CN1602688A - Gerbera cut flower pretreatment solution and method of use thereof - Google Patents
Gerbera cut flower pretreatment solution and method of use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN1602688A CN1602688A CN 200410009450 CN200410009450A CN1602688A CN 1602688 A CN1602688 A CN 1602688A CN 200410009450 CN200410009450 CN 200410009450 CN 200410009450 A CN200410009450 A CN 200410009450A CN 1602688 A CN1602688 A CN 1602688A
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- silver nitrate
- sodium thiosulfate
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- 241000735332 Gerbera Species 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- PVRBGBGMDLPYKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-benzyl-7h-purine Chemical compound N=1C=NC=2N=CNC=2C=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 PVRBGBGMDLPYKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiabendazole Chemical compound S1C=NC(C=2NC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)=C1 WJCNZQLZVWNLKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004308 thiabendazole Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229960004546 thiabendazole Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 235000010296 thiabendazole Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 hyposulphite Chemical compound 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N (S,S)-paclobutrazol Chemical compound C([C@@H]([C@@H](O)C(C)(C)C)N1N=CN=C1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 RMOGWMIKYWRTKW-UONOGXRCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 240000000208 Gerbera jamesonii Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009758 senescence Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005985 Paclobutrazol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008485 antagonism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003503 cut flower preservation Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 240000006497 Dianthus caryophyllus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009355 Dianthus caryophyllus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000008905 Gladiolus dalenii Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009977 Gladiolus dalenii Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000284380 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000000664 Rosa chinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009363 floriculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002070 germicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007665 sagging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
This invention discloses the pretreatment liquor for Africa mum. The character: the pretreatment liquor consists thiabendazole, citric acid, 6-benzyl purine, hyposulphite, silver nitrate and qulatong soluted in water in proportion. Using the pretreatment liquor of This invention discloses good for the come out of Africa mum flowers and delayed the withering of flowers.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cutflower preservation field, relate in particular to cut gerbera flower post-harvest fresh-keeping field.
Background technology
Flower industry is one of industry most active in world today's agricultural.At present, global fresh flower is consumed 50,000,000,000 dollars, and wherein cut-flower is 40,000,000,000 dollars.China has become the country of flower planting area maximum in the world, and flower planting area reached 430,000 hm in 2003
2, wherein, the cut-flower cultivated area reaches 2.4 ten thousand hm
2, produce 6700000000 of cut-flowers per year.
China's cut-flower is produced area and is accounted for 30% of world's gross area, but the volume of trade only accounts for 1.3% of world's total trade, this is except the reason of production aspect, the another one main cause is to adopt post-processing technology to fall behind, limit Chinese cut-flower outlet to a great extent, brought enormous economic loss for the cut-flower operator.
Flameray gerbera (Gerberajamesonii) claim African daisy again, Gerbera perennial evergreen herbaceous plant.Its flower is very large, and pattern enriches gorgeous, has developed in recent years and " four big cut-flowers " the fifth-largest cut-flower equally celebrated for their achievements.
The flameray gerbera scape is a herbaceous stem, and degree of lignification is low, adopts (" curved the neck ") phenomenon that is prone in back storing and the slotting process of bottle that fresh idea is sagging, scape is crooked and the ornamental value that reduces.The easy dewfall of container contents in adopting back storing and cause infection process; Container contents is easily generated heat, and makes commodity impaired.The situation that flameray gerbera loses ornamental value has following several:
1. insert the scape base portion that inserts in the process in the water at bottle and rot, be accompanied by rottenly, wilting appears in petal, and the flower neck occurs softening.
2. the scape base portion does not have putrefactive phenomenon, but bacterial reproduction in the conduit causes the conduit obstruction, and scape suction difficulty causes that petal wilting, flower neck soften etc.
3. tubular flower flower pesticide goes mouldy, spot appears in ligulate flower, further be expanded into whole flower rots.
