CN100502808C - 用于关节表面再造的组合物 - Google Patents
用于关节表面再造的组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100502808C CN100502808C CNB028105850A CN02810585A CN100502808C CN 100502808 C CN100502808 C CN 100502808C CN B028105850 A CNB028105850 A CN B028105850A CN 02810585 A CN02810585 A CN 02810585A CN 100502808 C CN100502808 C CN 100502808C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cartilage
- assembly
- patch system
- articular surface
- articular
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于制造关节修补材料和用于修补关节表面的方法和组合物。具体的是,用于提供关节修补材料的方法,该方法包括制造具有选择的大小、曲率和/或厚度的关节替换材料。还提供关节表面修补系统,该系统设计为替换选定面积的软骨,例如,包含至少一种固体的、不易弯曲的组件和具有与周围的结构近乎解剖学排列的外表面。
Description
相关申请的参照
本申请要求美国专利系列号60/293,488(题为:“用于改进软骨修补系统的方法”,2001年5月25日提交)、美国专利系列号60/363,527(题为:“用于软骨修补的新颖装置”,2002年3月12日提交)和美国专利系列号60/380,695(题为:“用于软骨修补的方法和组合物”,代理案卷号6750-0005p2)和“用于关节修补的方法和组合物”(代理案卷号6750-0005p3)(2002年5月14日提交)的权益。所有这些申请在此全文并入以供参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及整形外科方法、系统和修复术的装置,更具体地涉及用于关节表面再造的方法、系统和装置。
背景
软骨有多种类型,如透明软骨和纤维软骨。透明软骨位于骨骼关节的表面,如,在各种关节中,负责为可活动的关节提供光滑的滑动运动特性。关节的软骨牢固地贴合在下面的骨骼上,在人类的关节中它的厚度通常小于5毫米,但随着关节的不同和在关节内位置的不同可有很大的变化。此外,关节软骨是无神经的、无血管的和无淋巴的。在成人中,软骨通过双扩散系统将其营养透过滑膜和透过软骨的密基质到达软骨细胞,这些细胞位于软骨的结缔组织内。
成人的软骨只有有限的修复能力;因此,由疾病(如类风湿关节炎和/或骨关节炎,或外伤)产生的软骨损伤可导致严重的身体变形和衰弱。而且,随着人的关节软骨的老化,其拉伸特性也发生改变。膝关节软骨的浅层区在生命的30岁之前其拉伸强度表现逐渐增强,但在此后随着在关节表面II型胶原蛋白发生了可检测的损伤,拉伸强度就随着年龄的增长而明显降低。深层软骨的拉伸强度也表现出随年龄增长而进行性地降低,虽然胶原蛋白含量并没有下降。这些观察表明,随着年龄的增加软骨会发生机械的,因而结构组织的改变,这些改变如果充分发展,会使软骨容易受到外界损伤。
通常,软骨的严重损伤或缺失可以通过用修复材料例如硅橡胶(如用于美容修补)或金属合金替换关节来治疗。参见,如,美国专利6,383,228(2002年5月7日出版);美国专利6,203,576(2001年3月20日出版);美国专利6,126,690(2000年10月3日出版)。修复装置的植入通常会连带发生下面的组织和骨骼的丢失,无法恢复原有软骨的全部功能。与永久性外来物体的存在相关连的严重的长期并发症包括感染、骨质溶解并导致植入物的松脱。
还有,关节成形术是高度侵入性的,它需要外科切除一支或多支骨骼的全部或大部关节表面。在此过程中,骨髓腔要被钻大以便装入假体的杆部。这种钻大会造成患者骨骼材料的丢失。
骨质溶解常常引起假肢的松脱。松脱的假肢只好再替换。由于患者的骨骼材料是有限的,用于关节成形术的可能的替换外科的次数也是有限的。简而言之,在15至20年期间,对于某些病例时间更短,对患者的治疗选择将会穷尽,留下极为痛楚而且失去功能的关节。
使用植入了细胞(如软骨细胞、软骨细胞祖代、基质细胞、间质干细胞等等)的基质、组织支架或其它支撑体也已经是软骨修补的潜在治疗方法。参见,国际公布WO99/51719;WO01/91672;和WO01/17463和美国专利5,283,980B1(2001年9月4日出版);美国专利5,842,477(1998年12月1日出版);美国专利5,769,899(1998年6月23日出版);美国专利4,609,551(1986年9月2日出版);美国专利5,041,138(199年8月20日出版);美国专利5,197,985(1993年3月30日出版);美国专利5,226,914(1993年7月13日出版);美国专利6,328,765(2001年12月11日出版);美国专利6,281,195(2001年8月28日出版);美国专利4,846,835(1989年7月11日出版)。然而,生物替代材料如同种移植和自体移植系统和组织支架的临床效果还是不确定的,因为大多数这样的材料还无法达到和正常的无疾病的人组织的形态排列或结构的相似。而且,这些生物替代材料的机械耐久性也不确定。
尽管在软骨修补领域进行了大量的研究,患者的软骨替代材料与周边软骨的整合还是困难的。特别是,当周边的软骨和/或下面软骨下的骨骼和软骨替代材料之间在厚度和曲率存在差别时,整合极其困难。
因此,还存在对用于关节修补的方法和组合物的需要,包括促进软骨替代系统与周边软骨之间的整合的方法和组合物。
发明概述
本发明提供新颖的装置和方法,用于用不易弯曲的、非液体的(如硬的)植入材料替换关节(如软骨和/或骨骼)的一部分(如患病的区域和/或比患病区域稍大一些的区域),在此该植入物与周围的结构和组织达到接近解剖学的契合。在本装置和/或方法包括与底下的关节骨骼相关联的元件的情况时,本发明还提供该与骨骼关联的元件达到与软骨下骨骼的近乎解剖学的排列。本发明还提供用于植入部位制备的单切(single cut)。
一方面,本发明包括用于提供关节替换材料的方法,该方法包括制备选定尺寸(如大小、厚度和/或曲率)的关节替换物(如软骨替换材料)的步骤。
在另一方面,本发明包括制造软骨修复材料的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:(a)测量要植入的部位的尺寸(如厚度、曲率和/或大小)或者要植入的部位周围区域的尺寸;(b)提供与在步骤(a)中所测量的尺寸吻合的软骨替换材料。在某些方面,步骤(b)包含测量要植入的部位的周围的软骨的厚度并测量要植入部位周围的软骨的曲率。在其它实施方案中,步骤(a)包含测量要植入的部位的大小并测量要植入的部位周围的软骨的曲率。在其它实施方案中,步骤(a)包含测量要植入的部位周围的软骨的厚度,测量要植入的部位的大小,并测量要植入的部位周围的软骨的曲率。
在此叙述的任何方法中,关节替换材料(如软骨替换材料)的一种或多种组件是不易弯曲的、非液体的、固体的或硬的。替换材料的尺寸可根据外科手术的测量来选定,例如用成像技术(如超声、MRI、CT扫描、用X-线染料得到的X-线成像、荧光镜成像)进行的测量。也可使用机械的探头(有或无造影能力)来选定尺寸,例如超声探头、激光探头、光学探头和可变形的材料。
在此描述的任何方法中,可以选择替换材料(例如,从现有的修补系统库)、由细胞生长、和/或由各种材料硬化。因此,材料可在手术前或手术后制造。而且,在此叙述的任何方法中,修补材料也可以用手工、自动化地或用机器成形,例如,用机械磨损、激光切除、射频切除、冷冻切除和/或用酶促消化。
