CN101384230A - 治疗小面关节、钩椎关节、肋椎关节和其他关节的装置和方法 - Google Patents
治疗小面关节、钩椎关节、肋椎关节和其他关节的装置和方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101384230A CN101384230A CNA2006800435346A CN200680043534A CN101384230A CN 101384230 A CN101384230 A CN 101384230A CN A2006800435346 A CNA2006800435346 A CN A2006800435346A CN 200680043534 A CN200680043534 A CN 200680043534A CN 101384230 A CN101384230 A CN 101384230A
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- cartilage
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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Landscapes
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Abstract
本发明描述用于对小面关节、钩椎关节和肋椎关节进行表面重修或置换的方法、装置和器具。所述关节可通过使关节面一侧变平滑、牵引所述关节和插入植入物来制备。可通过产生与第一关节面的高度符合性,同时用具有平滑配合植入物表面的外科手术器具使第二关节面变平滑来使植入物相对于所述第一关节面稳定。
Description
相关申请案的交叉引用
本申请案主张2005年11月21日申请的题为“Devices and Methods for Treating FacetJoints,Uncovertebral Joints,Costovertebral Joints and Other Joints”的美国临时专利申请案60/740323的权益。本申请案是2004年11月24日申请的题为“PATIENT SELECTABLEKNEE JOINT ARTHROPLASTY DEVICES”的美国第10/997,407号的部份接续申请案,2004年11月24日申请的美国第10/997,407号是2004年1月5日申请的美国第10/752,438号的部份接续申请案,2004年1月5日申请的美国第10/752,438号是2003年11月25日申请的题为“PATIENT SELECTABLE JOINT ARTHROPLASTY DEVICES ANDSURGICAL TOOL SFACILITATING INCREASED ACCURACY,SPEED ANDSIMPLICITY IN PERFORMING TOTAL AND PARTIAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY”的美国申请案第10/724,010号的部份接续申请案,2003年11月25日申请的美国申请案第10/724,010号是2002年11月27日申请的题为“METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FORARTICULAR REPAIR”的美国第10/305,652号的部份接续申请案,2002年11月27日申请的美国第10/305,652号是2002年5月28日申请的美国第10/160,667号的部份接续申请案,2002年5月28日申请的美国第10/160,667号又主张2001年5月25日申请的题为“METHODS TO IMPROVE CARTILAGE REPAIR SYSTEMS”美国临时专利申请第60/293,488号的权益,2002年3月12日申请的题为“NOVEL DEVICES FORCARTILAGE REPAIR”的美国临时专利申请第第60/363,527号以及2002年5月14日申请的题为“METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR CARTILAGE REPAIR”的美国临时专利申请第第60/380,695号和题为“METHODS FOR JOINT REPAIR”的美国临时专利申请第第60/380,692号的权益,所有这些申请案的全文均以引用的方式并入本文中。美国第10/997,407号还是2003年10月7日申请的题为“MINIMALLY INVASIVE JOINTIMPLANT WITH 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY MATCHING THE ARTICULARSURFACES”的美国申请案第10/681,750号的部份接续申请案且主张2003年5月2日申请的题为“JOINT IMPLANTS”的美国临时专利申请案60/467,686的权益。以上提及的申请案的全文各自以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及整形外科方法、系统和装置,且更特定来说涉及治疗小面关节、钩椎关节、肋椎关节和其他关节的方法、系统和装置。
背景技术
存在各种类型的软骨,例如透明软骨和纤维软骨。透明软骨存在于骨骼关节面处(例如,在关节中)且负责提供可活动关节的平稳滑动特征。关节软骨紧固附着于下层骨骼上且在人类关节中的测量厚度通常小于5mm,其取决于关节和关节内的部位而具有相当大的差异。
成人软骨具有有限的修复能力;因此,由诸如风湿病和/或骨关节炎的疾病或创伤产生的软骨损坏可引起严重的身体畸形和衰弱。此外,随着人类关节软骨老化,其拉伸性质改变。膝关节软骨的浅表区展现拉伸强度增加直到三十岁,此后其随年龄增加明显降低,同时在关节面出现II型胶原的可检测损坏。深区软骨也随年龄增加展现拉伸强度的逐渐降低,虽然胶原含量似乎并未降低。这些观测结果表明存在机械性变化且因此软骨的结构组织随老化而变化,其如果发展的足够充分,会使软骨易于受到创伤性损坏。
一旦发生损坏,则可通过许多方法来进行关节修复。一种方法包括使用随细胞(例如,软骨细胞、软骨细胞祖细胞、基质细胞、间质干细胞等等)植入的基质、组织支架或其他载体。这些解决方案已作为软骨和半月板修复或置换的潜在治疗方法加以描述。还参见1999年10月14日公开的Fofonoff的国际公开案WO 99/51719;2001年12月6日公开的Simon等人的WO 01/91672;和2001年3月15日公开的Mannsmann的WO01/17463;2001年9月4日颁予Vibe-Hansen等人的美国专利第6,283,980 B1号、1998年12月1日颁予Naughton的美国专利第5,842,477号、1998年6月23日颁予Schwartz等人的美国专利第5,769,899号、1986年9月2日颁予Caplan等人的美国专利第4,609,551号、1991年8月29日颁予Vacanti等人的美国专利第5,041,138号、1993年3月30日颁予Caplan等人的美国专利第5,197,985号、1993年7月13日颁予Caplan等人的美国专利第5,226,914号、2001年12月11日颁予Hardwick等人的美国专利第6,328,765号、2001年8月28日颁予Rueger等人的美国专利第6,281,195号和1989年7月11日颁予Grande的美国专利第4,846,835号。然而,使用诸如异体移植和自体移植系统和组织支架的生物置换材料的临床后果尚不确定,因为这些材料中的大部分并未获得与预定置换的正常无病人类组织类似或相同的形态学排列或结构。此外,这些生物置换材料的机械寿命仍不确定。
通常,软骨的严重破坏或损失通过用例如硅酮(例如,用于美容修复)或金属合金的修复性材料置换关节来治疗。参见,例如2002年5月7日颁予Schmotzer的美国专利第6,383,228号;2001年3月20日颁予Afriat等人的美国专利第6,203,576号;2000年10月3日颁予Ateshian等人的美国专利第6,126,690号。这些修复性装置的植入通常与下层组织和骨骼的损失相关,但未恢复原始软骨所允许的完整功能,且在使用某些装置的情况下,与大量组织和骨骼损失相关的严重长期并发症可包括感染、骨质溶解以及植入物松动。