At present, more about the research of cutflower preservation, but mainly concentrate on Chinese rose, carnation, sword lily etc., fewer to the fresh-keeping report of flameray gerbera.And mainly concentrate on fresh-keeping effect and the physiological effect of different chemical reagent in cut gerbera flower, being intended to provides theoretical foundation for the application of flameray gerbera preservation technique.As Ca
2+And K
+(Zhang Yuping, 2004, different antistaling agents are to the fresh-keeping effect of cut gerbera flower.The subtropical plant science, 33 (1): 26-28), the antistaling agent that sucrose, oxine, citric acid and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate are formed (Li Fengying, 2002, antistaling agent is to the fresh-keeping effect and the physiological effect of cut gerbera flower.Guangxi Normal University's journal, 20 (3): 79-82), paclobutrazol (MET) (Luo Hongyi, 2003, contain the fresh-keeping effect of paclobutrazol antistaling agent to cut gerbera flower.Hubei agricultural science, (5): 80-81) all make the slotting life-span of bottle of flameray gerbera that certain increase is arranged.But comprehensive inadequately, and mostly be liquid for immersing in bottle, thereby effect is limited.This research be more than ten years cut gerbera flower is bloomed and the basis of old and feeble mechanism research on, after having grasped cut gerbera flower opening and senescence characteristics, determined the main component of antistaling agent, the concentration screening of the various compositions of antistaling agent is the optimum organization that obtains by orthogonal experiment.
Summary of the invention
At the problems referred to above that exist in the flameray gerbera post-harvest fresh-keeping, cause on the former gene basis of cut gerbera flower circulation loss in abundant research, the invention provides and a kind ofly can promote that flower is fully open, the pre-place liquid of kind of blooming period prolonging.
The invention provides a kind of cut gerbera flower and locate liquid in advance, it is characterized in that, locate liquid in advance and make by thiabendazole, citric acid, 6-benzyl purine, sodium thiosulfate, silver nitrate and TritonX are water-soluble in proportion.
Each composition consumption is as follows in the described pre-place liquid: following compositions concentration is respectively by weight percentage: thiabendazole 0.02%-0.04%, citric acid 0.4%-1.2%, 6-benzyl purine 0.08%-0.24%, sodium thiosulfate 0.35%-1.05%, silver nitrate 0.04%-0.12%; Percentage meter by volume, the concentration of TritonX is 0.2%-0.6%.Specifically, each composition consumption is as follows in the described pre-place liquid: following compositions concentration is respectively by weight percentage: thiabendazole 0.034%, citric acid 0.8%, 6-benzyl purine 0.16%, sodium thiosulfate 0.7%, silver nitrate 0.08%; By volume the concentration of percentage meter TritonX is 0.4%.
The present invention also provides a kind of compound method of above-mentioned cutting flower pretreating liquid, it is characterized in that, as follows preparation:
(1) citric acid is dissolved in 500 milliliters fully, adds thiabendazole then, and stir it is fully dissolved, this is a solution 1;
(2) the 6-benzyl purine is joined in 50 milliliters of glacial acetic acid, and stir it is fully dissolved, this is a solution 2;
(3) sodium thiosulfate and silver nitrate are dissolved in respectively in 50 ml distilled waters, slowly pour in the sodium thiosulfate while then liquor argenti nitratis ophthalmicus is stirred, these two kinds of solution are fully dissolved each other, this is a solution 3;
(4) solution 2 and 3 is poured in the solution 1 successively, and behind last solution and solution 1 abundant mixing, added a kind of solution in back again;
(5) add TritonX (X-100) at last, and stirring gets final product its abundant mixing.
The present invention also provides a kind of using method of above-mentioned cutting flower pretreating liquid, it is characterized in that, after described pre-place liquid adds sucrose before use, cut-flower is handled again.
