CN104805090A - 抗αvβ6抗体 - Google Patents
抗αvβ6抗体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104805090A CN104805090A CN201510182148.6A CN201510182148A CN104805090A CN 104805090 A CN104805090 A CN 104805090A CN 201510182148 A CN201510182148 A CN 201510182148A CN 104805090 A CN104805090 A CN 104805090A
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- αvβ6
- antibody
- antibodies
- cells
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Abstract
本发明是抗αvβ6抗体。能特异性结合M.96的单克隆抗体。也包括利用这些抗体治疗患有或具有患αvβ6介导的疾病危险的哺乳动物或诊断αvβ6介导的疾病的方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2003年3月13日、发明名称为“抗αvβ6抗体”的中国发明专利申请No.03808906.8的分案申请,是直接基于前一分案申请No.201210066438.0提出的。
发明领域
本发明涉及分子生物学领域,具体涉及抗αvβ6整联蛋白抗体。
发明背景
整联蛋白是一个细胞表面受体超家族,介导细胞-细胞和细胞-基质粘附。这些蛋白质被认为在发育和组织损伤过程中为细胞的生长、迁移和分化提供锚定以及信号。整联蛋白还与细胞的去分化和侵入有关,特别是在细胞失去它们的特化形态,而成为转移的癌细胞时。
整联蛋白是由两个非共价连接的亚基—α和β组成的异源二聚体蛋白质。整联蛋白的结合特异性是由18种不同α链中的一些与8种不同β链中的一些组合所规定的。αvβ6整联蛋白能够结合多种配基,包括纤连蛋白、腱生蛋白、玻连蛋白和最近鉴定的潜伏相关肽(LAP),即一种278个氨基酸的肽,其作为前体TGF-β蛋白的一部分合成(Munger等人,Cell 96(3):319-328(1999))。在分泌过程中,LAP作为N端肽从TGF-β的成熟形式上切下,但是仍然与TGF-β非共价结合,从而保持潜伏状态。该复合物不能与TGF-β受体结合,因此无生物学活性。αvβ6整联蛋白能够直接结合LAP内所含的RGD基序,导致LAP的释放和TGF-β的激活。由于αvβ6与LAP的结合对于TGF-β转化为活性状态可能非常重要,因此阻断这种结合可导致αvβ6介导的TGF-β激活的抑制和相关的纤维化病理学。
发明概述
本发明是基于抗αvβ6高亲和力抗体的发现和表征,包括这些抗体的互补决定区(CDRs)中关键氨基酸残基的鉴定和分析。
本发明包括一种单克隆抗体,其可以(a)特异性结合αvβ6;(b)抑制αvβ6与其配体(如LAP、纤连蛋白、玻连蛋白和腱生蛋白)的结合,其IC50值低于10D5的IC50值(国际专利申请公开文本WO 99/07405);(c)阻断TGF-β的激活;(d)含有提供αvβ6结合特异性的CDR中的某些氨基酸序列(如图7A和7B所示);(e)特异性结合β6亚基;和/或(f)在免疫染色程序,如石蜡包埋组织的免疫染色中识别αvβ6。
已经发现,与αvβ6结合的抗体可以被分类为生物物理学上不同的类和亚类。一类抗体显示阻断配体(如LAP)与αvβ6结合的能力(阻断剂)。这类抗体可以被进一步分为依赖阳离子的阻断剂和不依赖阳离子的阻断剂之亚类。一些依赖阳离子的阻断剂含有精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)肽序列,而不依赖阳离子的阻断剂不含RGD序列。另一类抗体显示与αvβ6结合的能力,并且不能阻断αvβ6与配体的结合(非阻断剂)。
因此,在本发明的一些实施方案中,本发明的一些抗体与αvβ6的结合是依赖二价阳离子的,而有些是不依赖二价阳离子的。示例性的阳离子是Ca2+、Mg2+和Mn2+。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含与杂交瘤6.1A8、6.3G9、6.8G6、6.2B1、6.2B10、6.2A1、6.2E5、7.1G10、7.7G5或7.1C5产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本(即除了一些保守性变异之外)由SEQID NOs:1、4和7的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:10、13和15的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:3、5和8的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:11、14和17的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:3、6和9的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:12、14和18的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:2、46和47的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:48、13和16的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:49、51和53的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:55、57和59的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含一条重链和/或一条轻链,重链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:50、52和54的序列组成,该轻链的CDRs 1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:56、58和60的序列组成。
在一些实施方案中,抗体包含SEQ ID NOs:19-36和61-62中任何一个的重链可变域序列。
在一些实施方案中,抗体分别包含下列重链和轻链可变域序列:
(1)SEQ ID NOs:19和37;
(2)SEQ ID NOs:20或21,和SEQ ID NO:38;
(3)SEQ ID NOs:22和43;
(4)SEQ ID NOs:23和44;
(5)SEQ ID NOs:24和45;
(6)SEQ ID NOs:25或26,和SEQ ID NOs:42;
(7)SEQ ID NOs27、28或29,和SEQ ID NOs:39;
(8)SEQ ID NOs:34或35,和SEQ ID NOs:40;
(9)SEQ ID NOs:36和41;
(10)SEQ ID NOs:61和63;或
(11)SEQ ID NOs:62和64。
在一些实施方案中,抗体可特异性结合αvβ6,但是不抑制αvβ6与潜伏相关肽(LAP)的结合。至少有些这样的抗体能够与石蜡包埋组织切片中的αvβ6结合,因此能够用于诊断用途。示例性的抗体包括6.2A1和6.2E5。
本发明也包括可结合与上述任何抗体相同表位的抗体。
本发明也包括含有本发明的一种或多种抗体和药学可接受的载体的组合物。在一些这样的组合物中,抗体与细胞毒性剂(即影响细胞的存活力和/或功能的物质)如毒素或放射性核素偶联。这些组合物中的抗体可以是依赖阳离子的抗体。这些组合物能够对患有或者具有患αvβ6介导的疾病危险的对象(例如哺乳动物,如人)施用,以治疗(例如缓解、减轻、降低、阻止、延迟发生)该疾病。这类疾病的例子包括,但不限于:纤维化(例如硬皮病、结瘢、肝纤维化、肺纤维化和肾纤维化);银屑病;癌症(例如上皮癌;口腔、皮肤、子宫颈、卵巢、咽、喉、食道、肺、乳房、肾或结肠直肠癌);奥尔波特综合征;急性及慢性肺、肝、肾和其它内脏损伤;肺、肝、肾和其它内脏的硬化。患这些疾病的危险可能是由于遗传诱因;某些生活方式,如吸烟和酗酒;接触环境污染物,如石棉;生理疾病,如糖尿病、肝炎病毒感染(例如丙型肝炎病毒感染)、自身免疫病;和医学治疗,如放射治疗。
本发明还包括检测来自哺乳动物(例如人)的组织标本中αvβ6的方法,包括使组织标本接触本发明的抗体,如6.2A1和6.2E5。
本发明还包括杂交瘤6.1A8、6.2B10、6.3G9、6.8G6、6.2B1、6.2A1、6.2E5、7.1G10、7.7G5和7.1C5的细胞;包含编码SEQ ID NOs:19-45和61-64中任何一种的序列的分离的核酸;包含SEQ ID NOs:19-45和61-64中任何一种的氨基酸序列的分离的多肽。
本发明的抗体是指完整抗体,例如,含有两条重链和两条轻链的抗体,或者是指完整抗体的抗原结合片段,如Fab片段、Fab’片段、F(ab’)2片段或F(v)片段。本发明的抗体可以是鼠抗体或其同源物,或者是完整的人抗体。本发明的抗体也可以是人源化抗体、嵌合抗体或单链抗体。本发明的抗体可以是任何同种型和亚型的,如IgA(例如IgA1和IgA2)、IgG(如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4)、IgE、IgD、IgM,其中免疫球蛋白的轻链可以是κ型或λ型。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的抗体可以在重链的一个或多个(例如2、3、4、5或6个)特定位点处含有突变(例如缺失、置换或添加),使得该抗体的效应物功能(例如该抗体结合Fc受体或补体因子的能力)发生改变,而不影响抗体的抗原结合能力。在另外一些实施方案中,本发明的抗体可以在作为糖基化位点的氨基酸残基处含有突变,使得糖基化位点消除。这种抗体可能具有临床上有益的、降低的效应物功能或其它不希望的功能,而保留其抗原结合亲和力。糖基化位点的突变也可能有利于工艺发展(例如蛋白质的表达和纯化)。在另外一些实施方案中,重链或轻链可能含有提高亲和力或效能的突变。
几种融合#6和融合#7杂交瘤根据布达佩斯条约保藏已在美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC;P.O.Box 1549,Manassas,VA 20108,USA)。杂交瘤克隆6.1A8、6.2B10、6.3G9、6.8G6和6.2B1于2001年8月16日保藏,保藏号分别是ATCC PTA-3647、-3648、-3649、-3645和-3646。杂交瘤克隆6.2A1、6.2E5、7.1G10、7.7G5和7.1C5在2001年12月5日保藏,保藏号分别是ATCC PTA-3896、-3897、-3898、-3899和-3900。见下文表1。
本发明的抗体可用于治疗由αvβ6与配体(如LAP和纤连蛋白)结合介导的任何临床上不希望的病症或疾病(如此处所述)。由于更高的亲和力或亲合力,以及与配体结合的阳离子依赖性或非依赖性,这些抗体可能比以前所知的αvβ6抗体更有效。