在此叙述的任何方法中,关节替换材料可包含合成的材料(如金属、聚合物、合金或它们的组合)或者生物材料,如干细胞、胎儿细胞或软骨细胞。
在另一方面,本发明包括在受试者中修补软骨的方法,该方法包括植入按照在此叙述的任何方法制备的软骨修补材料的步骤。
在另一方面,本发明提供测定关节表面曲率的方法,该方法包括步骤(a):用机械探头在外科手术时测量关节表面的曲率。关节表面包含软骨和/或软骨下的骨骼。机械探头(有或无造影能力)可包括例如超声探头、激光探头、光学探头和/或可变形的材料。
在另一方面,本发明提供制造关节替换材料的方法,包含提供与用在此叙述的任何方法得到的测量吻合的关节替换材料。
在另一方面,本发明包括部分的关节假体,该假体包含含有软骨修补材料的第一组件;含有一种或多种金属的第二组件,其中所述第二组件具有和软骨下骨骼相似的曲率,其中所述假体包含小于约80%的关节表面。在某些实施方案中,第一和/或第二组件包含不易弯曲的材料(如金属、聚合物、金属合金、固体生物材料)。可包括在第一和/或第二材料中的其它材料包括聚合物、生物材料、金属、金属合金或它们的组合。还有,一个或两个组件可以是光滑的或多孔的(如多孔涂层)。在某些实施方案中,第一组件表现出与关节软个相似的生物力学特性(如弹性、对轴向负荷或剪切力的耐受性)。第一和/或第二组件可以是可生物再吸收的,而且,第一或第二组件可改造成能接受注射。
在另一方面,提供了部分关节假体,它包含位于关节表面负重区的外表面,其中所述外表面的尺寸与邻近的软骨达到近乎解剖学的吻合。该假体还可包含一种或多种金属或金属合金。
在另一方面,提供了关节修补系统,它包含(a)软骨替换材料,其中所述软骨替换材料具有与周围或临近软骨相似的曲率;和(b)至少一种非生物材料,其中所述关节表面修补系统包含一部分关节表面,该表面等于或小于负重表面。在某些实施方案中,该系统表现出关节软骨相似的生物力学(如弹性、对轴向负重或剪切力的耐受性)和/或生物化学特性。第一和/或第二组件可以是可生物再吸收的,而且,第一或第二组件可被改造成能接受注射。
在另一方面,本发明提供了关节表面修补系统,它包含含有软骨替换材料的第一组件,其中所述第一组件具有与相邻或四周软骨相似的尺寸;和第二组件,其中所述第二组件具有与软骨下的骨骼相似的曲率,其中所述关节表面修补系统包含小于约80%的关节表面(如单股骨髁、胫骨等)。在某些实施方案中,该系统表现出与关节软骨相似的生物力学(如弹性、对轴向浮肿或剪切力的耐受性)和/或生物化学特性。第一和/或第二组加可以是可生物再吸收的,而且,第一或第二组件可被改造为能接受注射。在某些实施方案中,第一组件具有与相邻的或周围的软骨相似的曲率和厚度。厚度和曲率可跨过植入材料而变化。
在另一个实施方案中,提供了部分关节假体,它包含(a)金属或金属合金;(b)位于关节表面负重区的外表面,其中被设计成达到与相邻的软骨近乎解剖学吻合。
在此叙述的任何修补系统或假体(如外表面)可以包含聚合材料,例如附接在所述的金属或金属合金上。而且,在此叙述的任何系统或假体可被改造成可接受注射,例如,通过在所述软骨替换材料的外表面上的开口(如在骨骼表面的许多开口中终止的在外表面中的开口)接受注射。可通过这些开口注射骨胶质、治疗剂、和/或其它生物活性物质。在某些实施方案中,骨胶质在压力下注射,以便使骨胶质渗入部分骨髓腔中。
本发明的这些和其它实施方案本领域熟练人员可借助在此的披露而容易实施。
附图简述
图1是流程图,说明本发明的各种方法,包括测量患病软骨或软骨缺失面积的大小,测量相邻软骨的厚度,测量关节表面和/或软骨下骨骼的表面的曲率。以这些信息为基础,可以从植入物库中选出最合适的植入物,或者制造专为患者量身定制的植入物。然后准备植入部位,完成植入。
图2是远侧股骨的关节软骨的三维厚度图的彩色复制图。三维厚度图可例如从超声、CT或MRI数据来制作。软骨物质中的黑孔表示全厚度软骨缺失的面积。
图3表示光的同心排列圆的Placido碟(Placido disc)的一个例子。
图4表示在固定曲率的表面上投影的Placido碟的一个例子。
图5表示不规则弯曲表面的2D色码地形图的一个例子。
图6表示不规则弯曲表面的3D色码地形图的一个例子。
图7表示在各个股髁上由光的同心圆的投影(Placido碟)产生的反射,表明表面轮廓的变化对反射的圆的影响。
图8A-H是膝表面再造的各个阶段的示意图。图8A表示股髁800的前、中、后部的正常厚度的一个例子和股髁后面的软骨缺失805。图8B表示一种成像技术,或机械的、光学的、激光的或超声的装置,测量厚度或检测厚度的突然改变,显示软骨缺失810的边缘。图8C表示映射在关节软骨上的负重表面815。软骨缺失805位于承重表面815内。图8D表示要植入的部位(点线)820和软骨缺失805。植入部位820稍大于患病的软骨805的面积。图8E表明单组分关节表面修补系统825的安放。关节表面修补系统826的外表面具有与周围的软骨800相似的曲率,使得周围的正常软骨800和关节修补系统825之间产生良好的手术后排列。图8F表示多组件关节表面修补系统的例子830。深组件832的远端表面具有与相邻的软骨下骨骼835相似的曲率。浅组件837的外表面具有与周围正常软骨800相似的厚度和曲率。图8G表示单组件关节表面修补系统的一个例子840,带有周边845,与周围的或相邻的正常软骨800基本上不垂直。图8H表示多组件关节修补系统的一个例子850,带有周边边缘845,与周围的或相邻的正常软骨800基本上不垂直。
图9A-E是示意图,表示示例的膝成像和表面再造。图9A是示意图,表明患病软骨905的面积的放大图,说明患病软骨的厚度,与周围正常的软骨900比较。确定了缺失的边缘910。图9B是示意图,表示与缺失905相邻的软骨厚度915的测量。图9C是示意图,表示用于关节表面再造的多组分迷你假体915的安放。浅组件923的厚度920与相邻的正常软骨900非常接近,并在假体的不同区域变化。深组件925的远端部分的曲率与相邻的软骨下骨骼930相似。图9D是示意图,表示使用固定杆945的单组件迷你假体940的安放。图9E显示使用固定杆945的单组件迷你假体940的安放以及用于注射骨胶质955的开口950。骨胶质955能从迷你假体960的下表面的几个开口自由地外渗进入相邻的骨骼和骨髓腔,因此将迷你假体锚定。
图10A-C是示意图,表示其它示例性的膝表面再造的装置和方法。图10A是示意图,表示在股髁1000的前、中、后部分的正常厚度软骨以及在该股髁的后部分的患病软骨1005的大的区域。图10B表示单组分关节表面修补系统1010的安放。植入部位用单切制备。该关节表面修补系统与相邻的正常软骨1000不垂直。图10C表示多组件关节表面修补系统1020。植入部位用单切制备。深组件1030具有与相邻的软骨下骨骼1035相似的曲率。浅组件1040具有与相邻的软骨1000相似的曲率。
图11A和B表示示例性的单和多组分装置。图11A表示示例性的单组件关节表面修补系统1100,带有变化的曲率和半径。在该情况下,选用具有凹凸部分的关节表面修补系统。这样的装置更使用与侧股髁或小的关节如肘关节。图11B表示多组件关节表面修补系统,带有深组件1110,它反映软骨下骨骼的形状,以及浅组件1105,它与四周的正常软骨1115的形状和曲率密切吻合。深组件1110和浅组件1105显示出变化的曲率和半径,带有凹凸部分。
发明详述
本发明提供用于软骨替换或再生材料的整合的方法。
在详细叙述本发明之前,需要理解的是,本发明并不局限与具体的配方和加工参数,因为它们是可以变化的。还要理解的是,在此使用的术语只用于叙述本发明的具体实施方案的目的,并不打算受此局限。