此外,关节成形术具有高度侵袭性且需要外科手术切除一块或一块以上骨骼的整个关节面或其大部分。在使用这些程序时,经常将髓隙扩孔以装配修复体的茎干。扩孔导致患者骨存量损失。1997年1月14日颁予Scott等人的美国专利第5,593,450号公开一种卵状半球形膝盖骨修复体。所述修复体具有包括2个作为关节接合面的髁的股骨组件。2个髁适合形成第二滑车凹槽且骑在相对于股骨组件接合的胫骨组件上。提供膝盖骨组件以啮合滑车凹槽。2000年7月18日颁予Letot等人的美国专利第6,090,144号公开一种膝修复体,其包括胫骨组件和适于经不对称啮合与胫骨组件啮合的半月板组件。
在用修复物置换关节中可使用各种材料,例如,硅酮(例如,用于美容修复)或合适金属合金为适当的。参见,例如2002年9月3日颁予Running的美国专利第6,443,991B1号;2002年5月14日颁予Miehike等人的美国专利第6,387,131 B1号;2002年5月7日颁予Schmotzer的美国专利第6,383,228号;2002年2月5日颁予Krakovits等人的美国专利第6,344,059B1号;2001年3月20日颁予Afriat等人的美国专利第6,203,576号;2000年10月3日颁予Ateshian等人的美国专利第6,126,690号;2000年1月11日颁予Kaufman等人的美国专利第6,013,103号。这些修复性装置的植入通常与下层组织和骨骼损失相关,但未恢复原始软骨所允许的所有功能,且在使用某些装置时,与大量组织和骨骼损失相关的严重长期并发症可导致植入物松动。一种此类并发症为骨质溶解。一旦修复体自关节松动,则不论什么原因,修复体都将因此而需要被置换。因为患者骨存量有限,所以对于关节成形术来说可能的置换手术的数目也是有限的。如可理解,关节成形术具有高度侵袭性且需要外科切除修复中涉及的一块或一块以上骨骼的整个或大部分关节面。在使用这些程序的情况下,通常将髓隙大面积扩孔以便在骨骼内装配修复体的茎干。扩孔导致患者骨存量损失且随着时间的流逝,随后的骨质溶解常常会导致修复体松动。此外,植入物和骨骼在其中配合的区域随时间而降解,从而最终要求置换修复体。因为患者骨存量有限,所以对于关节成形术来说可能的置换手术的数目也是有限的。简单地说,经过15到20年且在有些情况下甚至更短的时间,患者可用尽治疗选择,最终产生疼痛、无功能的关节。
2001年3月27日颁予Fell等人的美国专利第6,206,927号和2003年5月6日颁予Fell等人的美国专利第6,558,421号公开一种可外科手术植入的膝修复体,其不需要骨骼切除。这种修复体被描述为具有一个或一个以上直边的大体椭圆形状。因此,这些装置未经设计成能大体符合活体内残存软骨和/或下层骨骼的实际形状(轮廓)。因此,植入物的整合可极其困难,因为患者的周围软骨和/或下层软骨下骨骼与修复体之间在厚度和曲率方面存在差异。2003年4月29日颁予Aicher等人的美国专利第6,554,866号描述一种单髁膝关节修复体。
已描述不附着于胫骨与股骨的间置性膝装置。例如,Platt等人(1969)“MouldArthroplasty of the Knee”,Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 51B(1):76-87,描述一种具有不刚性附着于胫骨的凸形底面的半人工关节。也已描述附着于骨骼的装置。通常使用两种附着设计。McKeever设计为横杆构件,从顶部透视形状如“t”,其从装置的骨骼配合面延伸以使“t”部分穿透骨骼面,而“t”自其延伸的周围表面邻接骨骼面。参见McKeever,“Tibial Plateau Prosthesis”,第7章,第86页。替代性附着设计为Macintosh设计,其用一系列多个平坦锯齿或齿置换“t”形翅片。参见Potter,“Arthroplasty of theKnee with Tibial Metallic Implants of the McKeever and Macintosh Design”,Surg.Clins.OfNorth Am.49(4):903-915(1969)。1985年3月5日颁予Wall的美国专利第4,502,161号描述一种由诸如硅酮橡胶或特氟隆(Teflon)的材料与不锈钢或尼龙线的增强材料一起构造的修复性半月板。1978年3月25日颁予Goodfellow等人的美国专利第4,085,466号描述一种由塑料材料制造的半月板组件。半月板损伤的重建也已用碳-纤维-聚氨基甲酸酯-聚(L-丙交酯)加以尝试。Leeslag等人,Biological and Biomechanical Performance ofBiomaterials(Christel等人,编)Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,Amsterdam.1986.第347-352页。半月板损伤的重建也可能利用可生物再吸收材料和组织支架。
然而,当前可用的装置始终没有提供与关节面的理想对准和所得关节适合性。不良对准和不良关节适合性可(例如)导致关节不稳定。
因此,对于修复尤其小面关节、钩椎关节和肋椎关节的组合物仍然存在需要。此外,对于通过提供更密切类似于患者的关节解剖结构的表面来改进关节矫正程序的解剖学结果的植入物或植入系统存在需要。另外,需要提供改进的功能性小面关节、钩椎关节和肋椎关节的植入物或植入物系统。
发明内容
本发明提供用一种或一种以上植入物置换小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节(例如,软骨和/或骨骼)的部分(例如,患病区域和/或比患病区域稍大的区域)的新颖装置和方法,其中所述植入物与周围结构和组织视情况达成解剖学或近似解剖学配合。在所述装置和/或方法包括与下层关节骨骼结合的元件的情况下,本发明还提供所述骨骼结合元件可与软骨下骨骼达成近似解剖学对准。本发明还提供用单切割或少许相对小的切割制备植入部位。
还可提供不对称组件以通过提供密切类似于天然关节解剖结构的解决方案改进经修复关节的解剖学功能性。改进的解剖学结果又使得经修复关节的功能性结果得以改进。本发明还提供一种试剂盒,其包括用以达成最佳关节矫正的一个或一个以上植入物。
附图说明
图1A为用于评估需要根据本发明的修复的关节的方法的方块图,其中在接受所选植入物之前,不改变或大体不改变现有关节面。图1B为用于评估需要根据本发明的修复的关节的方法的方块图,其中在设计适于达成所述修复的植入物之前,不改变或大体不改变现有关节面。图1C为开发植入物和在患者体内使用植入物的方法的方块图。
图2A为适于植入关节中的本发明的关节植入物的透视图。图2B为图2A的植入物的俯视图。图2C为图2B的植入物沿图2B所示的线C-C的横断面图。图2D为沿图2B所示的线D-D的横断面图。图2E为沿图2B所示的线E-E的横断面。图2F为图2A的植入物的侧视图。图2G为沿平行于矢状面的平面取得的展示植入的图2A的植入物的横断面图。图2H为沿平行于冠状面的平面取得的展示植入的图2A的植入物的横断面图。图2I为沿平行于轴面的平面取得的展示植入的图2A的植入物的横断面图。图2J绘示靠近骨骼中线(向胫骨坪边缘)且向前并向后延伸的稍大植入物。图2K为绘示呈龙骨形式的锚定体的图2A的关节植入物的替代实施例的侧视图。图2L为绘示锚定体的图2A的关节植入物的替代实施例的底视图。图2M绘示横向构件形式的锚定体。图2N-O为绘示具有接受横杆的槽的下部表面的植入物的替代实施例。图2P图示说明多种横杆。图2Q-R图示说明植入关节内的装置。图2S(1-9)图示说明另一适于胫骨坪的植入物,其此外具有沿一个边缘的斜切面。图2T(1-8)图示说明胫骨植入物的替代实施例,其中关节的表面经改变以产生与植入物紧密配合的平坦或有角表面。
图3为例示一个正常小面关节和一个退化小面关节的椎骨的横截面的实例。
图4为用于移除过度生长骨骼和骨刺的外科手术器具的实例。
图5为用于使关节面成形和平滑的外科手术器具的实例。
图6为用于使小面关节或其他关节成形且用于插入植入物的器具的实例。所述器具具有圆形端601A或锥形端601B。
图7为具有刮刀700的器具的实例。
图8为用于制备供植入物插入的关节的牵引装置的实例。
图9绘示用于牵引关节且有助于植入物插入的各种实施例。
图10绘示描绘各种类型植入物边缘的各种实施例,其包括锥形设计1001和圆形设计1002。
具体实施方式
提供下列描述使所属领域的技术人员能够实现且使用本发明。所属领域的技术人员易于了解所述实施例的各种改进,且在不悖离如所附权利要求书所界定的本发明的精神和范畴的情况下,本文所界定的一般原则可用于其他实施例和申请案。因此,本发明并不意欲限于所示的实施例,而是符合与本文所公开的原则和特征一致的最广泛范畴。在达成对所公开的本发明全面理解所必要的程度上,本申请案中所引用的所有颁予的专利、专利公开案和专利申请案的说明书和附图都以引用的方式并入本文中。