除了本发明的抗体特别是阻断剂的治疗用途之外,非阻断剂类的抗体也能够用于诊断目的,如用于抗原捕获测定、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、免疫组化等。
通过下列详述、附图和权利要求书,本发明的其它特征和优点将是显而易见的。
附图简述
图1A和1B是显示细胞捕获测定结果的条形图,该试验是测定多种抗αvβ6单克隆抗体(“mAb”)结合β6转染的FDC-P1细胞的能力(未转染的细胞作为对照)。
图2A是显示ELISA测定结果的图,该试验是测定多种纯化的抗αvβ6“融合6”单克隆抗体结合可溶性重组人αvβ6(“hsαvβ6”)的能力。这些抗体通过用截短的可溶性人αvβ6免疫β6-/-小鼠产生。图例中的数字表示克隆数。相应的克隆名称见表2。
图2B是显示ELISA测定结果的图,该试验是测定多种纯化的抗αvβ6“融合7”单克隆抗体结合可溶性重组hsαvβ6的能力。这些抗体通过用β6转染的NIH 3T3细胞(融合#7)免疫β6-/-小鼠产生。
图3A-F是显示多种抗αvβ6单克隆抗体与hsαvβ6结合的不同阳离子依赖性的图。
图4A和4B是显示融合#6和融合#7单克隆抗体分别抑制生物素-hsαvβ6与LAP结合的图。
图5A-E是显示本发明的示例性单克隆抗体抑制β6转染的FDC-P1细胞与LAP结合的图。图5A和5B显示融合#6抗体的结果。图5C-E显示融合#7抗体的结果。
图6A和6B是显示融合#6和融合#7抗体分别抑制αvβ6-介导的TGF-β激活的图,其中使用PAI-1萤光素酶报道基因测定监测TGF-β的激活。
图7A显示αvβ6单克隆抗体6.1A8、6.8G6(亚克隆A和B)、7.7G5、6.2B1、6.3G9、6.2B10(亚克隆A和B)、6.2G2、6.2A1、6.4B4(亚克隆A、B和C)、7.10H2、7.9H5、7.4A3(亚克隆A和B)、7.1C5(亚克隆A和B)和7.1G10的重链可变域的氨基酸序列。抗体6.1A8、6.8G6和7.7G5与αvβ6的结合是依赖阳离子的,而抗体6.2B1、6.2A1、6.3G9、6.2B10、6.4B4、7.1C5和7.1G10则是不依赖阳离子的(见下文)。括号中的数字代表氨基酸残基位点。CDR在大框中,而含有斜体氨基酸的小框则代表具体抗体在不同克隆中的多态性。
图7B显示αvβ6单克隆抗体6.1A8、6.8G6、6.4B4、6.2A1、7.1C5、7.1G10、6.2B10、7.7G5、6.2B1和6.3G9的轻链可变域的氨基酸序列。
图8是一张散布图,显示人乳腺癌和人鳞状癌组织切片中αvβ6的表达。正常人组织只显示可以忽略的αvβ6表达水平。
图9A和9B是二次曲线图,显示两种抗αvβ6抗体6.8G6和6.3G9分别对可溶性αvβ6的溶液结合亲和力。
图10A和10B是两张条形图,证实纯化的单克隆抗体与生物素化的6.3G9和生物素化的6.8G6分别竞争结合αvβ6的能力。
图11是一张条形图,显示在用抗αvβ6单克隆抗体治疗处理的UUO动物的肾脏中,平滑肌肌动蛋白染色的百分比。
图12显示根据FACS分析,肿瘤细胞系上αvβ6的表达(图右侧),以及单克隆抗体6.3G9和6.4B4对肿瘤细胞系与LAP配体结合的抑制(图左侧)。
图13是一张条形图,证实抗αvβ6单克隆抗体6.3G9、6.8G6和6.4B4对三种肿瘤细胞系与LAP配体结合的抑制。单克隆抗体的结合与不添加试验单克隆抗体的总结合(TB)并与单独BSA对照的非特异性结合(NSB)相比较。
图14A和14B显示在33天的研究期内,抗αvβ6单克隆抗体6.3G9和6.4B4分别对皮下植入Detroit 562细胞产生的肿瘤的作用。
图15A-C显示抗αvβ6单克隆抗体对博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化的作用。(A)使用6.3G9单克隆抗体的抗体治疗在第0天施用博来霉素时开始,监测30天;(B)使用6.3G9单克隆抗体的抗体治疗在博来霉素治疗15天后开始,监测30天;(C)使用6.3G9、6.8G6和6.4B4单克隆抗体的抗体治疗在博来霉素治疗15天后开始,监测延长的60天。在图15A和15B中,左侧的条图代表μg羟脯氨酸/肺,而右侧的条图显示与盐水处理的小鼠(无博来霉素)相比,羟脯氨酸的增加百分数。在图15C中,该图显示每个肺的羟脯氨酸含量。
发明详述
本发明表征了对于整联蛋白αvβ6特异的抗体的类和亚类。至少一类抗体(阻断剂)能够阻断αvβ6与LAP的结合或者阻止TGF-β的激活。
以下描述了制备本发明的抗体的多种方法。本领域公知但是在此没有具体描述的方法也包含在发明的范围内。例如,本发明的抗体也能够用噬菌体展示抗体文库鉴定,如Smith,Science 228:1315-7(1985);美国专利5,565,332、5,733,743、6,291,650和6,303,313所述。本发明的另外一些抗体能够如下制备:将此处鉴定的重链与非相关(noncognate)轻链(例如通过噬菌体展示技术鉴定的轻链)相偶联。
非人杂交瘤抗体
本发明的单克隆抗体能够通过众所周知的杂交瘤技术产生。为此,β6-/-动物(例如小鼠、大鼠或兔)用如下材料免疫:纯化的或粗αvβ6制品,用编码αv、β6或这两种抗原的cDNA构建体转染的细胞,组成型表达αvβ6的细胞,等等。可以作为纯化的蛋白质、在细胞上表达的蛋白质、其蛋白质片段或肽,或者作为裸DNA或编码该蛋白质、蛋白质片段或肽的病毒载体递送这些抗原。然后检测免疫动物的血清中抗αvβ6抗体的存在。从检测为阳性的动物中分离B细胞,用这些B细胞制备杂交瘤。
筛选杂交瘤分泌的抗体,这是根据它们特异性结合αvβ6(例如结合β6转染的细胞,而不结合未转染的亲本细胞)的能力,和其它任何希望的特征,例如含有希望的CDR共有序列,以低于已知抗αvβ6抗体10D5的IC50值抑制(或者对于非阻断剂,不抑制)LAP与αvβ6的结合,或抑制TGF-β的激活。
筛选实验中检测为阳性的杂交瘤细胞于使细胞向培养基内分泌单克隆抗体的条件下在营养培养基中培养。然后收集条件杂交瘤培养上清液,纯化上清液中所含的抗体。另外,希望的抗体也可以通过向未免疫的动物(例如小鼠)的腹腔内注射杂交瘤细胞产生。杂交瘤细胞在腹腔内增殖,分泌抗体,积累为腹水。然后可以用注射器从腹腔中吸出腹水,收集抗体。
单克隆抗体也能够如下产生:从希望的杂交瘤中分离编码抗体的cDNA,用此cDNA转染哺乳动物宿主细胞(例如CHO或NSO细胞),培养转染的宿主细胞,从培养基中回收抗体。
嵌合抗体
本发明的单克隆抗体也能够通过工程构建相关(cognate)杂交瘤(例如鼠、大鼠或兔)抗体产生。例如,可以通过重组DNA技术改变相关抗体,使得重链和/或轻链的部分或全部铰链区和/或恒定区被替换为来自另外一个种(例如人)的抗体的相应成分。通常,工程化抗体的可变域与相关抗体的可变域相同或基本相同。这种工程化抗体被称为嵌合抗体,当对作为铰链区和/或恒定区来源的种(例如人)的个体施用时,抗原性低于相关抗体。制备嵌合抗体的方法在本领域公知。
本发明包括的嵌合抗体可包含一个重链可变域和/或一个轻链可变域,重链可变域含有与SEQ ID NOs:19-36中任何一个相同(或基本相同)的序列,轻链可变域含有与SEQ ID NOs:37-45中任何一个相同(或基本相同)的序列。
优选的人恒定区包括来源于IgG1和IgG4的恒定区。
完全人抗体
本发明的单克隆抗体还包括完全人抗体。它们可以用体外免疫(prime)的人脾细胞制备,如Boerner等人,J.Immunol.147:86-95(1991)所述,或者用噬菌体展示抗体文库制备,如美国专利6,300,064所述。
生产完全人抗体的其它一些方法包括使用含有灭活的内源Ig基因座并且对于未重排的人抗体重链和轻链基因而言是转基因的非人动物。这些转基因动物可以用αvβ6免疫,然后由来源于它们的B细胞制备杂交瘤。这些方法在下列文献中描述,例如:关于含有人Ig小基因座的转基因小鼠的多篇GenPharm/Medarex(Palo Alto,CA)公开文本/专利(例如,Lonberg美国专利5,789,650);关于XEMOMICE的多篇Abgenix(Fremont,CA)公开文本/专利(例如,Kucherlapati美国专利6,075,181、6,150,584和6,162,963;Green等人,Nature Genetics 7:13-21(1994);和Mendez等人,15(2):146-56(1997);和关于“transomic”小鼠的多篇Kirin(日本)公开文本/专利(例如,EP 843 961,和Tomizuka等人,NatureGenetics 16:133-1443(1997))。
人源化抗体
本发明的单克隆抗体还包括来源于其它种的人源化形式的相关抗αvβ6抗体。人源化抗体是通过重组DNA技术产生的抗体,其中用抗原结合不需要的人免疫球蛋白轻链或重链的一些或全部氨基酸(例如可变域的恒定区和框架区)置换来自相关非人抗体的轻链和重链的相应氨基酸。例如,针对特定抗原的一种人源化鼠抗体在其重链和轻链上均含有(1)人抗体的恒定区;(2)来自人抗体的可变域的框架区;和(3)来自鼠抗体的CDR。必要时,能够将人框架区中的一个或多个残基改变为鼠抗体相应位点的残基,以保持人源化抗体与抗原的结合亲和力。这种改变有时被称为“回复突变”。人源化抗体在人体中引发免疫反应的可能性通常低于嵌合人抗体,因为前者含有相当少的非人成分。
制备人源化抗体的方法在下列文献中描述,例如:Winter EP 239400;Jones等人,Nature 321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature332:323-327(1988);Verhoeyen等人,Science 239:1534-1536(1988);Queen等人,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 86:10029(1989);美国专利6,180,370;和Orlandi等人,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 86:3833(1989)。鼠(或其它非人)CDR向人抗体上的移植通常如下实现。从杂交瘤中分离编码重链和轻链可变域的cDNA。可变域,包括CDR的DNA序列通过测序测定。编码CDR的DNA通过定点诱变转移到人抗体重链或轻链可变域编码序列的相应区。然后添加希望的同种型的人恒定区基因片段(例如对于CH添加γ1,对于CL添加κ)。人源化重链和轻链基因在哺乳动物宿主细胞(例如CHO或NSO细胞)中共表达,产生可溶性人源化抗体。为了促进抗体的大规模生产,通常希望在含有抗体表达细胞的生物反应器中生产这些人源化抗体,或者生产在乳汁中表达该抗体的转基因哺乳动物(例如山羊、母牛或绵羊)(参见,例如美国专利5,827,690)。
有时,CDR向人框架的直接转移导致获得的抗体丢失抗原结合亲和力。这是因为在有些相关抗体中,框架区内的某些氨基酸与CDR相互作用,从而影响抗体的总抗原结合亲和力。在这种情况下,为了保留相关抗体的抗原结合活性,在接受抗体的框架区内引入“回复突变”(同上)是很关键的。