本发明的实践除非另有说明,使用本领域内的常规的X-线成像和处理方法、X-线体层合成法、超声(包括A-扫描、B-扫描和C-扫描)、计算机体层照相术(CT扫描)、磁共振成像(MRI)、光学连贯体层照相术、单光子发射体层照相术(SPECT)和正电子发射体层照相术(PET)。这些技术在文献中有详细的解释。参见,如:X-Raystructure determination:a practical guide,第2版,Stout和Jensen编,1989,John Wiley & sons出版社;Body CT:a practical approach,Slone编,1999,McGraw-Hill出版社;X-ray diagnosis:a physician’s approach,Lam编,1998Springer-Verlag,出版社;和Dental radiology:understanding the X-ray image,Laetitia Brocklebank编,1997,Oxford University Press出版社。
在此引用的全部出版物、专利和专利申请,无论此前的还是此后的,后全部引为参考。
必须注意,在此说明书和所附的权利要求书中,单数形式包括其复数的参照物,除非其内容另行清楚地指出。因此,例如,“植入部位”包括一个或多个这样的部位。
定义
除非另行定义,在此使用的全部技术和科学术语都具有与本发明所属的现有领域的技术人员一般所理解的相同的意义。虽然可以使用与在此叙述的方法和材料相似的或等价的方法和材料来实践或试验本发明,但优选在此叙述的方法和材料。
术语“关节炎”指一群征候,其特征是进行性的关节退化。因此,该术语包含一群不同的疾病,包括但不限于骨关节炎(OA)、类风湿性关节炎、血清阴性脊椎关节病和创伤后的关节变形。
术语“关节的”指任何关节。因此,“关节软骨”指在诸如膝、髁、髋等等关节处的软骨。术语“关节表面”指被软骨覆盖的结合骨的表面。例如,在膝关节中有几种不同的关节表面,如在髌骨、内股髁、侧股髁、内胫骨坪、侧胫骨坪中的。
术语“负重表面”指在正常的日常生活活动中两个相对的关节表面之间的接触面。
在此使用的术语“软骨”或“软骨组织”如在本领域一般理解的,指特殊类型的致密的结缔组织,它包含包埋在细胞外基质(ECM)中的细胞(参见,如,Cormack,1987,Ham’s Histology,第9版,J.B.Lippincott Co.,266-272页)。软骨的生物化学组成随着类型而不同。在本领域中了解到有数种类型的软骨,包括,例如,透明软骨(如在关节中看到的软骨)、纤维软骨(如在半月板、肋骨区看到的软骨)和弹性软骨。透明软骨,例如,包含被致密的ECM包围的软骨细胞,该ECM由胶原蛋白、蛋白聚糖和水组成。纤维软骨可在透明软骨的区域形成,例如,在受伤,特别是在某些类型的外科手术之后。任何类型的软骨的产生都落在本发明的范围之内。
而且,虽然所叙述的主要是和用于人的方法有关,但本发明也可用于有此需要的任何哺乳动物的修补软骨组织的实践,包括马、狗、猫、羊、猪等。对这些动物的治疗也落入本发明的范围内。
术语“关节修补系统”和“关节表面修补系统”包括任何用于修复、替换或再造一部分关节或整个关节的系统(包括,例如,组合物、装置和技术)。该术语包含修复关节软骨、关节骨骼或骨骼和软骨的系统。关节表面修补系统还可包括半月板修补系统(如,半月板修补系统可由生物的或非生物的材料构成),例如具有与健康的半月板相似的生物力学和/或生物化学特性的半月板修补系统。参见,例如,美国专利出版物US2002/00228841A1。半月板修补系统可通过外科手术或关节镜连接到关节囊上或一支或多支韧带上。修补系统的非限制性例子包括自体软骨细胞移植、骨软骨同种移植、骨软骨自体移植、胫骨皮质切除术、股骨和/或胫骨骨切除术。修补系统还包括用体外生长的软骨或骨骼组织、干细胞、用干细胞生长的软骨材料、胎儿细胞或未成熟的或成熟的软骨细胞、人造的非人类的材料、能促进患病的软骨组织修复的药剂、能促进细胞生长的药剂、能保护患病的软骨组织的药剂和能保护相邻的正常的软骨组织的药剂。关节修补系统还包括用软骨组织移植物、软骨组织接枝物、软骨组织植入物、软骨组织支架、或任何其它软骨组织替换或再造材料的治疗。关节修补系统还包括能促进关节修补所需的手术过程的外科手术工具,例如,用于制备用来接受例如软骨组织替换和/或再造材料的患病的软骨组织和/或软骨下骨骼的区域的工具。术语“不易弯曲的”指不能被显著弯曲但能保留弹性的材料。
术语“替换材料”或“再造材料”包括用于此处叙述的方法中的范围很大的天然的和/或合成的材料,例如,体外生长的软骨或骨骼组织、干细胞、用干细胞生长的软骨材料、胎儿细胞或未成熟的或成熟的软骨细胞、人造的非人类的材料、能促进患病的软骨组织修复的药剂、能促进细胞生长的药剂、能保护患病的软骨组织的药剂和能保护相邻的正常的软骨组织的药剂。关节修补系统还包括用软骨组织移植物、软骨组织接枝物、软骨组织植入物、软骨组织支架、或任何其它软骨组织替换或再造材料。该术语包括从各种来源(如细胞)分离得到的生物材料以及改性的(如遗传学改性的)材料和/或分离的和改性的材料的组合。
术语“成像试验”包括但不限于基于X-线的技术(诸如常规的片基X-线片、数字X-线成像、单或双X-线吸收计、放射照相吸收计);数字X-线分层合成、X-线成像(包括使用X-线造影剂(例如关节内注射后)的数字X-线分层合成)、超声(包括宽带超声衰减测量和音速测量、A-扫描、B-扫描和C-扫描)、计算机体层照相、核闪烁照相、SPECT、正电子发射体层照相、光学连贯体层照相和MRI。这些成像试验的一种或多种可用于在此叙述的方法,例如,为了得到一种或数种组织的形态学信息,这些组织诸如骨骼(包括骨骼矿物密度、软骨下骨骼的曲率)、软骨(包括软骨的生物化学成分、软骨厚度、软骨体积、软骨曲率、患病软骨面积的大小、软骨疾病或软骨缺失的严重程度)、骨髓(包括骨髓成分)、滑液(包括滑液发炎)、瘦的和肥的组织、软硬组织的厚度、尺寸和体积。成像试验可使用显影剂(诸如在MRI的情况下的Gd-DTPA)来完成。
术语“A-扫描“指一种超声技术,在此超声源将超声波传导入受试者(如患者的身体)中,回声(信号)的振幅作为时间的函数记录。只有沿着传导方向上的结构被询问。回声从受试者或组织内的界面返回,传感器晶体产生与回声强度成正比的电压。在现代的超声仪器中信号采集和A-扫描数据的加工有六个主要的步骤:
(1)检测通过压电晶体的机械变形发生的并被转换为具有一个小电压的电信号的回声(信号)。
(2)一般需要将从晶体中来的电子信号预放大为更为有用的电压范围以便确保合适的信号加工。
(3)时间获得补偿补偿由传导距离产生的超声信号随时间的衰减。时间获得补偿可由使用者调节,并可加以改变以满足特殊应用的需要。通常,理想的时间获得补偿曲线可校正反射边界的深度。时间获得补偿在超声脉冲已经发射后通过增加信号作为时间的函数的振幅因子来工作。因此,具有相等的反射超声波能力的反射边界将具有相等的超声信号,无论该边界的深度如何。
(4)时间补偿信号的压缩可用对数放大以降低回声振幅的大的动力学范围(最小的到最大的信号的范围)来实现。把小信号变大,把大信号变小。这个步骤为在监视器的有限尺度范围内的显示提供一个方便的尺度。
(5)高频电子信号的矫正、检波和包迹检测使得回声振幅的取样和数字化不发生由波形的正弦性质诱发的变化。
(6)斥拒水平调节设定了被允许进入数据存储器、加工或显示系统的信号幅度的阈值。较低的信号幅度的斥拒降低了来自散射超声信号的噪声水平。
术语“B-扫描”指一种超声技术,在此被检测的返回回声的振幅被记录为传递时间、探头中检测器的相对位置记忆信号幅度的函数。这通常由二维影象中的可视元素(如像素)来表示。沿y-轴的像素的位置代表深度,即回声返回到传感器的时间的一半(传导距离的一半)。沿x-轴的位置代表回声相对于传感器长轴的位置,即像素在超下方向或中侧方向或二者的组合的位置。多重相邻扫描线的显示产生了复合的二维影象,描绘了内部器官的总轮廓。