如所属领域的技术人员应了解,本文所列举的方法可以所列举事件的任何逻辑上可行的次序或所列举的事件次序执行。此外,如果提供一个范围的值,则应了解在所述范围的上下限之间的每一居间值和所陈述范围内的任何其他所陈述或居间的值都包涵在本发明之内。还预期本文所述的本发明的变化的任何任选特征可独立地或与本文所述特征的任一者或多者组合阐明或主张。除非另有陈述,否则本发明的实施可使用在所属领域的技术范围内的x射线成像和处理、层析x射线照相组合(x-ray tomosynthesis)、包括A型扫描、B型扫描和C型扫描的超声波、计算机断层摄影(computed tomography)(CT扫描)、核磁共振成像(MRI)、光学相干断层摄影、单光子发射断层摄影(SPECT)和正电子发射断层摄影(PET)的常规和数字化方法。这些技术在文献中充分说明且无需在本文中描述。参见,例如X-Ray Structure Determination:A Practical Guide,第2版,编者Stout和Jensen,1989,出版社John Wiley & Sons;Body CT:A Practical Approach,编者Slone,1999,出版社McGraw-Hill;X-ray Diagnosis:A Physician′s Approach,编者Lam,1998,出版社Springer-Verlag;和Dental Radiology:Understanding the X-Ray Image,编者Laetitia Brocklebank 1997,出版社Oxford University Press。还参见The EssentialPhysics of Medical Imaging(第2版),Jerrold T.Bushberg等人。
本发明提供用于修复关节、尤其修复关节软骨和软骨下骨骼且有助于使多种软骨和软骨下骨骼修复材料整合到个体中的方法和组合物。其中,本文所述的技术允许定制适合特定个体的软骨或软骨下骨骼修复材料,例如根据大小、软骨厚度和/或包括软骨下骨骼曲率的曲率定制。当关节软骨表面的形状(例如,大小、厚度和/或曲率)与未损坏软骨或个体的原始软骨在解剖学上精确或近似配合时,修复成功性提高。修复材料可在植入之前成形且所述成形可例如基于提供关于包围缺损的任何“正常”软骨的曲率或厚度的信息的电子图像和/或缺损下面的骨骼的曲率。因此,本发明尤其提供具有附着和间置性设计的部分或完全关节置换的具有最低限度侵袭性的方法。所述方法将仅需要极小骨存量损失或在有些情况下没有骨存量损失。另外,与当前技术不同,本文所述的方法将通过在植入物与周围或邻近软骨和/或软骨下骨骼之间达成精确或近似解剖学匹配来帮助恢复关节面的完整性。
本发明的优势可包括(但不限于),(i)根据情况定制关节修复,由此提高修复程序后对患者的功效和舒适程度;(ii)在某些实施例中根据情况消除外科医师对于手术中测量待修复缺损的需要;(iii)根据情况消除对于在植入程序期间外科医师使材料成形的需要;(iv)提供基于骨骼或组织图像或基于手术中探测技术估算修复材料的曲率的方法;(v)提供修复关节同时仅有极小骨存量损失或在有些情况下没有骨存量损失的方法;(vi)提高手术后关节适合性;(vii)在某些实施例中改进手术后患者恢复;和(viii)改进手术后功能,诸如活动范围。
因此,本文所述的方法允许设计和使用更准确地配合缺损(例如,植入部位)或关节面的关节修复材料,且因此提供关节的改进修复。
关节和对准的评估
本文所述的方法和组合物可用于治疗由软骨疾病(例如,骨关节炎)、骨骼损坏、软骨损坏、创伤和/或归因于过度使用或老化的退化引起的缺损。本发明尤其允许卫生从业者评价且治疗所述缺损。所关注区域的大小、体积和形状可仅包括具有缺损的软骨区,但优选还包括包围软骨缺损的软骨的邻近部分。
如所属领域的技术人员应了解,大小、曲率和/或厚度测量结果可使用任何合适技术获得。举例来说,一维、二维和/或三维测量结果可使用合适机械设备、激光装置、电磁或光学示踪系统、模具、施用到关节面上变硬且“记忆表面轮廓”的材料和/或一种或一种以上此项技术已知的成像技术来获得。测量结果可非侵袭性地和/或在手术中(例如,使用探针或其他外科手术装置)获得。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,修复装置的厚度在任何给定点可不同,这取决于患者的解剖结构和/或关节面上任何特定位置处待矫正的软骨和/或骨骼的损坏深度。
图1A为表示医师评估关节所采取的步骤的流程图。首先,医师获得目标关节的测量结果10。获得测量结果的步骤可通过取得关节的图像来实现。必要时,可重复这一步骤11,以获得多个图像以便进一步改进关节评估过程。一旦医师获得必要的测量结果,则可使用所述信息来产生所评估目标关节的模型表示30。这一模型表示可呈地形图或图像形式。关节的模型表示可为一维、二维或三维的。模型表示可包括实体模型。如果需要,可产生一个以上模型31。可使用原始模型或随后产生的模型或两者。在产生关节的模型表示30之后,医师可视情况(例如)通过提供相对关节面的镜象或其组合自关节面上的现有软骨产生矫正状况下目标关节的投影模型表示40。此外,必要或需要时,可重复这一步骤41。使用关节的地形状况与关节的投影图像之间的差异,医师可因此选择适于达成矫正关节解剖结构的关节植入物50。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,每当需要达成所需结果时,选择过程50就可重复进行51。另外,预期医师可通过例如获得x射线且随后选择合适关节置换植入物50获得目标关节的测量结果10。
如所属领域的技术人员应了解,如箭头32所示,医师可从产生目标关节的模型表示的步骤30直接进行至选择合适关节置换植入物的步骤50。另外,如流程24、25、26所示,在选择合适关节置换植入物50后,获得目标关节的测量结果的步骤10、产生目标关节的模型表示的步骤30和产生投影模型的步骤40可顺序或并行重复。
图1B为表示医师评估关节所采取的步骤的替代流程图。首先,医师获得目标关节的测量结果10。获得测量结果的步骤可通过取得关节的图像来实现。必要时,可重复这一步骤11,以获得多个图像以便进一步改进关节评估过程。一旦医师获得必要的测量结果,则可使用所述信息来产生所评估目标关节的模型表示30。这一模型表示可呈地形图或图像形式。关节的模型表示可为一维、二维或三维的。必要或需要时,可重复这一过程31。模型表示可包括实体模型。在评估关节的模型表示30之后,医师可视情况产生矫正状况下目标关节的投影模型表示40。必要或需要时,可重复这一步骤41。使用关节的地形状况与关节的投影图像之间的差异,医师可因此设计适于达成矫正关节解剖结构的关节植入物52,每当需要达成所需植入物设计时,就可重复设计过程53。医师也可评估提供诸如轨道、龙骨、唇缘、栓钉、十字茎干或锚定体、横杆等的附加特征是否将增强植入物在目标关节中的性能。
如所属领域的技术人员应了解,如箭头38所示,医师可从产生目标关节的模型表示的步骤30直接进行至设计合适关节置换植入物的步骤52。与上文所示的流程类似,如流程42、43、44所示,在设计合适的关节置换植入物52后,获得目标关节的测量结果的步骤10、产生目标关节的模型表示的步骤30和产生投影模型的步骤40可顺序或并行重复。
图1C为图示说明针对患者选择植入物的过程的流程图。首先,在实施本发明时使用如上所述的技术或合适且此项技术已知的技术,测量患病软骨或软骨损失的区域的大小100。需要时,可多次重复这一步骤101。一旦测得软骨缺损的大小,就可视情况测量邻近软骨的厚度110。需要时,也可重复这一过程111。在测量软骨损失或测量邻近软骨厚度之后,随后测量关节面的曲率120。或者,可测量软骨下骨骼。如应了解,测量结果可取自所修复关节的表面或配合面,以便有助于产生植入物表面的最佳设计。
一旦表面已被测量,使用者就选择含于植入物库中的最佳配合植入物130或产生患者特异性植入物132。需要或必要时,可重复这些步骤以达成对于患者的最佳配合植入物,131、133。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,选择或设计植入物的过程可以含于患者的MRI或X射线中的信息加以测试,以确保装置表面相对于患者的关节面达成良好配合。测试可通过(例如)在患者关节的图像上叠加植入物图像来实现。一旦已确定已选择或设计出合适植入物,就可(例如)通过自关节面移除软骨或骨骼制备植入部位140,或可将植入物放置于关节中150。
所选择或设计的关节植入物与关节的现有表面达成解剖学或近似解剖学配合,同时对于复制天然关节解剖结构的相对关节面呈现配合面。在这种情况下,可评估关节的现有表面以及关节的所需所得表面。这一技术尤其可用于不锚定至骨骼中的植入物。