形成回复突变的普通方法在本领域中公知。例如,Queen等人(同上),Co等人,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA 88:2869-2873(1991)和WO90/07861(Protein Design Labs Inc.)描述了一种包括两个关键步骤的方法。首先,通过计算机分析与相关鼠抗体V区框架的最佳蛋白质序列同源性,选择人V框架区。然后,用计算机模拟鼠V区的三级结构,以显示可能与鼠CDR相互作用的框架氨基酸残基,然后将这些鼠氨基酸残基叠加到同源的人框架上。
对于这种两个步骤的方法,有几个标准用来设计人源化抗体。第一个标准是用来自通常与非人供体免疫球蛋白同源的特定人免疫球蛋白的框架作为人受体,或者使用来自多种人抗体的共有框架。第二个标准是,如果人受体残基异常且供体残基在框架的特定残基处是人序列典型的,则使用供体氨基酸而不是受体氨基酸。第三个标准是在紧邻CDR的位置处使用供体框架氨基酸残基而不是受体氨基酸残基。
也可以使用一种不同的方法,如Tempest,Biotechnology 9:266-271(1991)所述。对于这种方法,分别用来源于NEWM和REI重链和轻链的V区框架进行CDR移植,而不根本引入小鼠残基。使用该方法的一个优点是NEWM和REI可变区的三维结构通过X射线结晶学已知,因此CDR与V区框架残基的特异性相互作用能够容易地模拟。
其它部分
本发明的单克隆抗体还可包含用来实现希望的功能的其它部分。例如,这些抗体可以包括毒素部分(例如破伤风类毒素或篦麻毒素)或放射性核素(例如111In或90Y),用于杀伤抗体靶向的细胞(参见,例如美国专利6,307,026)。这些抗体可以含有易于分离或检测的部分(例如生物素、荧光部分、放射性部分、组氨酸尾或其它肽标签)。这些抗体也可含有一个能够延长其血清半衰期的部分,例如聚乙二醇(PEG)部分。
病情和动物模型
本发明的抗体可用于αvβ6介导的疾病的治疗,包括预防。例如,这些抗体通过阻断TGF-β的激活或阻断αvβ6与其它任何配体(如纤连蛋白、玻连蛋白和腱生蛋白)的结合,能够用来治疗纤维化(如肺纤维化、急性肺损伤、肾纤维化、肝纤维化、奥尔波特综合征和硬皮病)。该方法的新颖性包括:(1)阻断TGF-β的激活,而不是TGF-β与其受体的结合,(2)能够局部抑制TGF-β(即在αvβ6上调位点处),而不是全身抑制,(3)抑制αvβ6与配体的结合。除了纤维化疾病以外,本发明的抗体还可用于治疗癌症或癌症转移(包括肿瘤生长和侵袭),特别是上皮癌。上皮癌的一个亚类是鳞状细胞癌,例如头颈癌、口、乳房、肺、前列腺、子宫颈、咽、结肠、胰腺和卵巢癌。我们使用新的αvβ6单克隆抗体的研究证实αvβ6在多种上皮癌中高表达,特别是在肿瘤的前缘。这些新抗体也能够用于αvβ6介导的其它任何疾病,包括银屑病。
本发明的治疗对罹患这些疾病的人和动物对象都有效。本发明适用的动物对象扩展到作为宠物或为了商业目的获得的家畜和牲畜。例子包括狗、猫、牛、马、绵羊、猪和山羊。
本发明的抗体的效能可以用不同的动物模型检验。肺纤维化小鼠模型包括博来霉素诱导的(Pittet等人,J.Clin.Invest.107(12):1537-1544(2001);和Munger等人,同上)和放射诱导的肺纤维化(Franko等人,Rad.Res.140:347-355(1994))。在博来霉素处理的小鼠中,αvβ6的表达在肺上皮肺泡细胞中增加。但是β6敲除小鼠受到保护,免遭博来霉素诱导的损伤和纤维化。
肾纤维化小鼠模型包括COL4A3-/-小鼠(参见,例如Cosgrove等人,Amer.J.Path.157:1649-1659(2000))、具有阿霉素诱导的损伤的小鼠(Wang等人,Kidney International 58:1797-1804(2000);Deman等人,Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:147-150(2001))、db/db小鼠(Ziyadeh等人,PNAS USA 97:8015-8020(2000))和单侧输尿管阻塞的小鼠(Fogo等人,Lab Investigation 81:189A(2001))。在所有这些模型中,小鼠发展为肾损伤和纤维化,能够进展为肾衰竭。对于COL4A3-/-小鼠、阿霉素处理的小鼠和单侧输尿管阻塞的小鼠,在其肾脏的上行小管和下行小管的上皮层中αvβ6上调。在多种肾损伤模型中,αvβ6的表达也可能增加。
也能够在作为标准体内肿瘤生长和转移模型的这些动物模型中检验抗αvβ6单克隆抗体抑制肿瘤生长、进展和转移的能力。参见,例如,Rockwell等人,J.Natl.Cancer Inst.49:735(1972);Guy等人,Mol.CellBiol.12:954(1992);Wyckoff等人,Cancer Res.60:2504(2000);和Oft等人,Curr.Biol.8:124(1998)。癌症中重要的αvβ6配体可能包括与转移有关的TGF-β(综述见Akhurst等人,Trends in Cell Biology 11:S44-S51(2001))、纤连蛋白和玻连蛋白。
本发明的治疗的效能可以用多种可以获得的诊断方法检验,包括身体检查、血液检查、蛋白尿测定、肌酐水平和肌酐清除率、肺功能检查、血浆尿素氮(BUN)水平、瘢痕或纤维化损伤的观察和评分、胞外基质(如胶原蛋白、平滑肌肌动蛋白和纤连蛋白)的沉积、肾功能检查、超声波、磁共振成像(MRI)和CT扫描。
药物组合物
本发明的药物组合物包含一种或多种本发明的抗体,或其药学可接受的衍生物,任选地含有任何一种药学可接受的载体。如此处所用的术语“载体”包括已知的可接受的佐剂和载体。
根据本发明,药物组合物可以是无菌注射制剂的形式,例如无菌注射用水或油悬液。该悬液可以根据本领域公知的技术用适当的分散剂、湿润剂和悬浮剂配制而成。
本发明的药物组合物可以按需要口服、局部、静脉内、皮下、腹膜内、肌肉内、髓内、关节内、滑液内、胸骨内、鞘内、肝内或颅内施用,或者只是在炎症或肿瘤生长部位局部施用。本发明的药物组合物也可以通过使用如喷雾器、干粉吸入器或计量剂量吸入器吸入施用。
可有效产生希望的效应的本发明之抗体的剂量和剂量率取决于多种因素,如所治疗的疾病的性质、受试者的体重、治疗目的、使用的具体药物组合物和主治医生的判断。约0.001-约100mg/kg体重每天,例如约0.1-约50mg/kg体重每天的活性成分化合物的剂量水平是有用的。例如,本发明的抗体将以1-14天的间隔,以约0.01mg/kg体重/天到约20mg/kg体重/天,例如约0.1mg/kg体重/天到约10mg/kg体重/天的剂量施用。在另一个实施方案中,当抗体腹膜内施用时,以约0.3-1mg/kg体重的剂量施用。在另一个实施方案中,当抗体静脉内施用时,以约在5-12.5mg/kg体重的剂量施用。在一个实施方案中,抗体组合物以有效产生至少1mg/ml的血浆抗体水平的量施用。
诊断方法
本发明的抗体能够用来诊断与αvβ6表达水平改变有关的疾病。来自受试者的组织标本,如组织活检、体液标本或灌洗液(如肺泡灌洗液),可以通过使用这些抗体的抗原捕获测定、ELISA、免疫组化测定等来检测。来自正常个体的组织标本作为对照。
除非另外指出,本发明的实施将使用细胞生物学、细胞培养、分子生物学、微生物学、重组DNA、蛋白化学和免疫学常规技术,这些技术属于本领域的技能。这些技术在文献中描述。参见,例如《分子克隆:实验室指南》,第二版(Sambrook等人编),1989;《寡核苷酸合成》(M.J.Gait编),1984;授予Mullis等人的美国专利4,683,195;《核酸杂交》(B.D.Hames和S.J.Higgins),1984:《转录和翻译》(B.D.Hames和S.J.Higgins),1984:《动物细胞培养》(R.I.Freshney编),1987;《固定的细胞和酶》,IRL Press,1986:《分子克隆实用指南》(B.Perbal),1984;《酶学方法》,第154和155卷(Wu等人编),Academic Press,纽约;《用于哺乳动物细胞的基因转移载体》(J.H.Miller和M.P.Calos编),1987;《细胞和分子生物学中的免疫化学方法》(Mayer和Walker编),1987;《实验免疫学手册》,第I-IV卷(D.M.Weir和C.C.Blackwell编),1986;《小鼠胚胎的操作》,1986。
除非另外定义,在此使用的所有技术和科学术语均与本发明所属领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。典型的方法与材料在下文中描述,但是与此处所述相似或相当的方法与材料也能够在本发明的实施中使用。此处提到的所有公开文本和其它参考文献在此全文引用作为参考。如果冲突,以本说明书,包括定义,为准。材料、方法和实施例只是说明性的,而非意在限制。在本说明书中,单词“包含”或其时态变化意味着包含所述整体或整体组,但是并不排除其它任何整体或整体组。
实施例
下列实施例旨在说明本发明的方法与材料。在抗体领域通常遇到的,本领域技术人员公知的,所述条件和参数的适当修改和改变,在本发明的精神和范围之内。
在下列实施例中,β6-/-小鼠如Huang等人,J.Cell Biol.133:921(1996)所述产生。重组人LAP购自R&D Systems(Minneapolis,MN)。抗体10D5购自Chemicon(Temecula,CA)。L230杂交瘤购自ATCC,分泌的抗体通过在固定的蛋白A上亲和层析从饱和培养物的上清液中纯化。抗体的同种型分型用ISOSTRIP试剂盒(Roche Diagnostics)根据厂商说明书进行。β6转染的SW480细胞系如Weinacker等人,J.Biol.Chem.269:6940-6948(1994)所述制备。
实施例1:β6转染的稳定细胞系的产生
β6转染的NIH 3T3和FDC-P1细胞如下产生:用含有全长鼠β6cDNA和新霉素选择性标记的DNA构建体电穿孔亲本细胞系。稳定转染的细胞如下筛选:在含有G418的培养基中传代细胞14天,随后通过荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)分离表达最高水平的表面β6的细胞。转染的FDC-P1细胞在DMEM中培养,其中补充了4mM L-谷氨酰胺,调节为含有1.5g/L碳酸氢钠、4.5g/L葡萄糖和1.0mM丙酮酸钠、10%FBS、2.5%小鼠IL-3培养添加物和1.5mg/ml活性G418。转染的NIH 3T3细胞在补充了10%FBS、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、青霉素/链霉素和1mg/ml活性G418的DMEM中培养。
实施例2:可溶性人αvβ6的纯化
αvβ6蛋白质基本如上文的Weinacker所述纯化。培养一种表达hsαvβ6的CHO细胞系,离心收集获得的上清液。使用抗αv抗体L230通过亲和层析纯化整联蛋白。纯化的L230与CNBr激活的Sepharose 4B(Sigma)以4.8mg抗体/ml树脂的比例交联。αvβ6上清液以0.5mg抗体/ml树脂的比例加到L230亲和柱上,用10倍体积的下列每种溶液洗柱:(1)50mM Tris-Cl,pH 7.5,1M NaCl,1mM MgCl2;(2)50mM Tris-Cl,pH 7.5,50mM NaCl,1mM MgCl2;和(3)10mM Na3PO4,pH 7.0。hsαvβ6用100mM甘氨酸,pH 2.5洗脱到1:10体积的1M Na3PO4,pH 8.0内。蛋白质对磷酸缓冲液(PBS)透析,期间更换几次PBS,贮存于-20℃。