术语“C-扫描”指一种超声技术,在此将另外的控制电子器件结合到B-扫描中,通过在恒定深度进行扫描消除来自下部或上部结构的干扰。一个界面反射部分超声束能量。沿着扫描线的所有界面都可对测量作出贡献。C-模式的控制电子器件斥拒除了在特定的时间间隔接收的回声以外的所有返回的回声。因此,只记录了从特定的深度范围得到的扫描数据。在允许时间以外诱导的信号不被放大,因此,不被加工和显示。在此也叙述将类似C-模式的方法用于A-扫描技术和为了降低探头/皮肤界面反射的装置。术语“修补”广义地用来指对受损关节(如软骨或骨骼)的一种或多种修补,或指关节的一个或多个部件或区域的替换。因此,该术语既包含修补(如软骨的一个或多个部分和/或软骨或骨骼的一层或多层)和替换(如整个软骨的替换)。
综观
本发明提供用于修补关节的方法和组合物,特别是用于修补关节软骨和用于促进多种软骨修补材料整合入受试者身体的方法和组合物。此外,在此叙述的技术能够是软骨修补材料按照具体的受试者按规格定制,例如大小、软骨厚度和/或曲率。当关节软骨表面的形状(如大小、厚度和/或曲率)与未受伤的软骨或与受试者原有的软骨正好和/或接近解剖学吻合时,修补的成功率就提高了。修补材料可在植入前成形,这种成形可以基于例如电子成像,它提供关于围绕着损伤部位的“正常”软骨的曲率或厚度和/或关于损伤部位下面骨骼的曲率的信息。因此,本发明提供用于部分关节替换的最小侵害性的方法。该方法只需要最小的骨骼材料损失,或某些情况下没有损失。而且,与现有技术不同,在此叙述的方法通过在植入物和周围的或相邻的软骨和/或软骨下骨骼之间达到准确的或近乎解剖学的吻合,能帮助恢复关节表面的整体性。
本发明的优点包括但不限于(i)关节修补的按规格定制,因而提高效率和在修补过程之后患者的舒适水平;(ii)一些实施例中,外科医生在外科手术时不需要测量损伤部位;(iii)免除了在植入过程中为了使材料成形进行手术的必要;(iv)基于骨骼或组织的成像或基于外科手术的探测技术提供评价修补材料的曲率的方法;(v)提供只最小(或在某些情况下无)骨骼材料损失的方法;(vi)改善手术后关节的适合性。
因此,在此叙述的方法使得关节修补材料的设计和使用与缺损部位(如植入物)更加吻合,因此,提供了改进的关节修补。
1.0.缺损的评估
在此叙述的方法和组合物可用于治疗由软骨的疾病(如骨关节炎)、骨骼损伤、软骨损伤、外伤、和/或由于过度使用或老龄化导致的退化引起的缺损。本发明使得保健医师能够评估和治疗这样的缺损。受关注部位的大小、体积和形状可以只包括具有缺损的软骨的区域,但较好也包括软骨缺损部位周围的软骨邻近部分。
大小、曲率和/或厚度的测量可用任何合适的技术,例如以一个方向、两个方向、和/或以三维得到,例如用合适的机械手段、激光装置、模型、涂敷在关节表面并硬化并“记忆表面轮廓”的材料和/或一种或多种成像技术。可通过非侵入性的和/或外科手术的方法得到测量结果(如用探头或其它外科装置)。
1.1.成像技术
适合于测量厚度和/或曲率(如软骨和/或骨骼的)或患病的软骨或软骨缺失区域的大小的成像技术包括使用X-线、磁共振成像(MRI)、计算机体层照相扫描(CT,也称为计算机轴向体层照相或CAT)、光学连贯体层照相、SPECT、PET、超声成像技术和光学成像技术。(参见国际专利出版物WO02/22014,美国专利6,373,250和Vandelberg等(2002)Radiology 222:430-436)。
在一些实施方案中,CT或MRI被用来评估组织、骨骼、软骨和其中的缺损,例如软骨损伤或患病软骨的面积,以便得到关于软骨下骨骼或软骨退化的信息,提供损伤区域的形态学或生物化学或生物力学的信息。特别是,使用这些方法能够检测诸如开裂的改变、部分或全厚度软骨缺失以及在残存的软骨内的信号改变。对于基础的NMR原理和技术的讨论,参见MRI Basic Principles and applications,第二版,Mark A.Brown和Richard C.Semelka,Wiley-Liss,Inc.(1999)。对于MRI的讨论,包括常规的T1和T2-负重自旋-回声成像梯度回忆回声(GRE)成像、磁化转移对比(MTC)成像、快自旋回声(FSE)成像、对比增强成像、快速采集驰豫增强(RARE)成像、稳态梯度回声采集(GRASS)和驱动平衡傅立叶变换(DEFT)成像,以便得到关于软骨的信息,参见WO02/22014。因此,在优选的实施方案中,测量是如在WO 02/22014中叙述的三维影像。可以得到软骨单独或与关节的运动图像结合的三维内部影象或图。三维内部影像可包括关于关节软骨的生物化学组成的信息。此外,成像技术可时时比较,例如以提供关于所需的修补材料的大小和类型的最新信息。
在此叙述的所有成像装置也可在外科手术时使用(见下文),例如用手提超声和/或光学探头以在外科手术时使关节表面成像。
1.2.外科手术测量
作为非入侵性成像技术的替代方法或补充,患病软骨面积或软骨缺失面积的大小的测量、软骨厚度和/或软骨或骨骼曲率的测量可以在关节镜或关节切除术过程中在外科手术时得到。外科手术测量可以涉及或可以不涉及与关节表面的一个或多个区域的实际接触。
用于得到软骨的外科手术测量和产生表面地形图的装置包括但不限于Placido碟和激光干涉仪,和/或变形材料(参见,例如美国专利6,382,028;6,057,927;5,523,843;5,847,807和5,684,562)。例如,可将Placido碟(一种同心排列,投影不同半径的良好限定的光的圆圈,用通过光纤传导的激光或白光产生)连接在内窥镜装置(或任何探头,例如手持探头)的末端,使得光的圆圈投影在软骨表面。可以用一个或多个照相机(如连接在装置上)捕获圆圈的反射。用数学分析来确定表面的曲率。该曲率然后可以在监视器上作为软骨表面的色码地形图显现。此外,地形图的数学模型可用来在所分析的区域确定理想的表面形状来替换软骨缺失。这种计算机化的理想表面然后也可在监视器上显现,并被用来选择替换材料或再造材料的曲率。
类似地,也可将激光干涉仪连接在内窥镜装置的末端上。此外,可以将小传感器连接在该装置上,以便用相迁移干涉计测定软骨表面曲率,产生软骨表面的条纹花样分析相图(波前)的可视化。该曲率然后在监视器上显示为软骨表面的色码地形图。此外,地形图的数学模型可用来在所分析的区域确定理想的表面形状来替换软骨缺失。这种计算机化的理想表面然后也可在监视器上显现,并被用来选择替换材料或再造材料的曲率。
本领域的技术人员容易认识用于软骨表面曲率的光学测量的其它技术。
机械装置(如探头)也可以用于外科手术测量,例如,可变形材料(如凝胶)、模型、任何硬化材料(如保持变形直到被加热、冷却或其它处理的材料)。参见,如,WO 02/34310。例如,可将可变形凝胶涂敷在股髁上。指向髁骨的凝胶侧边将产生该髁骨的表面轮廓的负影。所述的负影可用来测定缺损的大小、缺损的深度和与缺损相邻的关节表面的曲率。这种信息可用于治疗方法,如关节表面修补系统。在另一个实施例中,可将硬化材料涂敷在关节表面上,如股髁或胫骨坪上。所述的硬化材料将保留在关节表面上直到发生硬化。然后将硬化材料从关节表面取下。指向关节表面的硬化材料的侧边将产生关节表面的负影。所述的负影可用来测定缺损的大小、缺损的深度和与缺损相邻的关节表面的曲率。这种信息可用于治疗方法,如关节表面修补系统。
在一些实施方案中,可变形材料包含许多可各自移动的机械元件。当压在受关注的表面上时,每个元件都可被推向相反的方向,被推(变形)的程度相应于受关注的表面的曲率。该装置可包括刹车装置,使得这些元素被保持在可反映软骨和/或骨骼的表面的位置。该装置然后可从患者身上取下,并分析曲率。或者,各个可移动的元素可包括标记物,表明在给定的位点上它们被变形的数量和程度。可用照相机来使该装置在外科手术时成像,且影像可被保存并分析曲率信息。合适的标记物包括但不限于显示的直线量度(米制的或英制的)、相应于不同变形量的不同颜色和/或相同颜色的不同明暗度或色调。
其它用来在外科手术时测量软骨和软骨下骨骼的装置包括,例如,超声探头。超声探头,较好是手提的,可用于测量软骨、软骨和/或软骨下骨骼的曲率。而且,可评估软骨缺失的大小和测定关节软骨的厚度。这样的测量可在A-模式、B-模式或C-模式中得到。如果要得到A-模式的测量,操作者通常要用不同的探头取向反复测量,如中侧和前后,以便产生大小、曲率和厚度的三维评估。