如所属领域的技术人员应了解,医生或实施本发明的其他人员可获得目标关节的测量结果10且随后设计合适关节置换植入物52或选择合适关节置换植入物50。
修复材料
多种材料在本发明的实施中得到应用,其包括(但不限于)塑料、金属、结晶游离金属、陶瓷、生物材料(例如,胶原或其他细胞外基质材料)、羟磷灰石、细胞(例如,干细胞、软骨细胞或其类似物)或其组合。基于关于缺损和关节面和/或软骨下骨骼获得的信息(例如,测量结果),可形成或选择修复材料。此外,使用本文所述的这些技术中的一种或一种以上,将装配到特定软骨缺损中或特定骨骼面上的具有曲率的软骨或骨骼置换或再生材料将遵循关节面的轮廓和形状,且将视情况匹配周围软骨的厚度。修复材料可包括任何材料组合,且通常包括至少一种非挠曲材料,例如不易于弯曲或变化的材料。
A.金属和聚合物修复材料
目前,关节修复系统经常使用金属和/或聚合物材料,包括(例如)锚定到下层骨骼(例如,在膝修复体的情况下,股骨)中的修复体。参见,例如2001年3月20日颁予Afriat等人的美国专利第6,203,576号和2001年11月27日颁予Ogle等人的美国专利第6,322,588号和其中引用的参考文献。多种金属可用于实施本发明,且可基于任何标准来选择。举例来说,材料选择可基于赋予所需刚性程度的弹性。合适金属的非限制性实例包括银、金、铂、钯、铟、铜、锡、铅、锑、铋、锌、钛、钴、不锈钢、镍、铁合金、钴合金(诸如一种钴-铬-镍合金;和MP35N,一种镍-钴-铬-钼合金;和一种镍-钛合金)、铝、锰、铁、钽、结晶游离金属(诸如合金(可自LiquidMetalTechnologies,www.liquidmetal.com获得))、可缓慢形成多价金属离子(例如)以抑制与患者体液或组织接触的植入衬底钙化的其他金属,和其组合。
合适的合成聚合物包括(但不限于)聚酰胺(例如,尼龙)、聚酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、乙烯基聚合物(例如,聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯和聚氯乙烯)、聚碳酸酯、聚氨基甲酸酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷、乙酸纤维素、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚醚醚酮、乙烯-乙酸乙烯共聚物、聚砜、硝基纤维素、类似共聚物和其混合物。也可使用可生物再吸收合成聚合物,诸如葡聚糖、羟乙基淀粉、明胶衍生物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、聚[N-(2-羟基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺]、聚(羟基酸)、聚(ε-己内酯)、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚(二甲基乙醇酸)、聚(羟基丁酸酯),且也可使用类似共聚物。
其他材料也将为适当的,例如,称为聚醚醚酮的聚酮。这种材料包括材料PEEK 450G,其为自英国Lancashire的Victrex获得的获准用于医学植入的未填充型PEEK。(Victrex位于www.matweb.com或参见Boedeker www.boedeker.com)。这种材料的其他来源包括位于印度Panoli的Gharda(www.ghardapolymers.com)。
应注意到所选择的材料也可经填充。举例来说,也可使用且涵盖其他等级的PEEK,诸如30%玻璃填充或30%碳填充的PEEK,FDA或其他管理机构批准所提供的所述材料可供可植入装置中使用。玻璃填充的PEEK降低膨胀率且增加PEEK相对于其未填充部分的挠曲模量。已知所得产品对于强度、刚度或稳定性改进来说为理想的。已知碳填充的PEEK提高PEEK的抗压强度和硬度且降低其膨胀率。碳填充的PEEK提供耐磨损性和承载能力。如应了解,在不悖离本发明的范畴的情况下,可使用抵抗疲劳、具有良好记忆力、具有柔性和/或可偏转性、具有极低吸湿性和良好耐磨损性和/或耐磨耗性的其他合适的具有类似生物相容性的热塑性或热塑性缩聚材料。植入物也可由聚醚酮酮(PEKK)组成。
可使用的其他材料包括聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚酮醚酮酮(PEKEKK)和聚醚醚酮酮(PEEKK),且通常为聚芳基醚醚酮。此外,可使用其他聚酮以及其他热塑性塑料。
可参考以下文献提及可供植入物使用的适当聚合物,所有文献均以引用的方式并入本文中。这些文献包括:载明日期为2002年1月10日且题为Bio-Compatible PolymericMaterials的PCT公开案WO 02/02158 A1;载明日期为2002年1月3日且题为Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials的PCT公开案WO 02/00275 A1;和载明日期为2002年1月3日且题为Bio-Compatible Polymeric Materials的PCT公开案WO 02/00270 A1。
聚合物可通过包括常规聚合物加工方法的多种方法中的任一种来制备。优选方法包括(例如)射出成形方法,其适于产生具有显著结构特征的聚合物组件;和快速原型方法,诸如反应射出成形和立体平版印刷。衬底可通过物理磨蚀或化学改变而具有纹理或使其多孔以有助于与金属涂层的结合。其他方法可为适当的,诸如挤出、注射、压缩成形和/或机械加工技术。通常,聚合物是针对其物理和机械性质进行选择且其适于承载和散布关节面之间的体力负荷。
可将一种以上的金属和/或聚合物彼此组合使用。举例来说,含一种或一种以上金属的衬底可在一个或一个以上区中用聚合物涂布,或者,含一种或一种以上聚合物的衬底可在一个或一个以上区中用一种或一种以上金属涂布。
系统或修复体可为多孔的或多孔涂布的。多孔表面组件可由包括金属、陶瓷和聚合物的各种材料制成。这些表面组件又可通过各种方式紧固到由各种金属形成的大量结构核心上。合适的多孔涂料包括(但不限于)金属、陶瓷、聚合物(例如,生物中性)弹性体(诸如硅酮橡胶、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和/或其组合)或其组合。参见,例如1971年9月20日颁予Hahn的美国专利第3,605,123号;1974年5月7日颁予Tronzo的美国专利第3,808,606号和1974年10月29日颁予Tronzo的美国专利第3,843,975号;1967年4月18日颁予SmHh的美国专利第3,314,420号;1976年10月26日颁予Scharbach的美国专利第3,987,499号;和德国Offenlegungsschrift 2,306,552。可存在一个以上涂层且所述层可具有相同或不同的孔隙率。参见,例如1976年2月17日颁予Kahn的美国专利第3,938,198号。
涂层可通过用粉末状聚合物包围核心且加热直到固化形成具有互连孔的内在网络的涂层加以涂覆。小孔的弯曲度(例如,穿过小孔的路径的长度直径比的量度)在评价所述涂层用于修复性装置上的成功概率中可具有重要性。也参见,1980年7月22日颁予Morris的美国专利第4,213,816号。多孔涂料可以粉末形式涂覆且使物品整体经受高温以使粉末与衬底键结。合适聚合物和/或粉末涂料的选择可鉴于本文所引用的教示和参考文献,例如基于各自的熔融指数来确定。
B.生物修复材料
修复材料也可包括单独或与非生物材料组合的一种或一种以上生物材料。举例来说,可设计任何基底材料或使其成形,且可将诸如胎儿软骨细胞的合适软骨置换或再生材料涂覆到基底上。随后细胞可连同基底一起生长,直到已达到包围软骨缺损的软骨的厚度(和/或曲率)。细胞(例如,软骨细胞)在培养基中、离体或活体内在各种衬底上生长的条件(例如)描述于1995年12月26日颁予Slivka等人的美国专利第5,478,739号;1998年12月1日颁予Naughton等人的美国专利第5,842,477号;2001年9月4日颁予Vibe-Hansen等人的美国专利第6,283,980号;和2002年4月2日颁予Salzmann等人的美国专利第6,365,405号中。合适衬底的非限制性实例包括塑料、组织支架、骨骼置换材料(例如,羟磷灰石、可生物再吸收材料)或任何其他适于软骨置换或再生材料在其上生长的材料。生物聚合物可天然存在或通过发酵和其类似方法活体外产生。合适生物聚合物包括(但不限于)胶原、弹性蛋白、丝、角蛋白、明胶、聚氨基酸、羊肠线、多醣(例如,纤维素和淀粉)和其混合物。生物聚合物也可为可生物再吸收聚合物。