实施例3:β6-/-小鼠的免疫
β6-/-小鼠通过腹膜内(IP)注射在完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)中乳化的25μg纯化重组人αvβ6而免疫,其体积比为1:1,总体积为200μl。此外,β6-/-小鼠也通过IP注射4×106β6转染的NIH 3T3细胞而免疫,这些细胞重悬浮于补充了1mg/ml CaCl2和1mg/ml MgCl2的100μl PBS中,同一小鼠也在相邻部位注射100μl CFA。开始免疫2周和4周后,用相同的试剂类似地加强免疫小鼠,不同之处是使用不完全弗氏佐剂代替CFA。小鼠在最后一次加强7天后采血,根据血清与纯化的重组人αvβ6或与β6转染的细胞的结合,测定抗β6滴度。对于用纯化的重组人αvβ6免疫的小鼠,使小鼠休息3个月,用与ImmunEasy(Qiagen)混合的相同抗原再次免疫。在为了杂交瘤融合分离脾脏前3天,通过IP和静脉内注射,用12.5μg纯化的重组人αvβ6蛋白免疫小鼠。在融合当天,杀死动物,取出脾脏,制成单细胞悬液。脾细胞通过与可药物选择的细胞融合配偶体融合而成为无限增殖的。
实施例4:杂交瘤的筛选
通过β6-/-小鼠的免疫产生两组抗体。一组抗体通过用截短的可溶性人αvβ6(融合#6)免疫产生。另一组抗体通过用鼠β6转染的NIH 3T3细胞(融合#7)免疫产生。抗αvβ6抗体的筛选用如下所述的基于细胞的和无细胞的结合和功能测定进行。阳性克隆的最初筛选是基于与纯化的hsαvβ6和β6转染的人和鼠细胞的结合(未转染的细胞作为对照)。使选择的克隆扩增,利用细胞捕获试验再次评价终培养物与β6转染的和未转染的细胞的结合(实施例5b,同上)(图1A和1B显示的代表性实施例,其中省略了mAb名称的前缀“6.”或“7.”,它们分别是指融合6和融合7;参见下表2)。某些抗体偏爱结合β6转染的细胞,而有些与转染的和未转染的细胞都结合,表明只有一个亚类的抗体具有β6偏好性(图1A和1B)。进一步的筛选是基于抗体阻断生物素化的hsαvβ6和β6转染的鼠细胞与LAP结合的能力。使用FACS亚克隆选择的克隆,冻存到使用前。
根据与αvβ6结合的特异性筛选单克隆抗体,这是基于它们结合β6转染的细胞而不结合未转染的亲本细胞的能力。根据它们不能与表达αvβ3、αvβ8、α5β1、αvβ1或α5β1的细胞系结合,这些单克隆抗体进一步被证实为αvβ6而不是其它αv整联蛋白或非特异性整联蛋白(即与含RGD的配体结合的非αv整联蛋白)的特异结合剂。其中包括稳定转染的细胞以及未转染的JY、K562、SW480、NIH 3T3和FDCP1细胞系。
已经由ATCC保藏的其中一些抗体在下面表1中列出。
表1保藏的杂交瘤
杂交瘤克隆 | ATCC号 | 保藏日期 |
6.1A8 | PTA-3647 | 2001年8月16日 |
6.2B10 | PTA-3648 | 2001年8月16日 |
6.3G9 | PTA-3649 | 2001年8月16日 |
6.8G6 | PTA-3645 | 2001年8月16日 |
6.2B1 | PTA-3646 | 2001年8月16日 |
6.2A1 | PTA-3896 | 2001年12月5日 |
6.2E5 | PTA-3897 | 2001年12月5日 |
7.1G10 | PTA-3898 | 2001年12月5日 |
7.7G5 | PTA-3899 | 2001年12月5日 |
7.1C5 | PTA-3900 | 2001年12月5日 |
实施例5:用于筛选和表征的试验
a.αvβ6ELISA
一块96孔微孔板(Corning COSTAR EASY-WASH)用50μl/孔50μg/ml hsαvβ6在4℃下包被过夜。平板在自动洗板机中用洗涤缓冲液(0.1%TWEEN-20,溶于PBS)洗涤4次。然后加入180μl/孔溶于TBS的3%BSA,在25℃下温育1小时以阻断非特异性结合。平板如上所述洗涤,加入(50μl/孔)杂交瘤上清液(用于筛选试验)或纯化的抗体(用于表征)在含有1mg/ml BSA,1mM CaCl2和1mM MgCl2的TBS中的稀释液。平板在25℃下温育1小时,洗涤,然后与50μl/孔过氧化物偶联的山羊抗小鼠IgG+A+M抗体(Cappel)温育1小时。用3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)检测结合的抗体。结合用450nm测量的吸光度表示。
b.细胞捕获试验
一块96孔微孔板用50μl/孔第二抗体(驴抗小鼠IgG(JacksonImmunoresearch);5μg/ml,在pH 9.2的50mM碳酸氢钠中稀释)在4℃下包被过夜。平板用100μl/孔测定缓冲液(RPMI+2%BSA)洗涤两次,然后用100μl/孔测定缓冲液在37℃下封闭1小时。对于FDC-P1细胞和β6转染的FDC-P1细胞,平板用抗小鼠Ig(Jackson ImmunoResearch;20μg/ml)在室温下封闭10分钟,以降低第二抗体的非特异性Fc受体结合(其它细胞型省略)。封闭平板时,细胞在测定缓冲液中以5×106细胞/ml的浓度用2μM荧光染料(钙黄绿素-AM,Molecular Probes)标记。细胞与染料在测定缓冲液中在37℃水浴和轻轻振摇下温育15分钟,离心收集,重悬浮于测定缓冲液中至5×106细胞/ml。在封闭步骤后,通过拍打平板弃去缓冲液,向平板中加入25μl/孔的上清液或纯化的抗体。在37℃下温育15分钟,之后加入25μl/孔标记的细胞,平板在37℃下温育1小时。平板用测定缓冲液(100μl/孔)洗涤3-5次,记录平板上捕获的细胞发出的荧光。通过比较最后一个洗涤步骤之前的荧光(即添加的总细胞)与洗涤后的荧光(即结合的细胞),测定结合百分比。
c.FACS
通过胰蛋白酶消化收集细胞,用PBS洗涤一次,然后重悬浮于FACS缓冲液(1×PBS,2%FBS,0.1%NaN3,1mM CaCl2和1mM MgC12)中。0.2×105细胞然后在FACS缓冲液中在冰上温育1小时,该缓冲液中含有杂交瘤上清液,总体积为100μl。温育后,细胞用冰冷的FACS缓冲液洗涤两次,重悬浮于100μl含有5μg/ml驴抗小鼠IgG PE(JacksonImmunoResearch)的FACS缓冲液中,在冰上温育30分钟。细胞然后用冰冷的FACS缓冲液洗涤两次,重悬浮于200μl FACS缓冲液中。通过流式细胞分析监测PE标记的第二抗体的结合。
d.生物素-hsαvβ6与LAP的结合
96孔微孔板(Cornin COSTAR EASY-WASH)用在PBS中稀释的0.3μg/ml重组人LAP(R&D Systems,Cat.#246-LP)(50μl/孔)在4℃下包被过夜。除去包被溶液后,平板用180μl/孔3%BSA/TBS在25℃下封闭1小时。在另外一块96孔圆底平板上,60μl/孔2×贮存液(0.5μg/ml(1.25nM)生物素-αvβ6,2mM CaCl2和2mM MgCl2,溶于含有1mg/mlBSA的TBS)与60μl/孔杂交瘤上清液(用于筛选)或纯化的抗体(也溶于含有1mg/ml BSA的TBS)的2×原液混合,并在25℃下温育1小时。LAP包被的平板用自动洗板机用洗涤缓冲液(0.1%TWEEN-20,溶于PBS)洗涤4次,之后将100μl抗体-αvβ6混合物转移到平板上,在25℃下温育1小时。平板如上所述洗涤,与50μl/孔extravidin-辣根过氧化物酶偶联物(Sigma)在TBS(1mg/ml BSA)中的1:1000稀释液在25℃下温育1小时。结合的蛋白质用TMB底物检测。
e.β6-FDC-P1细胞与LAP的粘附
96孔微孔板(Cornin COSTAR EASY-WASH)用50μl/孔在50mM碳酸氢钠,pH 9.2中稀释的0.5μg/ml重组人LAP(R&D Systems)在4℃下包被过夜。平板用PBS(100μl/孔)洗涤两次,用溶于PBS的1%BSA(100μl/孔)在25℃下封闭1小时。平板用100μl/孔测定缓冲液(TBS完全溶液加1mM CaCl2和1mM MgCl2)洗涤两次。然后,向平板的各个孔中加入25μl杂交瘤上清液(或纯化的抗体)和25μlβ6-FDC-P1细胞(5×106细胞/ml,如上所述用钙黄绿素AM标记)。平板在25℃下温育1小时,然后用测定缓冲液(100μl/孔)洗涤4-6次。记录在平板上捕获的细胞发出的荧光。通过比较最后一个洗涤步骤之前的荧光(即添加的总细胞)与洗涤后的荧光(即结合的细胞),测定结合百分比。
f.TGF-β生物测定
此处使用的TGF-β生物测定是Abe等人,Anal.Biochem.216:276-284(1994)所述的水貂肺上皮细胞(MLEC)PAI-1萤光酶共培养测定的一种变化,其中β6转染的细胞与报道细胞共培养,以监测αvβ6对TGF-β的激活(Munger,同上)。这是对TGF-β的一种定量生物测定,是基于它能够诱导纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1(PAI-1)表达的能力。在该测定中,MLEC细胞用一种表达构建体稳定转染,该构建体含有与萤火虫萤光素酶报道基因融合的截短的PAI-1启动子。转染的MLEC细胞与活性TGF-β(0.2到>30pM)接触导致细胞裂解物中萤光素酶活性依赖剂量地增加。
为了进行该测定,TMLC(水貂肺上皮细胞系Mv 1 Lu)细胞用PAI-1-萤光素酶构建体转染。转染的细胞在含有L-Gln、Pen/Strep和200μg/ml G418的DMEM+10%FBS中培养。用整联蛋白β6构建体转染的SW480细胞(“β6-SW480”或“SW480β6”细胞)在含有L-Gln和Pen/Strep的DMEM+10%FBS中培养。从含有PBS+5mM EDTA的摇瓶中挑取细胞,用PBS+0.5%BSA洗涤,用血细胞计数器计数,接种于96孔板中。SW480-β6细胞在洗涤缓冲液中以4×104细胞/孔接种。单克隆抗体用DMEM(无血清)稀释,加到SW480-β6细胞中,在室温下预温育20分钟。然后以2×104细胞/孔加入TMLC细胞至终体积为100μl。平板在潮湿、富含CO2的孵箱中温育20小时。弃去平板的上清液,替换为100μl PBS+1mM Ca2+和1mM Mg2+。然后裂解平板上的细胞,用发光型反应Packard LUCLITE试剂盒(#6016911)和TROPIX微孔板光度计检测萤光素酶活性水平。
实施例6:抗体的纯化
选择8个来自融合#6的杂交瘤克隆(用前缀“6.”表示)和14个来自融合#7的杂交瘤克隆(用前缀“7.”表示)进一步放大并表征(表2)。
制备每种杂交瘤的小规模培养物(150ml),离心收集上清液。利用蛋白A亲和层析从这些上清液中纯化抗体。对于IgG2a同种型抗体,直接将上清液加到蛋白A Sepharose 4 Fast Flow(Amersham PharmaciaBiotech,AB,Uppsala,瑞典)上(1ml沉积床体积)。用PBS洗柱,IgG级分用25mM磷酸,100mM NaCl,pH 2.8洗脱到1:20体积的0.5MNa3PO4,pH 8.6中。对于鼠IgG1抗体,在上样前将上清液调节为1.5M甘氨酸,3M NaCl,pH 8.9,在洗脱前用25mM Na3PO4,3M NaCl,pH8.6洗柱。用这些制品进行此处所述的体外生物化学表征。
表2杂交瘤克隆的表征
克隆名称 | 克隆号 | 同种型 | 阻断剂 |