本领域技术人员容易认识到,在使用所述的光学、激光干涉仪,机械和超声探头时不同的探头设计是可能的。探头较好是手提的。在一些实施方案中,探头或至少是探头的一部分,通常是与组织接触的部分,是灭菌的。灭菌可使用灭菌罩实现,例如类似于WO 9908598A1所叙述的那些。
使用成像试验和/或外科手术测量对关节软骨或软骨下骨骼的曲率的分析可被用来测定患病软骨或软骨缺失面积的大小。例如,在软骨缺失区中曲率可突然改变。曲率的这种突然改变可被用来检测患病软骨或软骨缺损的边界。
1.3.模型
利用有关软骨的厚度和曲率的信息,就可制造关节软骨和其下的骨骼的表面的物理模型。这种物理模型能代表关节内的有限面积或它能包含整个关节。例如,在膝关节中,物理模型只能包含中间的或侧面的股髁、股髁和切迹区、中胫骨坪、侧胫骨坪、全胫骨坪、中髌骨、侧髌骨、全髌骨或整个关节。例如使用3D坐标系统或在WO 02/22014中叙述的3D Euclidian距离可以测定软骨患病区的位置。
用这种方法,可以测定要修补的缺损的大小。如将要明白的,一些,但不是全部,缺损包括比整个软骨小的区域。因此,本发明的一个实施方案中,测量一处或多处软骨缺失周围的正常的或仅轻度患病的软骨的厚度。该厚度测量可在单点、或者,较好地在多点(例如2点、4-6点、7-10点、10点以上),或沿着整个留下的软骨得到。而且,一旦确定了确实的大小,就可选择合适的治疗(如关节修补系统),以便尽可能地保留健康的周围组织。
在其它实施方案中,可测量关节表面的曲率,用来设计和/或成形修补材料。而且,可以测量留下的软骨的厚度和关节表面的曲率,用来设计和/或成形修补材料。或者,测量软骨下骨骼的曲率,所得的测量结果可用来选择或成形软骨替换材料。
2.0.修补材料
在本发明的实践中可使用多种材料,包括,但不限于,塑料、金属、陶瓷、生物材料(如胶原蛋白或其它细胞外基质材料)、羟磷灰石、细胞(如干细胞、软骨细胞等等),或它们的组合。基于所得到的关于缺失和关节表面和/或软骨下骨骼的信息(如测量结果),可以形成或选择修补材料。而且,使用一种或多种在此叙述的这些技术,具有和具体的软骨缺失的曲率吻合的,会紧贴关节表面的轮廓和形状,并会和周围的软骨的厚度一致的软骨替换或再造材料就能别制造出来。修补材料可包括各种材料的任意组合,较好包括至少一种不易弯曲的(硬的)材料。
2.1.金属和聚合的修补材料
现时,关节修补系统经常使用金属和/或聚合的材料,包括例如锚定在下面的骨骼上的假体(如膝假体中的股骨)。参见,如美国专利6,203,576和6,322,588和其中的参考文献。本发明的实践可使用多种金属,并可根据任何标准来选择,例如,根据赋予所需的刚性度的回弹力。合适的金属的非限制性例子包括银、金、铂、钯、铱、铜、锡、铅、锑、铋、锌、钛、钴、不锈钢、镍、铁合金、钴合金(如Elgiloy,一种钴-铬-镍合金)和MP35N(一种镍-钴-铬-钼合金)和Nitinol(一种镍-钛合金)、铝、锰、铁、钽、其它能缓慢地形成多价金属离子的金属,例如能抑制植入的基材在与患者的体液或组织接触时发生骨化的金属,以及它们的组合。
合适的聚合材料包括但不限于聚酰胺(如尼龙)、聚酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、乙烯聚合物(如聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯、和聚氯乙烯)、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷、醋酸纤维素、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚醚醚酮、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚砜、硝基纤维素、类似的共聚物和它们的混合物。生物可再吸收的合成聚合物也可使用,如葡聚糖、羟乙基淀粉、明胶衍生物、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚[N-(2-羟基丙基)丙烯酰胺]、聚羟基酸、聚ε-己内酯、聚乳酸、聚甘醇酸、聚(二甲基甘醇酸)、聚羟基丁酸酯、和类似的共聚物。
聚合物可通过各种方法的任何一种(包括常规的聚合物加工方法)制备。优选的方法包括例如注射模塑,它适用于制造具有显著的结构特征的聚合物组分,和快速光制版途径,诸如反应注射模塑和铅版-石刻。基材可通过物理磨蚀或化学改变来赋予某种结构或制成多孔的,以促进金属涂料的掺入。
不止一种金属和或聚合物可彼此组合使用。例如,一种或多种含金属的基材可以在一个或多个区域用聚合物涂覆,或,反过来,一种或多种含聚合物的基材可以在一个或多个区域用一种或多种金属涂覆。
装置可以是多孔的或者涂覆成多孔的。多孔的表面组件可以由各种材料制造,包括金属、陶瓷、聚合物。这些表面组件然后可以用各种手段固定到由多个金属形成的结构核心上。合适的多孔涂料包括但不限于金属、陶瓷、聚合物(如生物学中性的弹性体,诸如硅酮橡胶、聚对苯二甲酸亚乙酯和/或它们的组合)或它们的组合。参见,如,Hahn的美国专利3,605,123;Tronzo的美国专利3,808,606和Tronzo的美国专利3,843,975;Smith的美国专利3,314,420;Scharbach的美国专利3,987,499;和德国专利2,306,552。可以有一层以上的涂层,这些层可以有不同的孔隙度。参见,如美国专利3,938,198。
可以通过用粉末状的聚合物包围核心,然后加热,直到硬化形成具有互通的孔隙的内部网络的涂层。孔的弯曲度(如,孔隙中路径的长度对直径的量度)在这样的涂层在假体装置的使用中是很重要的。也参见Morris的美国专利4,213,816。多孔涂料可以粉末的形式施用,然后让整个制品经受高温,使粉末结合在基材上。可以按照这里引用的参考文献的教导,例如以每个材料的熔体指数为基础,来决定对合适的聚合物和/或粉末涂料的选择。
2.2.生物修补材料
修补材料也可以包括一种或多种生物材料,单独使用或与非生物材料组合使用。例如,可以设计或成形任何基底材料,再将合适的软骨替换或再生材料(如胎儿软骨细胞)施用在该基底上。然后细胞可以与基底一起生长,直到围绕着软骨缺损的软骨达到厚度(和/或曲率)。在各种基材上在培养液中(体外或体内)生长细胞(如软骨细胞)的条件在以下文献中有叙述:例如,美国专利5,478,739;5,842,477;6,283,980和6,365,405。合适的基材的非限制性例子包括塑料、组织支架、骨骼替换材料(如羟磷灰石、生物可再吸收的材料),或者任何适合于软骨替换或再生材料在其上生长其它材料。
生物聚合物可以是天然产生的或在体外通过发酵等生产的。合适的生物聚合物包括但不限于胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白、丝、角蛋白、明胶、聚氨基酸、猫肠缝线、聚糖(如纤维素和淀粉)以及它们的混合物。生物聚合物是生物可再吸收的。