In each composition of above-mentioned prescription, sucrose is the cut-flower required source of nutrition of blooming, and can promote the petal elongation, promotes the water balance and the osmotic potential of flower, keeps pattern bright-coloured.But sucrose concentration needs specifically to determine according to different cut-flower kinds, if incorrect easy the generations sugar of consumption injures, causes the flower blade burn etc. that fades.Thiabendazole is a kind of broad-spectrum germicide, the effect that has antagonism ethene simultaneously.The 6-benzyl purine is a plant growth regulator, can prevent the cauline leaf yellow, promotes the suction of flower material, reduces the susceptibility of cut-flower, the ethene suppressing effect.Silver thiosulfate (product of sodium thiosulfate and silver nitrate) ethylene action inhibitor also is a kind of bactericide simultaneously.TritonX (X-100) is a kind of surfactant, promotes the flower material to absorb moisture.Citric acid reduces pH, regulates the cut-flower physiological metabolism, and other composition fully is dissolved in together.
Pre-place of the present invention liquid is according to the senescence characteristics of blooming of flameray gerbera (African daisy), with plant growth regulator, bactericide etc. is base stock, formulated with scientific method, have the old and feeble functions of hormones of acid-base value, antagonism regulated in the plant corpus, sterilization or antibiotic, delay floral leaf and fade, replenish sugared source, improve effect such as water balance, through a large number of experiments show that pre-place of the present invention liquid is to all there being remarkable result during promoting that flower is fully open, prolonging blossom etc.
The explanation of nouns that specification of the present invention occurs is as follows:
Cut-flower: broad sense is to shear the general designation of specializing in flower arrangement and the branch used of Floriculture Design, leaf, Hua Heguo on the live body plant.Narrow sense be meant shear from flowering to certain stage, have a stripped spray of necessarily viewing and admiring the time limit.If the present invention does not particularly point out, cut-flower is all got broad sense.
Cut-flower is adopted the back circulation: each intermediate links that insert to consumer's bottle the back of gathering generally comprise links such as classification arrangement, wrapping, preliminary treatment, packing, storing, sale.
Antistaling agent for cut-flower is in order to regulate the cut-flower Physiological and Biochemical Metabolism, to reach artificial adjusting cut-flower and bloom with senescence process, reduce the circulation loss, improve the circulation quality or view and admire the chemical agent of purposes such as quality.Antistaling agent can be divided into pre-place liquid, flower forcing liquid and liquid for immersing in bottle according to purposes.
Pre-place liquid, claim pulse liquid again, handle for the first time generally is to handle within cut-flower was gathered back 24 hours, being the grower gathers before the back sells at cut-flower, or the consolidator behind the consolidating the load before the transportation, carries out the processing of short time in conjunction with rehydration from grower's hand, its effect can be extended to the consumer with till cut-flowers in bottle is in the water always, main purpose is to reduce the loss that storing waits each intermediate links, improves the circulation quality, prolongs bottle and inserts the life-span.Pre-place liquid is to develop according to the characteristic of different cut-flowers, all is special-purpose generally, can not use with.
Liquid for immersing in bottle is to improve the cut-flowers in bottle quality, prolongs the antistaling agent that bottle is inserted the life-span.1. liquid for immersing in bottle was usually used in retail shop before cut-flower is sold, or 2. the consumer joins it in water of flower arrangement, used continuously, lost ornamental value until cut-flower.Liquid for immersing in bottle is generally used by florist's shop or consumer, and the flower amount that these florist's shops or consumer's bottle are inserted is few, and kind is assorted, so liquid for immersing in bottle is developed at the cut-flower general character, usually is general therefore.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, further set forth the present invention.Should be understood that these embodiment only to be used to the present invention is described and be not used in and limit the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1:
Volume is the prescription and the consumption of 1 liter pre-place liquid: thiabendazole 0.3g, citric acid 8g, 6-benzyl purine 1.6g, sodium thiosulfate 7g, silver nitrate 0.8g, TritonX 4ml.And preparation as follows:
(1) citric acid is dissolved in 500 milliliters fully, adds thiabendazole then, and stir it is fully dissolved, this is a solution 1;
(2) the 6-benzyl purine is joined in 50 milliliters of glacial acetic acid, and stir it is fully dissolved, this is a solution 2;
(3) sodium thiosulfate and silver nitrate are dissolved in respectively in 50 ml distilled waters, slowly pour in the sodium thiosulfate while then liquor argenti nitratis ophthalmicus is stirred, these two kinds of solution are fully dissolved each other, this is a solution 3;
(4) solution 2 and 3 is poured in the solution 1 successively, and behind last solution and solution 1 abundant mixing, added a kind of solution in back again;
(5) add TritonX (X-100) at last, and stirring gets final product its abundant mixing.