6.1A8 | 2 | IgG2a | Y |
6.2B10 | 10 | IgG2a | Y |
6.3G9 | 25 | IgG1 | Y |
6.4B4 | 30 | IgG1 | N |
6.6B5 | 46 | IgG1 | N |
6.8B4 | 55 | IgG1 | N |
6.8G6 | 56 | IgG1 | Y |
6.2B1 | 85 | IgG1 | Y |
7.1C5 | 2 | IgG2a | Y |
7.1G10 | 5 | IgG2a | Y |
7.2A1 | 6 | IgG2a | Y |
7.2F5 | 11 | IgG2a | Y |
7.2H2 | 12 | IgG2a | Y |
7.4A3 | 17 | IgG2a | Y |
7.7G5 | 32 | IgG1 | Y |
7.8H12 | 39 | IgG2a | Y |
7.9D4 | 40 | IgG2a | N |
7.9G8 | 41 | IgG2a | Y |
7.9H5 | 43 | IgG2a | Y |
7.10D7 | 44 | IgG2a | Y |
7.10H2 | 46 | IgG2a | Y |
*:阻断剂被定义为一种阻断αvβ6与LAP结合的抗体,根据配体与纯化的hsαvβ6或与表达β6的细胞的结合测定。
为了在动物模型中使用,杂交瘤克隆放大为2L培养基,在LifecellCulture Bags-PL732(Nexell,目录号R4R2113)中培养4周。首先通过如上所述的蛋白A亲和层析,随后通过Q Sepharose(AmershamPharmacia)上的离子交换步骤,纯化杂交瘤产生的抗体。用2M Tris碱将蛋白A层析步骤获得的洗脱液调节为pH 8.6,用水稀释10倍,加到用10mM Na3PO4,25mM NaCl,pH 8.6平衡的Q Sepharose柱上(20mg蛋白质/ml树脂)。用5倍柱体积的平衡缓冲液洗柱,用25mM Na3PO4,150mM NaCl,pH 7.2洗脱结合的蛋白质。无菌过滤(0.45μm)洗脱的蛋白质,贮存于-70℃直到使用。
实施例7:纯化的抗体的表征
对以下方面定量表征纯化的抗体(表2,同上):它们在MLEC测定(同上)中(1)结合hsαvβ6,(2)结合β6转染的SW480和FDC-P1细胞,(3)抑制生物素-αvβ6与LAP结合,(4)抑制β6转染的FDC-P1细胞与LAP结合,和(5)阻断αvβ6-介导的TGF-β激活的能力。每种测定的相对效能与已知的αvβ6抗体10D5(Huang等人,J.Cell Sci.111:2189(1998))相比较,在有些情况下,与抗αv-抗体L230相比较。为了表征融合#7抗体,融合#6抗体6.8G6也作为阳性对照。
在1mM Ca2+和1mM Mg2+存在下进行的一项最初的结合实验(实施例5a,同上)表明大多数纯化的抗体与hsαvβ6结合(图2A和2B)。然而意外的是,对于10D5和克隆7.2F5和7.10D7没有观察到结合。随后的一项实验表明,10D5(图3E)、7.2F5和7.10D7的结合只被Ca 2+/Mg2+较弱地支持,但是1mM MnCl2更强。在这些新克隆中,有三个(6.1A8(图3A)、7.7G5和6.8G6(图3C))显示需要二价阳离子,但是Ca2+/Mg2+态和Mn+-结合态没有观察到不同。
其余的克隆显示不需要二价阳离子,即在10mM EDTA存在下能够与抗原结合(图3B、3D和3F)。FACS分析可与β6转染的NIH 3T3细胞或SW480细胞结合的抗体显示一种类似的模式,不同之处是在本文中,10D5在Ca2+/Mg2+和Mn2+态时相同地结合。与可溶性αvβ6结合的需要可能不同于与细胞表面表达的αvβ6结合的需要,因为蛋白质构象或亲合力效应不同。
这些结果提示,这组中至少有3个不同类别的β6阻断抗体。其中一类(10D5)可区别Ca2+/Mg2+与Mn2+条件。另一类(包括6.1A8、7.7G5和6.8G6)需要阳离子,但是不能区别Ca2+/Mg2+与Mn2+。最后一类(包括抗αv抗体L230、6.2B10、6.3G9(图3B)和6.2B1(图3D)、7.1C5和7.1G10)是不依赖阳离子的。
然后评价纯化的抗体抑制αvβ6-LAP相互作用的能力。在上文所述的实施例5d的无细胞测定中,抗体6.1A8、6.2B1、6.3G9和6.8G6显示低于10D5的IC50值(图4A;表3)。6.2B10显示较高的IC50,但是仍然产生完全抑制(图4A)。6.4B4只显示部分抑制,而6.6B5和6.8B4不显示抑制(图4A)。利用同一测定系统,抗体7.1C5、7.1G10、7.2A1、7.4A3、7.7G5、7.9G8、7.9H5和7.10H2显示低于10D5的IC50值(图4B;表3)。抗体7.2F5、7.2H2和7.8H12显示几乎相同的或较高的IC50值,并且仍然产生完全抑制(图4B)。
在上文实施例5e所述的细胞测定中观察到相似的趋势,例外的是6.1A8、6.2B10和7.9D4,它们对细胞的效能低于对纯化的蛋白质的效能(图5A-E;表3)。
总之,这些结果表明,我们已经成功产生了可特异性抑制人和鼠αvβ6与LAP相互作用的抗体。一些这样的抗体以高亲和力结合αvβ6(表观Kd's≥0.3nM,通过流式细胞术测定),抑制β6转染的细胞与LAP的结合,IC50≥0.05nM(8ng/mL),并且阻止αvβ6介导的TGF-β1的激活,IC50≥0.58nM(87ng/mL)。
最后,利用PAI-1/萤光素酶报道基因测定(实施例5f,同上)评价纯化的抗体阻断αvβ6介导的TGF-β激活的能力。6.3G9、6.8G6、6.2B1、7.1G10和7.7G5再次能够抑制αvβ6介导的TGF-β的激活,IC50值低于10D5,而在该测定中其余的抗体似乎有效性显著较低(图6A和6B;表3)。因此,阻断αvβ6与LAP相互作用的能力与在体外抑制TGF-β激活的能力相关。
表3杂交瘤克隆的表征
*:数据来自不同的实验。
**:未检测。
***:表3总结的所有实验均在1mM Ca2+和1mM Mg2+存在下进行。
****:以黑体字表示的抗体是现有技术中的抗体10D5和L230,以及对αvβ6有特别高的抑制能力的新抗体。
然后,利用一种动力学排除试验(KinExA)测定6.3G9和6.8G6对可溶性αvβ6的溶液亲和力。可溶性整联蛋白的一系列稀释液(1×10-8M到2.4×10-12M)与1×10-10M抗体温育3小时。然后使用KinExA仪器(SapidyneInstruments,Inc.,Boise,Idaho),使这些样品通过用整联蛋白包被的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯珠。对于6.8G6,温育和测定缓冲液中包含1mM CaCl2和1mM MgCl2。结合的和游离的抗体的含量用Cy5-标记的抗小鼠第二抗体测定。用KinExA软件进行二次曲线拟合,以获得每个相互作用的解离常数(Kd)。用该方法测定的Kd's是,6.3G9为15.6pM,6.8G6为22.8pM(图9A和9B)。因此,这两种抗体对αvβ6都有极高的亲和力。
我们进一步鉴定了可识别整联蛋白的“激活”状态的抗αvβ6抗体的类别。αvβ6有两种可能的激活状态。第一种状态,激活的整联蛋白被定义为对其配体有较高的亲和力。在活化的阳离子如1mM MnCl2存在下,对于这种激活状态特异的抗体显示与整联蛋白的结合增强。通过流式细胞分析比较1mM Mn Cl2和1mM MgC12(未活化的阳离子)中的结合程度,表明此处所述的某些αvβ6抗体,包括6.1A8和6.6B5,在MnCl2存在下显示显著增强的结合。
对于αvβ6的第二种激活状态,如上所述该整联蛋白能够激活潜伏的TGF-β。准备表达截短的αvβ6的一种细胞系(SW480(β6-770T))。在TMLC萤光素酶测定(Munger等人,同上)中,该细胞系能够结合LAP,但是不能激活TGF-β。因此,可与全长β6转染的SW480细胞结合、但是不与770T截短的转染细胞结合的抗体,对于能够激活TGF-β的αvβ6形式是特异的。抗体7.8B3和7.8C9满足这一标准。
实施例8:根据抗体竞争的表位作图
也用ELISA形式检测了纯化的单克隆抗体与6.8G6竞争结合生物素化αvβ6的能力。在该测定中,6.8G6包被于ELISA板上,向含有各1mM Ca2+和Mg2+的缓冲液中加入竞争抗体与生物素化αvβ6的混合物。结合的整联蛋白用extravidin-HRP偶联物检测,根据竞争性抗体阻断结合的能力对其评分。除了6.2B10(一种弱阻断剂)以外,所有共同阻断剂(表2)都显示能够与6.8G6不同程度地竞争(表4)。这些数据证实,这些共同阻断剂可结合与6.8G6相同或重叠的表位。
表4根据抗体竞争的表位作图
利用ELISA检测纯化的单克隆抗体与生物素化6.3G9或生物素化6.8G6竞争结合αvβ6的能力。在该测定中,未标记的αvβ6包被于ELISA板上,向含有各1mM Ca2+和Mg2+的缓冲液中加入竞争抗体与生物素化抗体的混合物。利用neutravidin-HRP偶联物检测结合的生物素化抗体。数据表明,最强的阻断抗体(例如6.2B1、7.1C5和7.1G10)与6.3G9和6.8G6竞争结合αvβ6(表4.1,图10A和10B)。抗体6.1A8和7.7G5显示较低的竞争性,这可能是由于它们对αvβ6的亲和力较低。在该测定中,非阻断抗体或抗αv抗体L230都不显示与6.3G9或6.8G6有任何竞争。这些结果表明,αvβ6特异的阻断抗体可结合与αvβ6相同或重叠的表位。
表4.1根据抗体竞争的表位作图
实施例9:CDR序列
如Coligan等人(编著)的《现代免疫学方法》,Wiley,Media,PA(2001)所述,利用标准技术分离并测序某些纯化的单克隆抗体的cDNA。推断的氨基酸序列在图7A和7B中显示。
如下比较高亲和力结合剂6.8G6、6.1A8、6.2B1、6.3G9和6.2A1和非阻断剂6.2G2的重链CDR的氨基酸序列(破折号表示缺口)。
CDR1
CDR2
CDR3
在SEQ ID NO:7中,以黑体表示的“R”(第12个残基)表示其具有多态性,例如可以是Q。
如下比较这4种高亲和力结合剂和非阻断剂6.2G2的轻链CDR的氨基酸序列。
CDR1
CDR2
CDR3
如图7A和7B所示,属于依赖二价阳离子的类别的单克隆抗体(例如6.1A8和6.8G6)在CDR内似乎含有非常类似的氨基酸序列,而不依赖二价阳离子的单克隆抗体(例如6.2B1和6.3G9)在其CDR内含有另外一组基序。
抗αvβ6单克隆抗体的效能和特异性可能受微小差异的氨基酸残基控制。对于6.1A8和6.8G6,可变域的氨基酸序列非常相似,在重链中含有10个氨基酸差异,其中3个是保守的,在轻链中含有11个氨基酸差异。然而这些抗体在体外测定中有大约100倍的活性差异。氨基酸差异分散在多肽链的整个可变域中,这些残基可以单独起作用,或者与同一链或配偶链上的残基协同起作用,影响抗体的效能。在重链中,7个残基的位置使得它们可能紧密接近αvβ6,或者在与αvβ6的结合中起活性作用。
在大量整联蛋白结合蛋白质(配体)中发现了一种RGD基序。这种基序已经显示通过直接接触整联蛋白上的结合袋可介导它们与整联蛋白的相互作用。因为RGD本身在整联蛋白结合蛋白质中相当常见,该基序之外的侧翼残基在使整联蛋白-配体相互作用具有结合特异性方面肯定起作用。在6.1A8和6.8G6中,一个这样的侧翼残基位于重链的位点101处,在CDR3内。该氨基酸残基位于RGD基序侧翼,可能位于抗原识别位点处,影响结合的效能和特异性。
