11-27 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Способ выделения америция из жидких радиоактивных отходов и отделения его от редкоземельных элементов |
RU2670282C2 (ru) | 2016-02-01 | 2018-10-22 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Государственная корпорация по атомной энергии "Росатом" | Устройство для электрического соединения внутрикамерных компонентов с вакуумным корпусом термоядерного реактора |
CN108611490A (zh) * | 2018-05-08 | 2018-10-02 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 从高放废液中提取锶的萃取剂及提取锶的方法 |
RU2732081C1 (ru) * | 2020-01-28 | 2020-09-11 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Горно-химический комбинат" (ФГУП "ГХК") | Способ растворения диоксида плутония, скрапа мокс-топлива и извлечения америция |
RU2753107C1 (ru) * | 2020-08-11 | 2021-08-11 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Горно-химический комбинат" (ФГУП "ГХК") | Способ очистки азотнокислых растворов от америция |
CN113981253B (zh) * | 2021-10-29 | 2023-04-28 | 岭东核电有限公司 | 含镅废料的回收方法 |
FR3128706A1 (fr) * | 2021-11-04 | 2023-05-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede d’extraction liquide-liquide de terres rares ou d’actinides via l’association d’un agent hydrotrope co-solvant a des extractants chelatants ou anioniques |
CN114164350A (zh) * | 2021-11-23 | 2022-03-11 | 核工业北京化工冶金研究院 | 一种从火灾探测器废料中分离241Am回收贵金属的方法 |
CN114480889B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-12-06 | 清华大学 | 镅锔分离方法 |
CN114525419B (zh) * | 2022-01-04 | 2024-05-14 | 中国原子能科学研究院 | 烷基二硫代膦酸与含氮试剂分离三价镅锔的方法 |
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SU558549A1 (ru) * | 1975-10-20 | 1982-03-07 | Предприятие П/Я Р-6575 | Способ извлечени америци из кислых растворов |
US4125588A (en) * | 1977-08-01 | 1978-11-14 | The Hanna Mining Company | Nickel and magnesia recovery from laterites by low temperature self-sulfation |
GR63003B (en) * | 1979-06-18 | 1979-08-03 | Shipping Business Sa | Nickel and cobalt recovery from laterites by extraction with sulphuric acid under atinospheric pressure |
FR2731717B1 (fr) | 1995-03-15 | 1997-04-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede d'oxydation electrochimique de am (vii) en am (vi), utilisable pour separer l'americium des solutions de retraitement de combustibles nucleaires uses |
JP2977744B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-12 | 1999-11-15 | 核燃料サイクル開発機構 | 三価アクチニドと希土類元素の分離方法 |
JP4524394B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-21 | 2010-08-18 | 独立行政法人 日本原子力研究開発機構 | 酸性溶液中に存在するアメリシウム及びネオジムの抽出方法 |
RU2193012C2 (ru) * | 2000-12-13 | 2002-11-20 | Производственное объединение "МАЯК" | Способ извлечения лантанидов и актинидов из азотно-кислых растворов |
FI112096B (sv) * | 2001-07-06 | 2003-10-31 | Omg Finland Oy | Förfarande vid utvinning av nickel och eventuellt kobolt medelst lakning ur nickelhaltig lateritmalm |
FR2845616B1 (fr) * | 2002-10-15 | 2004-12-03 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede cyclique de separation d'elements chimiques presents dans une solution aqueuse |
JP3731818B2 (ja) * | 2003-02-07 | 2006-01-05 | 核燃料サイクル開発機構 | 再処理プロセス装置 |
DE10339328A1 (de) * | 2003-08-25 | 2005-03-24 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Verfahren zur Trennung von dreiwertigem Americium von dreiwertigem Curium |
JP4374460B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-06 | 2009-12-02 | 独立行政法人 日本原子力研究開発機構 | 硝酸水溶液からNd(III)を溶媒抽出する方法およびそのための抽出剤 |
JP4117491B2 (ja) * | 2004-12-01 | 2008-07-16 | 独立行政法人 日本原子力研究開発機構 | N,n,n’,n’−テトラエチルジグリコールアミドにより分離プロセス溶媒中の3,4価のアクチノイドイオンを高濃度の硝酸溶液に一括逆抽出する方法 |
EP1954843B1 (fr) * | 2005-11-28 | 2013-01-02 | Anglo Operations Limited | Procede de lixiviation en presence d'acide chlorhydrique permettant de recuperer un metal precieux dans un minerai |
FR2900159B1 (fr) * | 2006-04-19 | 2008-06-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Separation groupee des actinides a partir d'une phase aqueuse fortement acide |
FR2901627B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-24 | 2009-05-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de retraitement d'un combustible nucleaire use et de preparation d'un oxyde mixte d'uranium et de plutonium |
US7799293B2 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2010-09-21 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Actinide extraction methods |
FR2907346B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-23 | 2009-01-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Separation groupee des actinides a partir d'une phase aqueuse fortement acide, utilisant un extractant solvatant en milieu relargant. |
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- 2010-07-26 JP JP2012522127A patent/JP5689467B2/ja active Active
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EP2459759B1 (fr) | 2014-12-10 |
FR2948385B1 (fr) | 2011-09-23 |
CN102471824B (zh) | 2014-07-30 |
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US20120152059A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
RU2012106520A (ru) | 2013-09-10 |
JP2013500485A (ja) | 2013-01-07 |
US8753420B2 (en) | 2014-06-17 |
CN102471824A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
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