Adding sucrose during use in pre-place liquid handles flameray gerbera.
Use yellow flameray gerbera kind, adopt the back and be cut into angle in water, the stem stalk keeps 40 centimetre lengths.Be divided into 2 groups, one group to now current processing method, promptly adopt 8 ℃ of back normal temperature arrangement classifications 2 hours, normal temperature wrapping 1 hour, precooling 12 hours, packing 2 hours, transportation 4 hours, and bottle is inserted and is observed then.Other one group absorbs pre-place liquid in precooling, locate liquid in advance and absorb to adopt in back 12 hours at cut-flower and handle, and other step and control group are just the same.
After locating liquid in advance and handle through the present invention, the cut gerbera flower moisture absorption be improved significantly, anti-ethene injury ability significantly improves, and has solved the problem of cut gerbera flower " curved neck ", disease-resistant antibacterial ability obviously improves, and views and admires the time ratio control group and prolongs 5 days.
Embodiment 2:
Volume is the prescription and the consumption of 1 liter pre-place liquid: thiabendazole 0.2g, citric acid 4g, 6-benzyl purine 0.8g, sodium thiosulfate 3.5g, silver nitrate 0.4g, TritonX 2ml.Adding sucrose during use in pre-place liquid handles flameray gerbera.
Use pink colour flameray gerbera kind, adopt the back and be cut into angle in water, the stem stalk keeps 40 centimetre lengths, is divided into 2 groups, one group of processing method to passing through now, and processing method is with embodiment 1.
After process the present invention locates the liquid processing in advance, view and admire the time ratio control group and prolong 3 days.
Embodiment 3:
Volume is the prescription and the consumption of 1 liter pre-place liquid: thiabendazole 0.4g, citric acid 12g, 6-benzyl purine 2.4g, sodium thiosulfate 10.5g, silver nitrate 1.2g, TritonX 6ml.Adding sucrose during use in pre-place liquid handles flameray gerbera.
Red flameray gerbera is cut into angle in water, be divided into 2 groups, one group of processing method to passing through now, and processing method is with embodiment 1.
After locating liquid in advance and handle through the present invention, the cut gerbera flower moisture absorption be improved significantly, view and admire the time ratio control group and prolong 2.5 days.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410009450 CN1274214C (en) | 2004-08-19 | 2004-08-19 | Flameray gerbera cutting flower pretreating liquid and its using method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200410009450 CN1274214C (en) | 2004-08-19 | 2004-08-19 | Flameray gerbera cutting flower pretreating liquid and its using method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1602688A true CN1602688A (en) | 2005-04-06 |
| CN1274214C CN1274214C (en) | 2006-09-13 |
Family
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102511474A (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2012-06-27 | 浙江农林大学 | Production method and application of adinandra millettii cutting preservation pretreating mother solution |
| CN104012525A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-09-03 | 临沂大学 | Dendrobium nobile cut-flower pretreating solution formula and vase arrangement liquid formula |
| CN107410291A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2017-12-01 | 湖北省农业科学院经济作物研究所 | A kind of African Chrysanthemum cut flower vase keeps liquid and preparation method thereof |
-
2004
- 2004-08-19 CN CN 200410009450 patent/CN1274214C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102511474A (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2012-06-27 | 浙江农林大学 | Production method and application of adinandra millettii cutting preservation pretreating mother solution |
| CN102511474B (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-08-07 | 浙江农林大学 | Production method and application of adinandra millettii cutting preservation pretreating mother solution |
| CN104012525A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-09-03 | 临沂大学 | Dendrobium nobile cut-flower pretreating solution formula and vase arrangement liquid formula |
| CN107410291A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2017-12-01 | 湖北省农业科学院经济作物研究所 | A kind of African Chrysanthemum cut flower vase keeps liquid and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1274214C (en) | 2006-09-13 |
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