用于在此叙述的方法中的生物材料可以是自体移植物(从相同的受试者)、同种移植物(从同一物种的另一个体)和/或异种移植物(从另一个物种)。参见,如国际专利出版物WO 02/22014和WO 97/27885。在某些实施方案中优选自体的材料,因为它们给受主带来的免役学并发症的风险较小,包括材料的再吸收、发炎和/或植入部位周围组织的结巴。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,用探头从供体部位采集组织并制备接受体的部位。供体部位可以是位于异体移植物、同种移植物或自体移植物上。用探头达到供体组织样品和接受体部位之间良好的解剖学吻合。探头可例如是圆桶状的。探头的远端通常是锋利的,以便促进组织透过。此外,探头的远端通常是中空的,以便接受组织。探头在离远端的一定距离上可以有一个边缘,如在离远端1厘米处,该边缘可被用来达到组织透入的确定深度,以便采集组织。该边缘可以是在探头的外面或在中空部分的里面。例如,在关节(诸如膝关节)的情况下,整形外科医生可以拿起探头并用身体压力将它压进软骨、软骨下骨骼、和下面的骨髓。该外科医生能够推进探头直到外边缘或内边缘达到软骨表面。这时,该边缘将阻止进一步的组织透入,因而达到恒定的并可再现的组织透入。探头的远端可包括刀片或锯状结构或组织切割装置。例如,探头的远端可包括由数个小刀片构成的膜片样(iris-like)的装置。这些刀片的至少一个或多个可以用手动、马达驱动或电力装置移动,因而切过组织并将该组织与下面的组织分离。通常,这将在供体和接受体中反复进行。如使用膜片形刀片装置,各个刀片都可移动,从而关闭膜片,因而从供体部位分离组织样品。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,可将激光装置或射频装置结合在探头的远端。该激光装置或射频装置可被用来切过组织并将该组织与下面的组织分离。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,同样的探头可用于供体和接受体。在另一个实施方案中,使用了形状相似但不同物理尺寸的探头。例如,用在接受者的探头可比用在供者的探头稍微小一些,因此可在组织样品或组织移植物和接受体之间达到紧密的吻合。用在接受体的探头可比用在供体的探头稍微短一些,因此可以校正从在供体材料的下面的组织分离或切割组织样品的过程中组织的丢失。
所有的生物修补材料都可被灭菌以使生物污染物(如细菌、病毒、酵母菌、霉菌、支原体、寄生虫)灭活。可用任何合适的技术进行灭菌,例如辐照(如γ射线)。
在此叙述的任何生物材料可用机械手装置采集。机械手装置使用从电子成像得到的信息进行组织采集。
在某些实施方案中,软骨替换材料具有特殊的生物化学组成。例如,缺损周围的软骨的生物化学组成可通过取得样品组织进行化学分析或通过成像技术来测定。例如,WO02/22014叙述了使用钆来使关节软骨成像,以检测软骨内的葡糖氨基聚糖的含量。然后可以以一种方式制造或培养软骨替换或再生材料,以便达到与植入部位周围的软骨的生物化学组成相似的生物化学组成。用来达到所许生物化学组成的培养条件包括,例如,改变浓度。所述软骨替换或再生材料的生物化学组成例如可通过控制某些营养物和生长因子的浓度和接触时间来影响。
2.3.多组分修补材料
关节表面修补系统可包括一种或多种组分。单组分系统的非限制性例子包括塑料、金属、金属合金、或生物材料。在某些实施方案中,面对着下面的骨骼的修补系统的表面是光滑的。在另一些实施方案中,面对着下面的骨骼的修补系统的表面是多孔的或涂覆成多孔的。
多组件系统的非限制性例子包括金属、塑料、金属合金和一种或多种生物材料的组合。关节表面修补系统的一种或多种组件可用生物材料[如单独带有细胞(如软骨细胞或干细胞)的或在基底(如可生物再吸收材料或组织支架)内接种细胞的组织支架、同种移植物、自体移植物或它们的组合]和/或非生物材料(如聚乙烯或铬合金如铬钴)构成。
因此,修补系统可包括单种材料或多种材料的组合,例如,关节表面修补系统可具有浅的和深的组件。浅组分通常设计为具有大小、厚度和与缺失的软骨组织相似的曲率,而深组件则通常设计为具有与软骨下骨骼相似的曲率。此外,浅组件可具有关节软骨相似的生物力学性质,包括但不限于相似的弹性和对轴向负荷或剪切力的耐受性。浅组件和深组件可由两种不同的金属或金属合金构成。系统的一种或多种组件(如深的部分)可由生物材料(包括但不限于骨骼)或非生物材料(包括但不限于羟磷灰石、钽、铬合金、铬钴或其它金属合金)。
关节表面修补系统的一个或多个区域(如浅部分和/或深部分的外缘)可以是可生物再吸收的,例如,使得关节表面修补系统和患者的正常软骨之间的界面可随着时间的增长被透明软骨或纤维软骨填充。类似地,一个或多个区域(如关节表面修补系统的浅部分的外缘和/或深部分)可以是多孔的。孔隙的程度可在整个多孔区内变化,直线地或非直线地,因为孔隙的程度一般朝着关节表面修补系统的中心减少。这些孔可被设计的适于软骨细胞、软骨基质和结缔组织在里面生长,因而在关节表面修补系统和周围的软骨之间得到光滑的界面。
修补系统(如在多组件系统中的深组件)可使用胶类材料(如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、可注射的羟-或钙-磷灰石材料等)连接在患者的骨骼上。
在一些实施方案中,关节表面修补系统的一个或多个件可被改造成能接受注射。例如,关节表面修补系统的外表面可具有一个或多个开口。这些开口可被设计成可接受螺丝、管子、针头或其它装置,这些装置可被插入并推进到需要的深度,例如经过关节表面修补系统进入骨髓腔。然后可注射材料(如甲基丙烯酸甲酯和可注射的羟-或钙-磷灰石材料)可通过开口(或插入开口的管子)导入骨髓腔,因而将关节表面修补系统与骨髓腔结合。类似地,螺丝或针可被插入开口中并推进到下面的软骨下骨骼和骨髓或骨骺,以达到关节表面修补系统固定到骨骼上。针或螺丝的一部分或全部可以是可生物再吸收的,例如,突入骨髓腔的螺丝的远端部分是可生物再吸收的。在手术后的最初期间,螺丝可基本固定关节表面修补系统。骨骼沿着关节表面修补系统的下表面生长入多孔的涂覆区,就成为关节表面修补系统在骨骼上位置的主要稳定因素。
关节表面修补系统可用针或螺丝或其他连接装置锚定在患者的骨骼上。连接装置可以是可生物再吸收的。螺丝或针或连接装置可被插入并从骨骼的非软骨覆盖的部分或从关节非负重表面朝软骨表面修补系统推进。
关节表面修补系统和周围的正常软骨之间的界面可以有一个角度,例如相对于下面的软骨下骨骼以90度取向。合适的角度可用本发明的教导测定,在某些情况下,非90度角可能是有利的,因为可沿着关节表面修补系统和周围的正常软骨之间的界面分散负荷。
关节表面修补系统和周围正常软骨之间的界面可用药剂或生物活性剂,例如一种能促进修补系统与正常软骨整合的材料覆盖。界面的表面区域可以是不规则的,例如,可以增加表面与药剂或生物活性剂的接触。
2.4.按客户要求定制的容器
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,可按照选择的规格形成容器或井,例如,以便与特殊受试者所需的材料相适配或制造具有不同大小的修补材料的储罐。容器的大小和形状可用从关节和从软骨缺损所得到的信息来设计。更具体地,容器的内部可按照任何选择的测量,例如从特定患者的软骨缺损得到的测量,来成形。容器可装满软骨替换或再生材料,例如,含胶原蛋白的材料、塑料、生物可再吸收材料和/或任何合适的组织支架。软骨替换或再生材料也可以含有干细胞或胎儿细胞或成熟的或不成熟的软骨细胞的悬浮液,它们可随后在容器中发育成更成熟的软骨。而且,发育和/或分化可用某些组织营养物和生长因子来促进。
可以让材料在容器中硬化和/或生长,直到材料具有所需的品质,例如厚度、弹性、硬度、生物化学组成,等等。可以用任何合适的技术制造模型,例如计算机和自动化装置,如计算机辅助的设计(CAD)和例如计算机辅助的建模(CAM)。因为所得到的材料通常跟随容器内部的轮廓,所以它能更好地与缺损吻合并促进整合。
2.5.成形
在某些例子中修补材料在形成之前或之后需要成形(如生长成所需的厚度),例如当所需的软骨材料的厚度是不均匀的时(如当软骨替换或再生材料的不同部分需要不同的厚度时)。
替换材料可通过任何合适的技术成形,包括但不限于机械磨蚀、激光磨蚀或切割、射频处理、冷冻切割、改变营养物、酶或生长因子的接触时间和浓度和其它适合于影响或改变软骨厚度的手段。参见如WO 00/15153。如果使用酶促消化,软骨替换或再生材料的某些部分可与较高剂量的酶接触或接触较长时间,这是在所述材料的不同部分中软骨替换或再生材料达到不同厚度和曲率的手段。