本文所述的方法中所使用的生物材料可为自体移植材料(来自同一个体);异体移植材料(来自相同物种的另一个体)和/或异种移植材料(来自另一物种)。也参见2002年3月21日公开的Alexander等人的国际专利公开案WO 02/22014和1997年8月7日公开的lee的WO 97/27885。在某些实施例中,自体移植材料为优选的,因为其可承载降低的宿主患免疫学并发症的风险,所述免疫学并发症包括材料的再吸收、包围植入部位的组织的炎症和/或瘢疤形成。
在本发明的一实施例中,使用探针自供体部位收集组织且制备受体部位。供体部位可位于异种移植物、异体移植物或自体移植物中。使用探针以在供体组织样本与受体部位之间达成良好的解剖学匹配。探针经特定设计以在供体组织样本与受体部位之间达成无缝或近似无缝的匹配。探针可(例如)为圆柱形。探针的远端通常为锋利的以利于组织穿透。另外,探针的远端通常为中空的以接受组织。探针可具有距其远端确定距离(例如距其远端1cm)的边缘,且所述边缘可用于达成确定深度的组织穿透以便收集。所述边缘可处于外部或可在探针中空部分之内。举例来说,整形外科医师可拿住探针且以身体压力将其推进到软骨、软骨下骨骼和(在诸如膝关节的关节的情况下)下层骨髓中。外科医师可推进探针直到外部或内部边缘到达软骨面。此时,边缘将阻止进一步组织穿透,由此达成恒定且可重现的组织穿透。探针的远端可包括一个或一个以上刀刃、锯样结构或组织切割机构。举例来说,探针的远端可包括由数个小刀刃组成的隔板样机构。刀刃可使用手动、机械化或电动机构移动,由此刺穿组织且自下层组织分离组织样本。通常,将在供体和受体中重复这一过程。在隔板形刀刃机构的情况下,可移动个别刀刃以便封闭隔板,由此使组织样本与供体部位分离。
在本发明的另一实施例中,可将激光装置或射频装置整合在探针的远端之内。激光装置或射频装置可用于刺穿组织且自下层组织分离组织样本。
在本发明的一实施例中,在供体中和在受体中可使用相同探针。在另一实施例中,可使用实体尺寸稍微不同的类似形状的探针。举例来说,用于受体的探针可比用于供体的探针稍小,由此在组织样本或组织移植物与受体部位之间达成紧密配合。用于受体的探针也可比用于供体的探针稍短,由此校正在自供体材料的下层组织分离或切割组织样本期间损失的任何组织。
可将任何生物修复材料灭菌以使诸如细菌、病毒、酵母、霉菌、支原菌和寄生虫的生物污染物灭活。灭菌可使用例如辐射(诸如γ辐射)的任何合适技术来执行。
本文所述的任何生物材料均可在使用机器人装置的情况下收集。机器人装置可使用来自电子图像的信息以便收集组织。
在某些实施例中,软骨置换材料具有特定生物化学组成。举例来说,包围缺损的软骨的生物化学组成可通过获取组织样本和化学分析或通过成像技术评估。举例来说,Alexander的WO 02/22014描述钆用于使关节软骨成像以监测软骨内糖胺聚糖含量的用途。随后可以某种方式获得或培养软骨置换或再生材料,以得到与包围植入部位的软骨的组成类似的生物化学组成。用以得到所需生物化学组成的培养条件可包括(例如)不同的浓度。软骨置换或再生材料的生物化学组成可(例如)通过控制某些养分和生长因子的浓度和暴露时间来影响。
装置设计
A.软骨和骨骼模型
使用关于软骨或下层骨骼的厚度和曲率的信息,可产生关节软骨表面和下层骨骼表面的实体模型。这一实体模型可代表关节内的有限区域或其可包涵整个关节。这一模型也可考虑到半月板的存在与否以及软骨中的一些或全部的存在与否。举例来说,在膝关节中,实体模型可包涵仅内侧或外侧股骨髁、股骨髁与凹口区两者、内侧胫骨坪、外侧胫骨坪、整个胫骨坪、内侧膝盖骨、外侧膝盖骨、整个膝盖骨或整个关节。软骨的患病区域的位置可(例如)使用3D坐标系统或如WO 02/22014所述的3D欧几里德(Euclidian)距离来确定。
以此方式,可确定待修复缺损的大小。这一过程考虑(例如)大致80%的患者具有健康外侧组件。如应了解,一些但并非所有缺损将包括小于整个软骨。因此,在本发明的一实施例中,测量包围一个或一个以上软骨缺损的正常或仅轻度患病的软骨的厚度。这一厚度测量结果可在一个点处或优选多个点(例如,2个点、4-6个点、7-10个点、大于10个点)处或整个残存软骨的长度上获得。此外,一旦确定缺损的大小,就可选择适当疗法(例如,关节修复系统)以使得尽可能保存健康的周围组织。
在其他实施例中,可测量关节面或软骨下骨骼的曲率以设计修复材料和/或使修复材料成形。此外,可测量残存软骨的厚度与包括骨骼的关节面的曲率以设计修复材料和/或使修复材料成形。或者,可测量软骨下骨骼的曲率且可使用所得测量结果来选择软骨置换材料或使软骨置换材料成形。举例来说,软骨下骨骼的轮廓可用于重新产生实际软骨面:可鉴别患病软骨区域的边缘。可测量患病区域中软骨下骨骼的形状。因此可通过将软骨下骨骼面复制到软骨面中来产生虚拟轮廓,借此软骨下骨骼面的拷贝连接患病软骨区域的边缘。在使装置成形的过程中,可对轮廓进行配置以使其与现有软骨配合或用来移除一些或所有软骨。
图2A绘示适于植入诸如小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的关节中的本发明的关节植入物200的稍微透视俯视图。如图2A所示,可(例如)使用如上文关于图1A和图1B所述的双重表面评估来产生植入物。
植入物200具有上部表面或前部表面202、下部表面或后部表面204和视情况围缘206。形成上部表面或前部表面202以使其形成配合面用于接受相对关节面;在这种情况下部分凹陷以接受股骨,尽管诸如小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的其他关节也是可能的。凹形表面可为可变凹形表面,以使其对于相对关节面(例如其所联系的股骨的配合面的负面)提供表面。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,阴压痕不必为完全压痕。
植入物200的上部表面或前部表面202可通过多种方式中的任一种成形。举例来说,上部表面或前部表面202可通过使表面从现有软骨和/或诸如胫骨坪的关节面或小面关节的表面上的骨骼面突出来成形,或其可成形为股骨髁的镜象以在其啮合股骨髁时使植入物的互补面最佳。或者,可对上表面202进行配置以使其与对于相对股骨髁配置的植入物的下表面配合。
下部表面或后部表面204具有视情况凹形表面,其匹配或几乎匹配(例如)胫骨坪或小面或钩椎或肋椎关节的关节的表面,以使其产生与胫骨坪或其他相关或适用关节面的解剖学或近似解剖学配合。取决于胫骨坪或适用关节面的形状,下部表面或后部表面也可部分凸出。因此,下部表面或后部表面204对于装配在现有表面内的胫骨坪或适用关节面提供表面。可使其成形以匹配现有表面或匹配关节表面重修后的表面。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,下部表面或后部表面204的凸形表面不必为完全凸形表面。更确切地,下部表面或后部表面204更可能由凸形部分和凹形部分组成,所述部分装配在胫骨坪的现有表面或表面经重修的坪或表面经重修的适用关节面内。因此,表面基本上为可变凸形和凹形表面。
图2B绘示图2A的关节植入物的俯视图。如图2B所示,植入物的外部形状208可为长形。长形形式采取多种形状,包括椭圆形、拟椭圆形、跑道形等。然而,如应了解,外部尺寸可不规则,因此不形成准确几何形状,例如椭圆形。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,植入物的实际外部形状可不同,这取决于待矫正关节缺陷的性质。因此,长度L与宽度W的比率可在例如0.25与2.0之间,且更具体地说在0.5与1.5之间变化。如图2B进一步绘示,沿植入物200的轴的长度在沿植入物的宽度的各点处取得时不同。举例来说,如图2B所示,L1≠L2≠L3。
现转向图2C-E,图2B所示的植入物的横截面沿线C-C、D-D和E-E描绘。植入物的厚度分别为t1、t2和t3。如横截面所图示说明,植入物的厚度沿其长度L与宽度W不同。植入物200的特定位置处的实际厚度随待置换的软骨和/或骨骼的厚度和待复制的关节配合面而变化。此外,植入物200在沿其长度L或宽度W上的任何位置处的外形随待置换的软骨和/或骨骼而变化。