6.1A8和6.8G6的相同重链CDR内的其它不同残基包括位点33(CDR1);位点52、57和65(CDR2);和位点115(CDR3)处的残基。重链中的另外一个差异位于框架1的位点4处,靠近N端。通过结晶学模型预测该残基折叠接近抗体的CDR,可能在αvβ6结合中起重要作用。6.1A8与6.8G6之间的其余3个差异是位点20(框架1)、44(框架2)和82(框架3)处的保守差异。
不依赖阳离子的抗体的氨基酸序列也是高度同源的。它们能够被分成两类:与含有RGD的抗体6.8G6竞争的(即6.2B1、6.3G9、7.10H2、7.9H5、7.1C5、7.1G10和7.4A3);和不与之竞争的(即6.2A1、6.2B10和6.4B4)。与6.8G6竞争的一类在重链的CDR3中含有FXY基序,而非竞争的一类不含。这种差异提示,FXY基序对于介导与αvβ6的不依赖阳离子的结合至关重要。另外,这类含有FXY的抗体可能与αvβ6上的一个表位结合,该表位与RGD结合袋重叠,但是与之不同。抗体6.2B10和6.4B4不含FXY基序,是较差的αvβ6阻断剂。它们证实可与αvβ6I域样部分结合,定义了可与抗αvβ6抗体结合的另外一个表位。有意思的是,单克隆抗体6.2A1属于不依赖阳离子的类别,但是与其它不依赖阳离子的单克隆抗体一样,不含RGD序列。
单克隆抗体7.7G5属于依赖阳离子的类别。然而,7.7G5的轻链序列与不依赖阳离子的I域结合抗体6.2B10高度同源。7.7G5的重链在CDR1上也类似于不依赖阳离子的抗体。但是其CDR2和CDR3更类似于依赖阳离子的类别。这一发现提示,特定CDR使抗体具有特异性。对于重链的CDR3这是特别正确的,这可能是由于抗体该部分内的高度变异性。实际上,3种依赖阳离子的抗体中的2种和9种不依赖阳离子的抗体中的7种含有重链CDR3序列,该序列可能在αvβ6识别中起重要作用。众所周知,7.7G5在其重链CDR2中缺乏RGD基序,但是含有XGD基序。该XGD基序可能以类似于RGD的方式起作用,并且使7.7G5具有结合亲和力/特异性。
上述序列检查和据此的推断为合理设计提供特定结合性质的特定可变区氨基酸序列提供了基础。
实施例10:诊断抗体
能够检测石蜡包埋组织切片或其它组织标本中的αvβ6表达的抗体可以用作诊断剂。例如,这些诊断工具能够用来检测如癌症或纤维化的适应证的组织切片中上调的αvβ6。
为了鉴定可检测石蜡包埋组织中的αvβ6的抗体,我们第一次筛查了一系列用于结合HPLC纯化的β6亚基的抗体。可结合该亚基的抗体可能识别线性肽表位,因此预计在石蜡包埋组织中有较高的成功可能性。使用与测定αvβ6结合所述(同上)相同的ELISA形式测定与纯化的β6亚基的结合,不同之处在于平板上固定纯化的β6整联蛋白,而不是αvβ6蛋白。利用该方法,鉴定了大量能够结合纯化的αvβ6蛋白和纯化的β6亚基的融合6抗体。见上文中的表5,其中省略克隆名称的前缀“6.”。
表5可与纯化的αvβ6或纯化的β6亚基结合的抗体
如上所示,一些抗体可与纯化的β6亚基结合。它们与变性αvβ6结合的可能性较高,因而能够用于检测石蜡包埋的组织切片中的αvβ6。有些抗体可结合可溶性αvβ6,而不结合β6亚基。这两类抗体都用来染色变性的石蜡包埋的β6转染的SW480细胞和未转染的亲本细胞,数据在表6中显示。
为了染色石蜡包埋的组织或细胞,标本载玻片首先通过在下列溶液中温育去除石蜡(de-paraffinized):(1)二甲苯,5分钟,两次;(2)100%乙醇,2分钟,两次;(3)95%乙醇,2分钟,两次;(4)50%乙醇,2分钟,一次;和(5)蒸馏水,2分钟,一次。载玻片然后在含有200ml甲醇和3ml 30%H2O2的溶液中温育15分钟,以封闭内源过氧化物酶。载玻片用PBS漂洗两次,每次2分钟。然后用胃蛋白酶(Zymed 00-3009)暴露载玻片上的石蜡切片,37℃5分钟。载玻片再用PBS漂洗两次,每次2分钟。然后,先用抗生物素蛋白然后用生物素(Vector SP-2001;Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA)封闭载玻片,每次在室温下10分钟,在每次温育之间如上所述洗涤。从载玻片上除去封闭溶液,之后向载玻片上添加用PBS/0.1%BSA稀释的第一抗体(杂交瘤培养上清液),在4℃下温育过夜。
次日,载玻片如上所述用PBS漂洗。同时,如下制备抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物-辣根过氧化物酶溶液(ABC试剂):1ml PBS与来自Vector Kit PK-6102的20μl溶液A(1:50)和20μl溶液B(1:50)混合;混合物在使用前在室温下温育30分钟。在此期间,载玻片与含有15μl/ml正常血清的来自Vector Kit的抗小鼠生物素化抗体(1:200)在室温下温育30分钟。然后用PBS漂洗载玻片两次,每次2分钟。然后向载玻片上添加上述ABC试剂,在室温下温育30分钟。再次如上所述漂洗载玻片。向载玻片上添加底物(Vector SK-4100)——100μl DAB(3,3'-二氨基联苯胺),在室温下温育5分钟。DAB如下制备:向5ml H2O中加入2滴缓冲液贮存溶液,充分混合;然后加入4滴DAB贮存溶液,充分混合;然后加入2滴H2O2溶液,充分混合。用流水漂洗载玻片2分钟。其次,如下增强所有载玻片的DAB信号:用0.05M碳酸氢钠,pH 9.6漂洗石蜡切片10分钟;印迹过量的缓冲液;加入DAB增强溶液15秒;然后用水快速漂洗1分钟终止反应。载玻片然后在Mayer's苏木精(一种核复染剂)中染色1分钟。用流水漂洗载玻片1分钟,然后在PBS中浸没1分钟,使苏木精变成蓝色。再用流水漂洗载玻片1分钟,脱水,如下澄清:浸没于(1)95%乙醇中1分钟,两次;(2)100%乙醇中1分钟,两次;和(3)二甲苯中2分钟,两次。然后使用permount向载玻片上加上盖玻片。
结果提示,融合6抗体1A1、2C4、3B2、3B11、5D6、5G9、5H3、6D12、7C7、9B5、9B7、9D11、9F5、10E4、10H11、6H8、7A5、7G9、9A3、2A1、2E5、4E4、4H4、8B4、2G2和4E6,它们都能够结合纯化的β6亚基(表5),确实能够强烈染色石蜡包埋的β6转染的SW480细胞,而不染色未转染的亲本细胞(表6)。
表6可与石蜡包埋的SW480细胞结合的抗体
实施例11:癌症的诊断
αvβ6在健康成人组织中通常以可以忽略的水平到低水平表达。然而,αvβ6的表达在损伤、纤维化和癌症中上调(参见,例如,Thomas等人.J.Invest.Dermatology 117:67-73(2001);Brunton等人,Neoplasia3:215-226(2001);Agrez等人,Int.J.Cancer 81:90-97(1999);Breuss,J.Cell Science 108:2241-2251(1995))。因此,为了诊断纤维化、癌症和αvβ6上调的其它任何疾病,在标准免疫组化技术中能够使用与石蜡包埋的组织上表达的αvβ6特异性结合的抗体检测αvβ6的表达。
如上所述,本发明的某些抗体结合HPLC纯化的β6整联蛋白和石蜡包埋的并固定的β6转染的细胞。在免疫染色中也证实这些抗体可与典型的鳞状癌和乳癌组织结合。参见,例如图8,其中单克隆抗体6.2A1用来显示石蜡包埋的乳癌和鳞状癌的相对染色。因此,这些新抗体可以用作诊断工具。
实施例12:抗αvβ6阻断单克隆抗体在Alport小鼠中的作用
胶原蛋白4A3(COL4A3)敲除(Alport)小鼠已经被建立为一种肾纤维化的体内模型,用来检测药理制剂的治疗效果(同上)。我们在Alport小鼠中检验了mAb 6.8G6(依赖阳离子的)和6.3G9(不依赖阳离子的),来确定它们是否抑制在7周龄Alport小鼠中常见的纤维化。如上所示,发现在生物测定中这两种抗体能够抑制αvβ6与LAP的结合,并且抑制TGF-β的激活。抗体1E6作为阴性对照。
3周龄Alport小鼠一周3次腹膜内注射下列抗体之一:(1)6.8G6,4mg/kg(7只小鼠);(2)6.3G9,4mg/kg(4只小鼠);和(3)1E6,1mg/kg(6只小鼠)。连续注射4周。然后杀死小鼠,取肾脏。
如上所述制备石蜡包埋的肾脏切片,然后染色,检测平滑肌肌动蛋白——肾纤维化中成肌细胞和基质沉积的一种标记物。我们发现,与1E6处理的小鼠相比,在mAb 6.8G6或6.3G9处理的Alport小鼠的肾脏间质和肾小球区中,平滑肌肌动蛋白染色显著减少。
图11A和11B显示Alport肾脏的肾小球和间质区中平滑肌肌动蛋白染色的点图。与阴性对照1E6处理的小鼠相比,6.8G6和6.3G9处理的Alport小鼠的肾脏中平滑肌肌动蛋白染色显著减少。
实施例13:抗αvβ6mAb在预防单侧输尿管阻塞诱导的肾硬化症方面的有效性
我们使用另外一种肾纤维化进展小鼠模型来检验6.8G6和6.3G9的抗纤维化效能。在这个小鼠模型中,动物的一侧输尿管被结扎,导致单侧输尿管阻塞(UUO)。在小鼠中,UUO导致进行性肾硬化症而不导致短期肾衰竭,因为未阻塞的肾脏能够维持相对正常的肾功能。阻塞的肾脏经历快速肾小球纤维化,而未阻塞的肾脏则经历适应性肥大。
该研究通过形态测量定量抗αvβ6处理对UUO诱导的肾纤维化的影响。使用体重25.5±0.2g的不含病毒抗原的8-12周龄雄性C57BL小鼠(Jackson Laboratories,Bar Harbor,ME)。在开始研究前使小鼠适应7天。在适应和实验期间小鼠可随意获得照射的标准鼠食和无菌水。定期称量体重,作为动物健康监测的一部分。结果显示,年龄匹配的未操作的小鼠在两周的研究期内体重增加约10%。UUO小鼠到第二天体重减少约9%,但是到第14天减少的体重逐渐恢复。这种体重改变模式与治疗处理无关。
为了诱发肾纤维化,在氯胺酮:赛拉嗪(100:10mg/kg皮下)麻醉下,通过中线左侧剖腹术无菌分离左输尿管。将两条拉紧的阻塞6-0结扎丝线置于输尿管上位于肾脏较低极(lower pole)的水平,在结扎线之间切开输尿管。腹壁用4-0 Vicryl缝线闭合,皮肤用4-0尼龙闭合。使动物在热垫上恢复,在第0天和第1天皮下给予0.05mg/kg丁丙诺啡,每日两次。该程序来自Ma等人,Kidney Int.53(4):937-944(1998)。
然后将小鼠分为下列研究组:
*动物数
除了第5组之外所有动物都从手术前一天开始每周两次施用。
然后在结扎后的第10天用二氧化碳麻醉动物,并解剖。在UUO小鼠中,肾盂和输尿管显著肿胀,液体充满于阻塞的结扎处之上。在处理组之间,肿胀程度和其余肾组织质量范围不同。第2组显示约为阴性对照组的肿胀的一半。结扎的肾脏颜色灰白。对侧肾脏鲜红,增大约三分之一。
然后,取出动物的两个肾脏(左侧结扎,右侧未结扎),通过肾盂中心对半横切。将每个肾脏的一半置于10%中性缓冲的福尔马林中进行固定组织染色。每个肾脏的另一半置于15%蔗糖中,随后置于30%蔗糖中,进行免疫组化染色。
针对肌成纤维细胞(平滑肌肌动蛋白)——纤维化的一种标记,免疫染色福尔马林固定的肾脏切片。用标准化的光照条件和数码相机曝光设置获取图像,根据背景校正,并根据距离标准校准。从每只动物获取涵盖整个左肾切片的相邻视野的图像进行定量。
平滑肌肌动蛋白表示为测量的视野内总组织面积的百分数。包括除了肾乳突之外的切片的所有皮质和髓质组织。