材料可以手工和/或自动化成形,例如使用一种其中已经输入预选的厚度和/或曲率的装置,编程该装置以便达到所需的形状。
除了(或替代)成形软骨修补材料,植入部位(如骨骼表面、任何存留的软骨材料)也可以用合适的技术成形,以便达到促进修补材料整合的目的。
2.6.预存的修补系统
如在此叙述的,具有各种大小、曲率和厚度的修补系统均可得到。这些修补系统可制成商品目录并储存起来形成系统库,然后可从中选择合适的系统。换句话说,在特定受试者中测定缺损,从库中选择形状和大小最接近的预存修补系统用于进一步加工(如成形),然后植入。
2.7.迷你假体
如上所述,在此叙述的方法和组合物只可用来替换关节表面的一部分,例如,关节表面上的患病软骨区域或缺失的软骨。在这些系统中,关节表面修补系统可被设计为只替代患病的或缺失的软骨的区域或者它可以延伸到患病的或缺失的软骨以外,如进入正常的相邻软骨3或5毫米。在某些实施方案中,假体替代小于约70%到80%(或之间的任何数值)的关节表面(如任何给定的关节表面,如单股髁,等等),较好的是,小于约50%到70%(或之间的任何数值),更好的是小于约30%到50%(或之间的任何数值),还要好的是小于20%到30%(或之间的任何数值),最好是小于约20%的关节表面。
如上所述,假体可包括多种组件,例如一个植入骨骼的组件(如一种金属的装置)连接到一个成形为覆盖在该骨骼下面的软骨的缺损的组件上。也可以包括附加的组件,例如中间的平板、半月板修补系统等等。设想的是,每个组件都不能替代全部相应的关节表面。然而,每个组件无须替代关节表面的相同部分。换句话说,假体可具有一个骨骼植入组件,它替换小于30%的骨骼,以及一个软骨组件,它替代60%的软骨。假体可包括任何组合,只要每个组件替代小于整个关节表面。
可以形成或选择关节表面修补系统,使得它能达到与周围或相邻软骨接近解剖学的吻合或契合。通常,这样形成或选择关节表面修补系统,似的它的位于外表面的外边缘与周围的或相邻的软骨对齐。
因此,可将设计关节表面修补系统设计成只替代关节表面(例如在股髁中)的负重部分。负重表面指在正常的日常生活活动期间在两个相对的关节表面之间的接触面积。用这种方式至少一个或多个负重部分可以被替代,如在股髁上和在胫骨上。
在其它实施方案中,在负重区中可鉴定出患病软骨或软骨缺失的区域,只有一部分所述负重区,特别是含有所述患病软骨或软骨缺失区的部分可用关节表面修补系统替代。
在某些方面,要修补的缺损只位于一个关节表面上,通常在最为患病的表面上。例如,一个患者在中股髁有严重的软骨缺失但在胫骨的疾病较不严重,则关节表面修补系统只能施用于中股髁上。较好地,在任何在此叙述的方法中,这样设计关节表面修补系统,以便达到与相邻的正常软骨精确的或近乎解剖学的吻合。
在其它实施方案中,可以修补一个以上关节表面。
在负重表面内,修补面积通常限于患病软骨或软骨缺失的面积或稍微大于患病软骨或软骨缺失的面积。
植入物和/或植入部位可以雕刻,以达到植入物和/或植入部位之间的近乎解剖学的排列。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,电子成像被用来测量关节软骨或软骨下骨骼的厚度、曲率、或形状,和/或缺失的大小,然后用这些信息来选择关节表面修补系统。关节表面修补系统可以借助关节镜插入。关节表面修补系统可以有单一的半径。然而更为通常的是,关节表面修补系统1100在同一个平面(如前后的或中外侧的或上下的或斜的)中,或在多个平面中可以有不同的曲率和半径。以这种方式,关节表面修补系统可以被成形,以达到植入物和/或植入部位之间的近乎解剖学的排列。这种设计不仅能容纳不同的凹凸程度,而且可在一个主要是凹的形状中容纳凸的位置,反之亦然1100。
如果选择了多组件修补材料,例如具有浅组件1105(由聚合物材料构成)和深组件1110(由金属合金构成),则浅组件可这样设计,使得其厚度和曲率密切契合周围软骨1115的厚度和曲率。因此,在关节修补系统的不同部分,浅组件可以有一个以上的厚度。而且,浅组件在同一个平面(如前后的或中外侧的或上下的或斜的)中,或在多个平面中可以有不同的曲率和半径。类似地,深组件可以有一个以上的厚度。而且,浅组件在同一个平面(如前后的或中外侧的或上下的或斜的)中,或在多个平面中可以有不同的曲率和半径。通常,深组件的曲率被设计成符合软骨下骨骼的曲率。
在另一个实施方案中,关节表面修补系统有一个固定杆,例如,如在美国专利6,224,632的背景部分所叙述的。该固定杆可以有不同的形状,包括锥形的、方形的、鳍形的等。与之相配的骨腔通常按相应的杆相似地成形。
在另一个实施方案中,关节表面修补系统可用骨胶质与下面的骨骼或骨髓连接。骨胶质通常由丙烯酸聚合材料制造。通常,骨胶质包含两种组分:干粉组分和液体组分,然后将它们混合再一起。干组分一般包括丙烯酸聚合物,如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)。干组分还可含有聚合引发剂,如过氧化苯甲酰,在骨胶质形成时它引发自由基聚合过程。另一方面,液体组分一般含有液体单体,如甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)。液体组分还可含有加速剂,如胺(如N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺)。还可向液体组分中加入稳定剂(如氢醌)以防止液体单体过早聚合。当液体组分与干组分混合时,干组分开始在液体组分中溶解或膨胀。胺加速剂与引发剂反应形成自由基,它开始将单体单元连接形成聚合物链。在以后的二到四分钟中,聚合过程进行,使混合物的黏度从糖浆样的稠度(底黏度)改变为生面样的稠度(高黏度)。最后,发生进一步的聚合和固化,似的骨胶质硬化并将假体固定在骨骼上。
在本发明的某些方面,骨胶955或另一种液体黏接材料如可注射的钙羟磷灰石可通过假体中的一个或多个开口950注射入骨髓腔中。在假体中的这些开口可从关节表面扩展到假体960的下表面。注射后,开口可用聚合物、硅、金属、金属合金或可生物再吸收的塞子封闭。
在另一个实施方案中,关节表面修补系统(如指向下面的骨骼或骨髓的系统的表面)的一个或多个组件可以是多孔的或涂覆成多孔的。已有多种不同的多孔金属涂料被提议用于通过骨组织的长入来增强金属假体的固定。因此,例如,美国专利3,855,638披露了异种外科假体装置,它可用作骨骼假体,包含一种复合结构,该复合结构由固体金属材料基材和同一种固体金属材料的多孔性涂料构成,该涂料黏接在该基材的表面上并伸展过表面的至少一部分。多孔性涂料由许多小而分散的金属材料颗粒构成,这些金属颗粒在它们的接触点互相连接在一起,在涂料中形成许多空隙连接的孔。这些颗粒(它们可以许多单层分布)的大小和间隔可以是其平均空隙孔径不大于200微米。此外,从基材-涂层界面到涂层表面,孔径分布可以是基本上均匀的。在另一个实施方案中,关节表面修补系统可含有一种或多种聚合材料,它们可用来负载并释放治疗剂(包括药物或其它可用于药物释放的药理处理剂)。聚合材料可例如被放置在多孔涂层的面积内部。聚合材料可用于释放治疗药物,如骨骼或软骨生长刺激剂。本实施方案可与其他实施方案组合,其中关节表面修补系统的一部分是可生物再吸收的。例如,关节表面修补系统的浅层或浅层的一部分是可生物再吸收的。随着浅层被逐渐吸收,关节生长促进剂的局部释放可促进软骨细胞的内生长和基质的形成。
在在此叙述的任何方法和组合物中,关节表面修补系统可预制成具有一定范围的大小、曲率和厚度。或者,表面修补系统可为个别患者量身定制。
3.植入
在一个或几个操作(如成形、生长、发育等等)之后,接着就可以将软骨替换或再生材料植入缺损的面积上。植入可以用仍旧连接在基底材料上的或已从基底材料上取下的软骨替换或再生材料进行。任何合适的方法和装置都可用于植入,例如,在美国专利6,375,658;6,358,253;6,328,765和国际WO01/19245中叙述的装置。