图2F为图2A的植入物200的侧视图。在这种情况下,植入物200在第一末端的高度h1与植入物在第二末端的高度h2不同。此外,上缘208可在向下方向上具有总体斜率。然而,如所图示说明,上缘208的实际斜率沿其长度不同且在一些情况下可为正斜率。此外,下缘210可在向下方向上具有总体斜率。如所图示说明,下缘210的实际斜率沿其长度不同且在一些情况下可为正斜率。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,视个别患者的解剖结构而定,可在不悖离本发明的范畴的情况下产生h1和h2相等或大体相等的植入物。图2G为绘示植入膝关节1020内以使得植入物200的下部表面204落在胫骨坪1022上且股骨1024搁在植入物200的上部表面202上的植入物200的沿体内的矢状面取得的横截面。图2H为绘示植入膝关节1020内的植入物200的沿体内的冠状面取得的横断面。如由此视图而明显,将植入物200安置以使其装配在上关节面224内。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,需要时,关节面可为内侧或外侧小面。
图2I为绘示植入膝关节1020内的植入物200的沿身体的轴面的视图,绘示自空中或上部视角取得的视图。图2J为替代实施例的视图,其中植入物稍大以使其靠近骨骼中线延伸,即朝向胫骨坪的边缘1023延伸,以及向前并向后延伸。
图2K为根据替代实施例(例如)用于小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的本发明的植入物200的横截面。在此实施例中,下部表面204进一步包括关节锚定体212。如此实施例所图示说明,关节锚定体212形成自植入物200的下部表面204延伸的突出物、龙骨或垂直构件且突出至(例如)关节骨骼中。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,龙骨可为垂直的或位于体平面内。
另外,如图2L所示,关节锚定体212可具有横向构件214,从而自底部透视,关节锚定体212具有交叉或“x”外观。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,关节锚定体212可具有多种其他形式,而仍然实现提供植入物200在关节中的稳定性增加的相同目标。这些形式包括(但不限于)栓销、球形物、钩环、齿等等。另外,需要时,可提供一个或一个以上关节锚定体212。图2M和图2N图示说明侧视和正视的双组件植入物的替代实施例的横截面。
在图2M所示的替代实施例中,可需要在下部表面204上提供一个或一个以上横向构件220以提供植入物相对于股骨表面或适用关节面或股骨植入物的少量平移运动。在这种情况下,横向构件可整体形成到植入物表面中或可为装配在植入物200的下部表面204上的凹槽222内的一个或一个以上单独件。如图2N1所示,凹槽可形成单通道,或如图2N2所示,其可具有一个以上通道。无论哪一情况,随后横杆都装配在如图2N1-N2所示的通道内。如图2P所示,横杆构件220可形成实心或中空管或管道结构。在两个或两个以上管220连通以提供平移的情况下,可沿一个或两个横向构件的表面提供凹槽221以互锁所述管到横杆构件中,使横杆相对于植入物220的运动进一步稳定。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,在不悖离本发明的范畴的情况下,横杆构件220可与植入物整体形成。
如图2Q-R所示,预期胫骨坪的表面将通过在其上形成通道以接受横杆构件来制备。因此,有助于植入物能够可靠安置于关节内,同时在膝关节运动仍提供围绕轴的运动。
图2S(1-9)图示说明植入物200的替代实施例。如图2S所图示说明,边缘成斜面以使锐角转角变缓。图2S(1)图示说明具有单一圆角或斜角230的植入物。如图2S(2)所示,提供两个圆角230、231且将其用于后部斜面。在图2S(3)中,提供第三圆角234以对于后部斜面产生两个切削面。斜面可帮助植入物插入:当将植入物推进到关节中时,斜面将帮助牵引关节直到植入物成功就地安置。
现转向图2S(4),撤消植入物的切线,留下三条后部曲线。图2S(5)绘示切线扩张的结果。图2S(6)图示说明当在无切线扩张的情况下选择底部曲线时对设计的影响。图2S(7)绘示切线扩张和选择的结果。如图2S(8-9)可见,所得转角具有较软边缘,但损失小于0.5mm的关节间隙。如所属领域的技术人员应了解,在不悖离本发明的范畴的情况下可添加其他切削平面。
图2T图示说明植入物200的替代实施例,其中胫骨坪250的表面经改变以容纳所述植入物。如图2T(1-2)所图示说明,可关于仅一半关节面251或完整表面252改变胫骨坪。如图2T(3-4)所图示说明,后部-前部表面可为平坦表面260或分级表面262。分级相对于前部表面可为正向或负向。也可相对于图2T的植入物使用分级,其中分级位于平面或体内或相对于体平面具有角度。另外,可提供附着机构以将植入物锚定到经改变的表面上。如图2T(5-7)所示,可提供龙骨264。龙骨264可坐落在平面(例如矢状面或冠状面)内或不坐落在平面内(如图2T(7)所示)。图2T(8)图示说明覆盖整个胫骨坪的植入物。这些植入物的上部表面经设计以符合如关于图1所述的步骤下测定的关节的投影形状,而下部表面经设计为平坦或大体平坦的,以对应于关节的经修饰表面。
本发明提供包括用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节和肋椎关节的植入物的多种装置和使这种治疗能够实现或有助于这种治疗的方法。
植入物可为用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节和肋椎关节或任何其他关节的任何装置或修复系统。
牵引装置
在本发明的另一实施例中,可使用牵引装置以有助于植入物插入小面关节中。牵引装置可尤其适用于放置气球或间置性植入物到小面关节中。
在图8中,例如,牵引装置可包括两个或两个以上尖头800。一个或一个以上尖头可具有直边801(图8A)或曲边802(图8B)在一个或一个以上维度上(图8C)。其可为凹形表面803A以及配合凹形表面803B。曲率可对于小面关节加以调适。其在前端804可为锥形。在端部805处也可为圆形。所述曲率优选将与小面关节的曲率类似或大体匹配。一个或一个以上尖头可具有直边或曲边或部分直边和部分曲边。凹形和凸形可能可同时存在。可使用不规则的形状。
牵引装置可包括在远端部的两块板。在图9A中,所述板可大体上为实心板900。所述板也可在一个或一个以上侧面开口901(图9B)。牵引装置可具有允许在牵引关节之后插入或放置植入物903的开口902(图9C)。各种形状的牵引装置904都是可能的(图9D)。板之间的距离最初可大体为零。这有助于插入关节中。一旦插入,就可增加板之间的距离,例如使用可伸缩或插座或棘轮样机构。牵引机构可位于关节内,优选在两板之间,或在关节外部,例如在装置的把手附近。所述两板可为平坦或弯曲的,或部分平坦且部分弯曲的。所述曲率优选与小面关节的曲率类似或大体匹配。凹形和凸形可能可同时存在。可使用不规则的形状。
牵引装置的面积可稍小于小面关节,与小面关节相同或稍大于小面关节。
牵引装置在中间可为中空的,或者产生中空空隙以接受气球或植入物。
牵引装置可在背后在指向背侧或外部的侧面处具有开口,以允许在牵引装置在关节之内时插入气球或植入物。
牵引装置的远端部分可比相同尺寸的植入物(通常上-下部)的最宽宽度宽,通常在两个尖头之间,以有助于移除牵引装置而使植入物保留在原地。
移除或减少骨生长物的器具
可例示退化的小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节有新骨形成、骨重构、肥大、骨骼过度生长和/或骨刺。小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节可由于新骨形成、骨重构、肥大、骨骼过度生长和/或骨刺形成而增大。这些情况将概括在以下术语骨生长中。
图3A和图3B例示椎骨体300、右侧因骨刺308而变形的硬膜囊301,骨刺308从小面关节303中长出。右侧小面关节303已退化,而左侧小面关节302形状相对仍保持正常。后部可见到棘突304。退化的小面过节303例示多个可导致关节增大的周边骨刺306。还存在在关节面上具有一些深标记或轨迹305和隆起或骨刺307的不规则关节面。
在插入植入物或气球期间,骨生长可引起困难。此外,骨生长可导致脊椎狭窄,包括孔狭窄、外侧凹口狭窄和中央狭窄。因此,虽然植入物或气球装置经设计用以减轻源于受影响关节(即小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节)的疼痛,但患者仍可能遭受背痛且甚至在程序之后遭受坐骨神经痛。外科医师可视情况考虑将关节整形和/或移除一个或一个以上骨生长物。
在一实施例中,使用器具(参见图4的400)来将关节整形或移除一个或一个以上骨生长物。
所述器具在端部401处可(例如)具有环形状。环的外部形态可为钝的401,以便最小化对硬膜囊或神经根的潜在损害。环的内部部分402可为锋利的。所有或部分外部部分可为钝的。所有或部分内部部分可为锋利的。