总之,用6.3G9和6.8G6处理的小鼠显示纤维化显著减少。
实施例14:抗αvβ6阻断单克隆抗体对博来霉素诱发的小鼠肺纤维化的有效性
博来霉素诱发的小鼠肺纤维化已经建立为一种体内肺纤维化模型,用来检验药理制剂的治疗效果。在博来霉素处理5-15天后炎症通常明显。在129系小鼠中,肺纤维化程度逐渐增大,可到博来霉素处理后的60天。基质积累通常在第15天左右可检测到。在该实施例中,从第0天或第15天开始,以4mg/kg/次的浓度对博来霉素诱发的肺纤维化小鼠腹膜内注射单克隆抗体6.3G9,每周3次。在第0天诱发肺纤维化,方法是施用气管内单剂量的博来霉素,其溶于50μl无菌盐水中,浓度为0.03单位/kg。在第30天杀死动物,评价肺纤维化程度。抗体1E6作为阴性对照。
收集每只动物的肺,如上文Munger等人所述,测定羟脯氨酸含量作为肺胶原蛋白沉积的指数。如图15A所示,在第0天开始用6.3G9处理显著抑制博来霉素诱发的肺羟脯氨酸含量的增加。重要的是,6.3G9处理至少如在博来霉素施用后15天开始时一样有效,此时胶原蛋白沉积已经开始。
我们也用延长的博来霉素诱发纤维化方案(持续60天)检查了6.3G9、依赖阳离子的6.8G6和非阻断抗体6.4B4抑制更高程度肺纤维化的作用。为此,我们在施用博来霉素后15天(第15天)开始抗体处理。然后在第60天取肺,检测羟脯氨酸含量。如图15C所示,用6.8G6处理显著抑制博来霉素诱发的纤维化(与博来霉素和盐水处理的动物相比,羟脯氨酸含量减少70%以上)。用6.3G9处理也显示保护的趋势,但是这些结果没有统计学显著性(图15C)。
总之,在博来霉素处理的小鼠中,依赖阳离子的和不依赖阳离子的抗αvβ6阻断单克隆抗体都减少肺纤维化。而且,甚至在直到纤维化开始发生后才开始抗体处理,这种干预仍然有效。
实施例15:人银屑病损伤中αvβ6的上调
为了确定αvβ6是否与银屑病有关,检查了5名银屑病患者和4名正常个体的损伤和非损伤皮肤活检上的αvβ6表达。利用mAb 6.2A1免疫染色,我们发现,与银屑病患者的非损伤皮肤和正常对照相比,银屑病损伤中αvβ6表达显著提高。因此,银屑病损伤中αvβ6的上调提示使用抗αvβ6抗体的诊断和治疗意义。
实施例16:在患有胆道疾病的小鼠和人肝脏中αvβ6的上调
如前所述,αvβ6的表达与组织损伤有关。在该研究中,研究了被胆道疾病损伤的小鼠和人肝脏中αvβ6的表达。
通过胆道结扎诱发小鼠的肝损伤。参见,例如,George等人,PNAS96:12719-24(1999);George等人,Am J Pathol 156:115-24(2000)。使用mAb 6.2G2,我们发现αvβ6的表达在胆道结扎后的第9、14、16天显著升高。
类似地,通过使用mAb 6.2G2的免疫组化检测,患有胆道疾病的患者的人肝脏切片显示αvβ6表达上调。例如,在来自1名44岁的急性胆汁淤积男性患者、1名59岁的移植后急性胆道阻塞男性患者、1名22岁的胆道闭锁男性患者和1名24岁的慢性胆道阻塞男性患者的肝脏标本中观察到αvβ6表达提高。
总之,这些新抗αvβ6抗体是对于肝疾病有用的诊断和治疗工具。
实施例17:多种人类癌症中αvβ6的上调
整联蛋白αvβ6在健康成人组织中通常以可以忽略的水平到低水平表达。使用抗体6.2A1和此处概述的方法,评价了多种人肿瘤组织的αvβ6表达。结果显示在几种人上皮癌中αvβ6整联蛋白的表达显著上调。特别是,免疫组织学显示,αvβ6在多种上皮癌的肿瘤岛边缘上特别显著地表达。为了进一步研究上皮癌细胞中αvβ6的表达,Detroit 562细胞(咽癌)和SCC-14细胞(舌鳞状细胞癌)以及SW480β6细胞(同上)用6.3G9和6.4B4染色,通过流式细胞术分析。
图12的右侧显示不同肿瘤细胞系上的αvβ6表达,用荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)中6.3G9的结合表示。实心峰代表6.3G9的结合,而空心峰代表第二单克隆抗体单独的背景结合。图12左侧的线图显示浓度逐渐升高的6.3G9或6.4B4对肿瘤细胞系与LAP配体结合的抑制。与6.3G9相比,6.4B4是αvβ6与LAP结合的一种效能显著较低的抑制剂(对于Detroit 562,>10倍IC50;对于SW480B6,>30倍IC50;对于SCC-14,>100倍IC50)。这与以前的体外结果一致,表明6.3G9是一种强阻断单克隆抗体,6.4B4是一种弱阻断单克隆抗体。该数据也与Detroit异种移植模型中6.4B4的可以忽略的抑制活性一致(图14B)。图13进一步显示多种抗αvβ6单克隆抗体对肿瘤细胞系与LAP结合的相对抑制。6.3G9和6.8G6显示相当的抑制活性(与以前的所有数据一致),而6.4B4是αvβ6与LAP结合的一种效能显著较低的抑制剂。
实施例18:抗αvβ6阻断单克隆抗体在人肿瘤异种移植模型中的作用
移植了人肿瘤异种移植物的免疫缺陷动物(例如裸鼠和SCID小鼠)已经建立为一种有用的体内模型,用来检验抗癌剂的治疗效果(参见,例如,van Weerden等人,Prostate 43(4):263-71(2000);Bankert等人,Front Biosci 7:c44-62(2002))。因此,能够在异种移植模型中体内检验本发明的阻断抗αvβ6单克隆抗体抑制肿瘤生长的能力。在该实验中,我们在移植了人咽癌(Detroit 562细胞系)异种移植物的无胸腺雌性裸鼠中检验了一些新αvβ6抗体抑制肿瘤生长的能力。
为此,Detroit 562细胞(ATCC)在基本必需培养基(Eagle)中体外传代,该培养基中含有2mM L-谷氨酰胺和Earle's BSS,调节为含有1.5g/L碳酸氯钠、0.1mM非必需氨基酸和1.0mM丙酮酸钠和10%胎牛血清,不含抗生素。约5×106细胞/0.2ml培养基(不含血清)皮下植入裸鼠的右胁。3-4天后开始测量肿瘤大小,持续到肿瘤达到约5mm(长度)×5mm(宽度)。将小鼠随机化,在第1天腹膜内注射检测抗体或对照溶液,随后每周注射3次,共33天。检测抗体和对照溶液是:(1)6.3G9,1mg/kg,10只小鼠;(2)6.3G9,4mg/kg,10只小鼠;(3)6.3G9,10mg/kg,10只小鼠;(4)6.4B4,1mg/kg,10只小鼠;(5)6.4B4,4mg/kg,10只小鼠;(6)6.4B4,10mg/kg,10只小鼠;和(7)载体对照(PBS),0.2ml/每只小鼠,30只小鼠。另外,对10只小鼠皮下注射2mg/kg顺铂作为化疗对照。顺铂注射在第1天进行,然后每2天注射一次,总共6次治疗。在33天结束时,测量动物体重和肿瘤大小,通过免疫组织学评价αvβ6的表达,测定血清抗αvβ6水平。
免疫组织学染色显示,植入的肿瘤细胞在体内强烈表达αvβ6。肿瘤重量数据进一步证明,阻断单克隆抗体6.3G9在检测的所有三个浓度都有效抑制肿瘤生长(图14A)。相反,弱阻断的单克隆抗体6.4B4不抑制肿瘤生长(图14B)。
总之,在处理的小鼠中,阻断抗体抑制肿瘤生长40-50%。相反,弱阻断的抗αvβ6抗体不抑制肿瘤生长。
实施例19:αvβ6抗体的内化
被细胞内化的抗体对于某些临床适应证(如癌症)有优点,因为这些抗体能够与毒素、放射性化合物或其它抗癌剂偶联,从而选择性靶向并抑制癌细胞的生长。在SW480β6(同上)和SCC-14细胞中研究了抗αvβ6抗体被内化的能力。
将细胞1:5分开,接种于4室载玻片上,在37℃和5%CO2下温育过夜。次日,稀释单克隆抗体6.8G6、6.1A8、6.3G9、7.1C5、6.4B4、10D5和8B3至终浓度为20μg/mL。将这些单克隆抗体或单独的培养基加到适当的孔中。内化的时间从0小时到48小时。包括的时点是0、5、10、30分钟,和1、4、24、48小时。加入第二抗体(抗鼠-Alexa 594)作为阴性对照。通过除去抗体并用缓冲液洗涤细胞层在每个时点终止内化。加入麦胚凝集素-Alexa-488,18℃20分钟,用绿色荧光染色细胞的外缘。洗涤细胞后,加入Cytofix/Cytoperm溶液,18℃20分钟,固定并透化细胞。再次洗涤细胞,加入第二抗体抗小鼠-Alexa 594(红色荧光),18℃20分钟,标记结合的或内化的鼠αvβ6抗体。然后洗涤细胞,加入2%低聚甲醛固定,用共聚焦显微镜检查。然后用LeitzPlan-Apochromatic 63x(1.32数值孔径,空气曝浸(ail immersion))物镜(Leica)以2倍数码变焦拍摄图像。每个画面代表一个光学切面,它来自在所有条件下观察内化的细胞的中截面。在核中没有观察到染色。
对于依赖阳离子的单克隆抗体(含有RGD的模拟配体),如6.8G6和6.1A8,观察到内化。对于不依赖阳离子的单克隆抗体,如6.3G9、7.1C5和6.4B4,未观察到内化。
本发明涉及以下实施方式:
1.一种单克隆抗体,其(a)特异性结合αvβ6;和(b)抑制αvβ6与潜伏相关肽(LAP)的结合,其IC50值低于10D5的IC50值。
2.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.1A8(ATCC保藏号PTA-3647)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
3.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.3G9(ATCC保藏号PTA-3649)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
4.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.8G6(ATCC保藏号PTA-3645)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
5.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.2B1(ATCC保藏号PTA-3646)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
6.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤7.1G10(ATCC保藏号PTA-3898)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
7.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤7.7G5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3899)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
8.实施方式1的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤7.1C5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3900)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
9.实施方式1的抗体,其中抗体与αvβ6的结合依赖于二价阳离子。
10.实施方式9的抗体,其中二价阳离子是Ca2+、Mg2+或Mn2+。