在选定的软骨缺损中,可以用跨关节表面的单切制备植入部位(图10)。在这个情况下,可以使用单组件1010和多组件1020假体。
而且,通过使用一种应用在关节软骨外表面上以便使供体组织和接受体部位契合排列的装置,可以使植入变得容易。该装置的形状可以是圆的、圆圈的、卵形的、椭圆形的、曲线形的或不规则的。通常,选择或调节该形状以契合或封闭患病软骨面积或稍大于患病软骨面积的面积。圆圈的、卵形的、椭圆形的、曲线形的或不规则形状的内部可以是开放的或中空的。因此,圆形的或曲线形的关节表面(如股髁、股骨头或肱骨头可以通过该开口或中空部分突入。装置可包括一个狭缝,通过它可伸进刀片。或者,该装置可包括一种夹刀片的装置或者刀片就装在该装置里。可以使用多种材料,例如塑料的(如一次性的、可再次使用的和/或可灭菌的)装置。此外,可以用半透明的材料,以便达到供体组织和接受体部位之间更好的契合。
该装置可用来取出患病软骨和下面的骨骼的面积或稍大于患病软骨和下面的骨骼的面积。此外,该装置可在“供体”,如尸体标本上使用以获得可供植入的修补材料。装置通常放置在相同的全身解剖面积上,在此在受体中移去组织。然后该装置的形状被用来确定供体部位,在供体组织样品和接受体部位之间提供无缝的或近乎无缝的吻合。这可通过确定装置的位置,使得当施用到软骨上时,供体(如尸体标本)中的关节表面与内表面具有无缝的或近乎无缝的接触来达到。
该装置可根据患病软骨面积的大小并根据软骨或下面的软骨下骨骼的曲率或者二者的组合用模塑或机械成形。然后该装置可被应用于供体(如尸体标本),用刀片或锯子或其它组织切割装置可获得供体组织。然后可将装置应用于接受体的患病软骨面积上,用刀片或锯子或其它组织切割装置取出患病软骨和下面的骨骼,使得取出的含有患病软骨的组织的大小和形状与供体组织的大小和形状密切相象。然后可将供体组织连接在接受体部位上。例如,所述的连接可以通过用螺丝或针(如金属的、非金属的或可生物再吸收的)或其它固定手段(包括但不限于组织黏接剂)来达到。连接可以通过软骨表面或者通过骨髓腔。
植入部位可以用机械手装置来制备。该机械手装置可以使用从电子成像得到的信息来制备接受体部位。
Claims (12)
1.关节表面修补系统,其特征在于,它包含:
包含软骨替换材料的第一组件,其中所述的第一组件具有与相邻的或周围的软骨相似的尺寸;和所述第一组件具有与相邻的或周围的软骨相似的曲率和厚度。
具有凹凸部分的第二组件,其中所述的第二组件具有与软骨下骨骼相似的变化的曲率,其中所述关节表面修补系统包含小于约80%的关节表面,所述第一或所述的第二组件包含不易弯曲的材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一组件的厚度是不均匀的。
3.权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件还包含聚合材料。
4.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一组件包含生物材料。
5.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一组件显示出与关节软骨相似的生物力学特性。
6.如权利要求5所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述生物力学特性是弹性、对轴向负荷或剪切力的耐受性。
7.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件包含两种或多种金属。
8.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件是可生物再吸收的。
9.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件是多孔的或涂覆成多孔的。
10.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件是光滑的。
11.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一或第二组件适合接受注射。
12.如权利要求1所述的修补系统,其特征在于,所述第一组件是用一种材料制备的,所述材料是金属。
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Also Published As
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US8337507B2 (en) | 2012-12-25 |
US20140303629A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
US20100303324A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
US20030055502A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
AU2002310193B8 (en) | 2007-05-17 |
AU2002310193B2 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
US20140005792A1 (en) | 2014-01-02 |
HK1059882A1 (en) | 2004-07-23 |
EP1389980A2 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
US20130110471A1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
US8343218B2 (en) | 2013-01-01 |
US20130103363A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
EP1389980A4 (en) | 2007-04-04 |
DE60239674D1 (de) | 2011-05-19 |
CA2447694A1 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
US8768028B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
ATE504264T1 (de) | 2011-04-15 |
WO2002096268A2 (en) | 2002-12-05 |
WO2002096268A9 (en) | 2003-04-10 |
US20090312805A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
US20100303313A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
JP2005504563A (ja) | 2005-02-17 |
CN1630495A (zh) | 2005-06-22 |
WO2002096268A3 (en) | 2003-07-31 |
US20090306676A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
US9055953B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 |
EP1389980B1 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
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