随后环的开口可放置于骨生长物之上且可将器具后拉,由此移除所有或部分骨生长物。
器具可包括产生粗糙面的锉样器具。在图5中,可见具有粗糙、锉样表面501的器具的各种实施例。插入关节中的植入物部分502可具有不同形状,例如在一个或一个以上平面上为凸形或凹形(图5A-5C)。器具可具有任选手柄503。粗糙面501可在关节的一个或两个关节面上移动以移除任何表面不规则性且在关节的至少一侧或视情况两侧上产生新的平滑承载表面。粗糙面的下层曲率504将决定在使关节面平滑后关节面的形状。
能够移除骨骼的任何机械装置或电动机构均可与上文和下文的一个或一个以上实施例组合使用。举例来说,在图7中,可使用具有旋转碾磨机或摆锯或刮刀700的器具。这种器具在端部701处可为弯曲的,由此保护硬膜囊702。器具可处于保护罩703内。器具通常经由黄韧带中的洞插入,尽管其也可经关节或两者插入。
器具的远端部分可为锥形,优选具有圆形端部。如果器具必须穿过关节,则锥形设计可有助于插入关节中。圆形或钝端部可帮助避免损伤神经根或硬膜囊。
器具可在一个或一个维度上弯曲。可包括一个或一个以上凸形部分。可包括一个或一个以上凹形表面部分。凸形部分和凹形部分可存在于同一装置中。
在图6中,可见器具600具有锥形前端部分601。锥形前端部分可为圆形601A(图6A)或三角形601B(图6B)。虽然器具的前端可为锥形,但其侧面部分可视情况具有锋利凹口602(图6C和图6D)。锋利凹口可帮助移除关节面上或邻近关节面的一些过度生长骨骼。器具在接近其端部601或在其端部601处也可为弯曲的603(图6D)。
在一优选实施例中,器具形状为关节面形状的镜象。
器具可以各种大小、厚度、长度和形状利用。
在另一实施例中,器具可具有可以等于或大于90度的角向后弯曲的端部。在这一情况下,植入物经过骨生长物。随后使端部与骨生长物接触且移除骨生长物。
器具可包括一个或一个以上用于抽吸的管。视情况,抽吸也可使用标准抽吸装置执行。
用以移除或减少骨生长物的器具可与牵引装置结合使用。视情况,将两者整合在一起。特大植入物或修复装置
可例示退化的小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节有新骨形成、骨重构、肥大、骨骼过度生长和/或骨刺。小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节可由于新骨形成、骨重构、肥大、骨骼过度生长和/或骨刺形成而增大。这些情况将概括在以下术语骨生长物中。骨生长物可导致负荷承载表面的尺寸超过关节面(即在退化和关节炎变化开始之前由软骨覆盖的关节部分)的尺寸。
因此,包括大小仅适于关节面(即在退化和关节炎变化开始之前由软骨覆盖的关节部分)的可注入材料的植入物或修复装置不能覆盖所有负荷承载表面。
在一实施例中,且包括气球或可注入材料的植入物或修复装置可特大以解决关节增大和具有小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的退化或关节炎变化的患者的负荷承载表面的较大尺寸。包括气球或可注入材料的植入物或修复装置的尺寸可在一个或一个以上维度上增加。另外,植入物的形状可经调整以解决骨生长物或由于骨生长物引起的关节形状不规则性。
在另一实施例中,植入物的大小可经选择或调整以解决在移除骨生长物后关节大小的减小或解决部分切除关节或关节突后关节大小的减小。
这些调整可在手术内进行,例如使用测量或定径装置进行(参见下文)。或者,这些调整可使用成像软件进行。举例来说,使用CT或MRI数据,可估算脊椎狭窄的严重程度。在第二步骤中,可模拟骨生长物的切除或关节或关节突的部分切除且其可确定在这些调整之后的最佳植入物大小或形状。
植入物制造
植入物可对患者具有特异性,其中各植入物(例如)使用CAD/CAM和快速原型和/或铸造技术定制制造。或者,植入物可选自植入物的预先存在的库或分类库。植入物库通常将涵盖适用于大多数患者的大小和形状范围以及考虑到符合以上实施例的特大尺寸。
预先存在的修复系统
如本文所述,可获得具有各种大小、曲率和厚度的修复系统。这些修复系统可经编目且储存以产生系统库,随后可自所述系统库选择适于个别患者的系统。换句话说,评估特定个体的缺损或关节面且自所述库中选择具有合适形状和大小的预先存在的修复系统用于进一步操作(例如成形)和注入。
图像导航
在各种实施例中,可使用成像技术用于传递装置。成像技术可包括使用x射线、CT扫描、荧光检查、C-臂、CT荧光检查、C-臂与CT样横截面重构和MRI。另外,可使用外科手术导航系统,例如使用射频或光学目标定位和基准设备。
定径工具
在本发明的另一实施例中,使用定径工具确定植入物的最佳形状。可在第一程序中,例如使用经皮需求导航应用定径工具。定径工具优选在执行将治疗装置插入小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节中的程序时使用。
定径工具可包括各种用于测量植入物尺寸的工具。举例来说,标尺或测径规可作为定径工具的部分。定径工具可用于测量和估算装置的优选尺寸,例如上下部或内外侧尺寸。其可用于估算植入物在一个或一个以上位置处的厚度。定径工具也可用于测量植入物的曲率。在一实施例中,定径工具可部分或完全变形。将定径工具插入关节中,由此获取关节的天然形状。随后将定径工具自关节中取出。随后将定径工具的所得形状与预先制造的植入物的库和分类库相比较,且选择相对于定径工具具有最佳匹配的最佳配合植入物。
在另一实施例中,定径工具可包括测量植入物的前-后部或上-下部或内外侧方向或其组合的尺寸的量规。所述量规可(例如)为整合到定径工具中的标尺。将定径工具插入关节中。关节面的背侧部分与标尺上的第一可见规距线对准的区域通常指示优选的植入物长度。
定径工具也可包括上下部或任何其他尺寸的量规。
可使用一种或一种以上定径工具。定径工具可包括一种或一种以上尺寸的在植入物库或分类库中的一种或一种以上预先制造的植入物。
定径工具可以各种形状加以利用。举例来说,T或t形可提供两个或两个以上方向上的维度。可使用定径工具的厚度估算植入物的优选厚度。
可制造具有各种不同曲率和半径(通常与植入物的半径类似)的定径工具。通过插入具有不同半径的定径工具,可确定植入物的最佳半径。
或者,可使用成像测试确定植入物的形状和其半径。
或者,可使用试验植入物。试验植入物可大体匹配预先制造植入物库或植入物分类库中的植入物的大小和形状。
定径工具可具有可延展性和/或可变形性。
制备关节
在一些情况下,可需要改变关节面。举例来说,外科医师可选择使关节面变平,使其成形,增加其曲率或使关节面变粗糙或移除软骨。成形对于改进植入物与关节面之间的配合可为有利的。关节面粗糙化可改进植入物与关节面的符合性且可帮助降低植入物脱位的风险。
小面关节常常由于具有使关节面畸变的深标记或轨迹的进行性退化性变化而有点变形。当使用间置性植入物时,可使用所述标记或轨迹使植入物在一侧稳定。随后通常使植入物与标记或轨迹在关节的一侧配合,由此达成高度符合表面且有效达成显著约束以帮助降低植入物在关节的这一侧可能的运动。然而,相对的关节面需要最低限度地约束以使植入物表面与相对的关节面之间能够移动。因此,相对表面可因此经处理且成形以移除任何标记和轨迹且重建平滑滑动表面。优选将使相对表面与这一侧的植入物的平滑表面相匹配。
用于制备关节面的器具可比小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节稍小,与各别关节的大小类似或比各别关节的大小大。
器具可为弯曲的或平坦的。植入物可在一个以上维度上弯曲。
器具可为锉或碾磨机样装置。其在本质上可为机械的或电动的。
提高植入物稳定性
在大多数实施例中,装置的形状和大小与一个或一个以上关节面大体匹配。植入物可部分或完全填充两个相对关节面之间的空间。
植入物可具有伸在关节面外用于使植入物位置稳定且使植入物脱位风险最小化的延伸件。所述延伸件的位置可在关节内或关节外。如果其在关节外,则其通常将延伸到关节囊外。在一实施例中,延伸件可为板形或盘形或伞形,其覆盖关节面外的至少一部分骨骼。延伸件可仅部分呈板形或盘形或伞形。板形或盘形或伞形延伸件通常将以与植入物的关节内部分成一定角度定向,藉此所述角大体不同于180度,更优选小于150度,更优选小于120度,更优选小于100度。在某些实施例中,所述角可等于或小于90度。
延伸件可在一个或一个以上维度上具有恒定或可变半径。延伸件可适合于患者的解剖结构。
如果使用气球且将自硬化物质注入气球中,则气球可具有可附着的第二单独部分或第二气球,藉此将由自硬化物质填充的所得空腔可位于关节面区域外且甚至可在关节囊以外。一旦注入自硬化物质,所述物质变硬且移除气球,就可以此方式产生可帮助使所得修复装置相对于邻近骨骼或软组织稳定的唇缘或隆起或延伸件。