11.实施方式1的抗体,其中抗体与αvβ6的结合不依赖于二价阳离子。
12.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:1、4和7的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:10、13和15的序列组成。
13.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:3、5和8的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:11、14和17的序列组成。
14.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:3、6和9的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:12、14和18的序列组成。
15.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:2、46和47的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:48、13和16的序列组成。
16.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:49、51和53的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:55、57和59的序列组成。
17.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其重链互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:50、52和54的序列组成,其轻链CDR任选地分别基本由SEQ ID NOs:56、58和60的序列组成。
18.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NOs:19-36和61-62中任何一个的重链可变域序列。
19.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:19的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:37的轻链可变域序列。
20.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:20或21的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:38的轻链可变域序列。
21.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:22的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:43的轻链可变域序列。
22.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:23的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:44的轻链可变域序列。
23.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:24的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:45的轻链可变域序列。
24.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:25或26的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:42的轻链可变域序列。
25.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:27、28或29的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:39的轻链可变域序列。
26.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:34或35的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:40的轻链可变域序列。
27.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:36的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:41的轻链可变域序列。
28.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:61的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:63的轻链可变域序列。
29.一种抗αvβ6抗体,其含有SEQ ID NO:62的重链可变域序列和SEQ ID NO:64的轻链可变域序列。
30.一种单克隆抗体,其能特异性结合αvβ6,但是不抑制αvβ6与潜伏相关肽(LAP)的结合。
31.实施方式30的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.2A1(ATCC保藏号PTA-3896)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
32.实施方式30的抗体,其中该抗体含有与杂交瘤6.2E5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3897)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
33.一种组合物,用于预防或治疗哺乳动物中由αvβ6介导的疾病,其含有实施方式1-32中任何一项的抗体,和药学可接受的载体。
34.实施方式33的组合物,其中所述抗体与细胞毒性剂偶联。
35.实施方式33的组合物,其中所述抗体是依赖阳离子的抗体。
36.一种方法,用于治疗患有αvβ6介导的疾病或者具有患αvβ6介导的疾病危险的研究对象,包括对研究对象施用实施方式32的组合物,从而缓解该疾病或延迟其发作。
37.实施方式36的方法,其中研究对象是人。
38.实施方式36的方法,其中所述疾病是纤维化。
39.实施方式38的方法,其中所述纤维化是硬皮病、结瘢、肝纤维化、肾纤维化或肺纤维化。
40.实施方式36的方法,其中所述疾病是银屑病。
41.实施方式36的方法,其中所述疾病是癌症。
42.实施方式41的方法,其中所述疾病是上皮癌。
43.实施方式41的方法,其中所述癌症是口腔、皮肤、子宫颈、卵巢、咽、喉、食道、肺、乳房、肾或结肠直肠癌。
44.实施方式36的方法,其中所述疾病是奥尔波特综合征。
45.一种检测哺乳动物组织标本中的αvβ6的方法,包括使组织标本接触实施方式1或30的抗体。
46.实施方式45的方法,其中所述抗体选自6.2A1(ATCC保藏号PTA 3896)和6.2E5(ATCC保藏号PTA 3897)。
47.杂交瘤细胞6.1A8(ATCC保藏号PTA-3647)。
48.杂交瘤细胞6.2B10(ATCC保藏号PTA-3648)。
49.杂交瘤细胞6.3G9(ATCC保藏号PTA-3649)。
50.杂交瘤细胞6.8G6(ATCC保藏号PTA-3645)。
51.杂交瘤细胞6.2B1(ATCC保藏号PTA-3646)。
52.杂交瘤细胞6.2A1(ATCC保藏号PTA-3896)。
53.杂交瘤细胞6.2E5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3897)。
54.杂交瘤细胞7.1G10(ATCC保藏号PTA-3898)。
55.杂交瘤细胞7.7G5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3899)。
56.杂交瘤细胞7.1C5(ATCC保藏号PTA-3900)。
57.一种分离的核酸,其含有编码SEQ ID NOs:19-45和61-64中任何一个的序列。
58.一种分离的多肽,其含有SEQ ID NOs:19-45和61-64中任何一个的氨基酸序列。
59.一种单克隆抗体,其含有与杂交瘤6.2B10(ATCC保藏号PTA-3648)产生的抗体相同的重链和轻链多肽序列。
Claims (12)
1.编码抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的人源化重链的DNA,其中所述人源化重链包含含有分别由SEQ ID NO:3、6和9所示氨基酸序列组成的互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3的重链可变区。
2.编码抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的人源化轻链的DNA,其中所述人源化轻链包含含有分别由SEQ ID NO:12、14和18所示氨基酸序列组成的互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3的轻链可变区。
3.包含权利要求1所述DNA的载体。
4.包含权利要求2所述DNA的载体。
5.包含权利要求1所述DNA的宿主细胞。
6.包含权利要求2所述DNA的宿主细胞。
7.一种生产抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的宿主细胞,其中包含:
编码抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的人源化重链的第一DNA序列,其中所述人源化重链包含含有分别由SEQ ID NO:3、6和9所示氨基酸序列组成的互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3的重链可变区;和
编码抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的人源化轻链的第二DNA序列,其中所述人源化轻链包含含有分别由SEQ ID NO:12、14和18所示氨基酸序列组成的互补决定区(CDR)1、2和3的轻链可变区。
8.权利要求5-7中任一项的宿主细胞,其中所述宿主细胞是CHO细胞。
9.权利要求5-7中任一项的宿主细胞,其中所述宿主细胞是NSO细胞。
10.一种生产可溶性的人源化抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的方法,所述方法包括在产生所述可溶性的人源化抗αvβ6抗体或其抗原结合片段的条件下培养权利要求7所述的宿主细胞。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中所述宿主细胞是CHO细胞。
12.权利要求10的方法,其中所述宿主细胞是NSO细胞。
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