保护神经和其他结构
在本发明的另一实施例中,可使装置或植入物成形以保护神经结构。举例来说,可使植入物的腹部为圆形以避免在植入物在向前移动或半脱位或脱位的情况下对神经结构的任何损害。
背侧边缘和上边缘和下边缘也可为圆形以避免在半脱位或脱位到硬膜外腔中的情况下对神经结构的损害。此外,圆形边缘可帮助使由于对关节囊施压引起的长期磨损最小化。
植入物的边缘可沿整个植入物周长或沿所述周长的部分为圆形。植入物侧壁可为直边,或者其可以不为90度的角度倾斜。植入物的厚度可沿周长不同。
植入物的厚度在边缘处可比中心处薄,沿整个植入物边缘或植入物边缘的部分变薄。植入物的厚度在边缘处可比中心处厚,沿整个植入物边缘或植入物边缘的部分变厚。
易于插入的植入物形状
植入物的形状可适于利于插入关节中。举例来说,在图10中,面向前最先进入关节的植入物1000的部分相对于植入物的部分或全部可为锥形1001,由此有助于插入。锥形端部可为尖端1001或圆形1002(图10B)。在大多数实施例中,优选为圆形端部,因为其可帮助降低损害邻近结构的风险。
植入物可具有锋利边缘1003(图10C)或圆形边缘1004(图10D)。通常优选为圆形边缘。植入物可具有大体直边边缘1005(图10E)或大体锥形边缘1006(图10F)。
人工关节可具有两个或两个以上组件,一个与胫骨面基本配合且另一个与股骨组件大体接合。这两个组件可具有平坦的相对表面。或者,相对表面可为弯曲的。曲率可为胫骨形状、股骨形状(包括在关节运动期间)和半月板形状和其组合的反映。
单组分系统的实例包括(但不限于)塑料、聚合物、金属、金属合金、结晶游离金属、生物材料或其组合。在某些实施例中,修复系统面向下层骨骼的表面可为平滑的。在其他实施例中,修复系统面向下层骨骼的表面可为多孔的或经多孔涂布的。另一方面,修复系统面向下层骨骼的表面经设计具有一个或一个以上凹槽,(例如)以有助于包围组织在其中生长。装置的外表面可具有阶梯形设计,其对于改变生物力学应力可为有利的。视情况,也可在装置上的一个或一个以上位置处添加凸缘(例如,以防止修复系统旋转,控制反转和/或防止下沉到骨髓腔中)。凸缘可为圆锥或圆柱形设计的部分。修复系统面向下层骨骼的部分或全部也可为平坦的,其可帮助控制植入物的深度且防止反转。
多组分系统的非限制性实例包括金属、塑料、金属合金、结晶游离金属和一种或一种以上生物材料的组合。关节面修复系统的一个或一个以上组件可由生物材料(例如,具有单独或接种在诸如可生物再吸收材料或组织支架的衬底内的诸如软骨细胞或干细胞的细胞的组织支架、异体移植物、自体移植物或其组合)和/或非生物材料(例如,聚乙烯或诸如铬钴合金的铬合金)组成。
因此,修复系统可包括一个或一个以上单材料或组合材料区域,例如,关节面修复系统可具有第一组件和第二组件。第一组件通常经设计以具有与所损失软骨组织类似的大小、厚度和曲率,而第二组件通常经设计以具有与软骨下骨骼类似的曲率。另外,第一组件可具有与关节软骨类似的生物力学性质,包括(但不限于)类似弹性和对轴向负载或剪切力的抗性。第一组件和第二组件可由两种不同金属或金属合金组成。系统的一个或一个以上组件(例如,第二部分)可由生物材料(包括(但不限于)骨骼)或非生物材料(包括(但不限于)羟磷灰石、钽、铬合金、铬钴合金或其他金属合金)组成。
关节面修复系统的一个或一个以上区(例如,第一部分和/或第二部分的外边缘)可为可生物再吸收的,例如以允许关节面修复系统与患者正常软骨之间的界面随着时间的流逝经透明或纤维软骨填充。类似地,一个或一个以上区(例如,关节面修复系统的第一部分和/或第二部分的外边缘)可为多孔的。孔隙度可在整个多孔区内线性或非线性地变化,其中孔隙度通常朝向关节面修复系统的中心的方向降低。小孔可经设计以使软骨细胞、软骨基质和结缔组织在其中生长,由此在关节面修复系统与包围软骨之间达成平滑界面。在使用诸如甲基丙烯酸甲酯、可注入羟基磷灰石或钙磷灰石材料等的水泥样材料的情况下,修复系统(例如,多组件系统中的第二组件)可附着于患者骨骼上。
在某些实施例中,关节面修复系统的一个或一个以上部分在植入时可挠曲或为液态或可变形,且随后可硬化。硬化可在(例如)1秒到2小时(或期间的任何时间)内,优选在1秒到30分钟(或期间的任何时间)内,更优选在1秒到10分钟(或期间的任何时间)内发生。
Claims (12)
1.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物具有至少一个锥形区域且其中所述锥形有助于将所述植入物放置在所述关节内。
2.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物在一个或一个以上边缘处具有小于所述植入物中心处的厚度的厚度。
3.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物具有可变厚度。
4.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物具有圆形边缘,其中所述圆形边缘可帮助降低对邻近结构的损害。
5.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物具有高度符合第一关节面的第一表面,其中所述符合包括与所述第一关节面的表面不规则性配合的表面特征,且所述植入物具有大体平滑的第二表面,由此允许在所述第二植入物表面与第二关节面之间的自由、大体不受拘束的运动。
6.根据权利要求5所述的植入物,其中所述第二关节面是用外科手术器具处理,且其中所述外科手术器具用以使所述第二关节面更平滑且移除任何表面不规则性。
7.一种试剂盒,其包含用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的植入物和用于制备所述关节使其接受所述植入物的器具。
8.一种试剂盒,其包含用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的植入物和用于改进所述关节与所述植入物之间的对准的器具。
9.一种试剂盒,其包含用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的植入物和用于确定最佳植入物大小或形状的工具,其中所述植入物是选自预先制造的植入物的分类库。
10.一种试剂盒,其包含用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的植入物和用于移除骨刺的器具。
11.一种试剂盒,其包含用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节的植入物和用于牵引所述关节的器具,其中所述器具经设计以有助于将装置插入所述关节中。
12.一种植入物,其用于治疗小面关节、钩椎关节或肋椎关节,其中所述植入物的大小或形状已针对过度生长骨骼加以调整。
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US20070083266A1 (en) | 2007-04-12 |
EP1951158A2 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
JP2009516545A (ja) | 2009-04-23 |
CA2630387A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
US20190254826A1 (en) | 2019-08-22 |
US20220061995A1 (en) | 2022-03-03 |
AU2006318528A1 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
WO2007062079A2 (en) | 2007-05-31 |
EP2520255B1 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
US20180008417A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
EP1951158A4 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
WO2007062079A3 (en) | 2007-09-07 |
EP2520255A1 (en) | 2012-11-07 |
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