Mulyoto Pangestu
Monash University, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty Member
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AI for cattle has been develop in Indonesia in contrast, AI for small ruminants (sheep and goat) are less developed. Its due to the lack of facilities, processing and packaging during storage. This research aims to compare the effectivity... more
AI for cattle has been develop in Indonesia in contrast, AI for small ruminants (sheep and goat) are less developed. Its due to the lack of facilities, processing and packaging during storage. This research aims to compare the effectivity and efficiency of two different packaging technique (test tube and straw). Test tube and 0.25 ml mini straw were tested . Semen was obtained from adult PE buck (3 yr) after collection by using artificial vagina. The fresh semen was then evaluated and diluted 5 folds with 2.9 percent Na-citrate. Diluted semen then packed in test tube and mini straw, and stored in refrigerator (10 0 C) for 7 days. Observations were done everyday on sperm motility, abnormality and percentage of live sperm. Observation were made at 37 0 C. Observation on fresh ejaculate showed that semen has 6x 109/ml concentration, 90 percent motility, 8 percent abnormality and 95 percent live sperm. Five folds dilution reduced sperm concentration to 1.2 x 10 9 /ml, but did not change sperm motility, abnormality and percent of live sperm. Sperm was then packed according to the treatments. Storage in both packaging did significantly reduce (P<0.01) sperm motility and percent live sperm, but not for sperm abnormality. All sperm stored in test tube were classified death at day 5 storage. However, sperm in the straw were remain live eventhough the percentages was low. It can be concluded that straw has a better result than test tube. Eventhough sperm motility was extremely low, it remains valuable for cervical insemination. (Animal Production 1(1) : 24-29 (1999). Key Words : Sperm, PE Buck, Straw, Test Tube
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Background: Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic also led to a reduction or even the suspension of elective health services. These decisions affected in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to... more
Background: Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic also led to a reduction or even the suspension of elective health services. These decisions affected in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to map the readiness of IVF clinics in providing safety in this situation and in the future. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective qualitative and quantitative research done in 2021 that involved three IVF clinics of Jakarta, Indonesia. Those three clinics were government-owned, private-owned, and educational and training center. The qualitative data of each clinic's readiness towards COVID-19 was obtained from interviews with the clinics staff. The quantitative data were collected from the clinics patients' number and demographic data from 2019-2021 as well as from COVID-19 databases. Both data sets were analysed descriptively and only for the quantitative analysis Stata version 16 was used. Results: There were changes in the domiciles and number of patients attending the three clinics. The ratio of patients from Jakarta increased while patients from outside Java Island decreased. There was a drop in annual patient numbers in 2020. However, from June 2020 to December 2021, the number of monthly IVF cycles increased significantly by 3.5 cycles per month (P=0.001). There was no association between IVF patients' attendance numbers and COVID-19 cases (P=0.785). One of the clinics had a negative pressure operating theatre, which made them more confident in treating patients with COVID-19 positive and made them even had higher IVF cycles started than the pre-pandemic period. Conclusion: Those three clinics are prepared in facing COVID-19, as they complied with government regulations. As the COVID-19 pandemic progressed, the number of patients gradually returned to normal.
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The association between the risk factors for male infertility including smoking, obesity, male age, and leukocyte count with sperm analysis, still shows mixed results. This study aims to determine the association between smoking, obesity,... more
The association between the risk factors for male infertility including smoking, obesity, male age, and leukocyte count with sperm analysis, still shows mixed results. This study aims to determine the association between smoking, obesity, male age, and leukocytes count with sperm quality (sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology) of infertility patients in Purwokerto. This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted in the medical records section of the Bunda Arif Hospital Purwokerto. The sample was taken by total sampling. The bivariate test of smoking and obesity behaviour variables with the results of sperm quality using the Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test. Male age variables used the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman correlation test. Variable leukocytes count using the Spearman test. The results showed no association between male age, obesity and smoking behaviour with sperm quality, sperm concentration, sperm motility...
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ABSTRACT: Antibody against progesgerone was produced from serum of local rabbit following low dose of progesterone injection: While a control group (Control; n=5) was injected with Freund's adjuvant solution in aquadest, the treatment... more
ABSTRACT: Antibody against progesgerone was produced from serum of local rabbit following low dose of progesterone injection: While a control group (Control; n=5) was injected with Freund's adjuvant solution in aquadest, the treatment groups were either firstly injected with progesterone conjugated to Freund's Adjuvant (P - -CFA, 150 p.l : 150 pl) or progesterone conjugated to Freund's Adjuvant and bovine serum albumin (P-CFA-BSA; 135 p;l : 150 tt1 : 15 gl). Twice boostering injections were adminstered using incomplete Freund's Adjuvant on day 14 and 52 after first immunization. Weekly bleeding for serum collection were done from 1 week following first booster immunization to week 10, Using ELISA technique it was shown that the antibody titer to progesterone after first and second booster immunization in the P-CFA groug was higher than Control- and P-CFA-BSA groups. The antibody titer in the P-CFA-BSA remained low similar in the Control group: Key words: antibody; pr...
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The present study aimed to investigate the association of the CAST genotype and growth traits in Batur sheep. Batur lambs were reared under an intensive feeding system. Bodyweight is measured monthly after weaning until six months of age.... more
The present study aimed to investigate the association of the CAST genotype and growth traits in Batur sheep. Batur lambs were reared under an intensive feeding system. Bodyweight is measured monthly after weaning until six months of age. Blood representing thirty head were collected, genomic DNA was extracted as samples, and then 200 µl of whole blood samples were used. Specific primers were designed to amplify the CAST gene, samples were sequenced, then the researchers used the BioEdit program to identify any mutation. Calculation of genotypes, gene and allele frequencies, heterozygosities, and Chi-square test was performed. The analysis revealed a total of sixteen polymorphic sites in the CAST coding region. There are four alleles observed (A, G, C, and T), trans-versions at c.92TT loci, and transitions at c.214G>A, c.280G>A, c.301CG. One individual disrupted the reading frame in the whole CAST sequenced. The genotype frequency analysis showed the highest predominance of th...
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Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a newly identified key negative regulator of human endometrial receptivity, specifically down-regulated in the luminal epithelium at receptivity to permit embryo implantation. Here, we bioinformatically compared the... more
Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a newly identified key negative regulator of human endometrial receptivity, specifically down-regulated in the luminal epithelium at receptivity to permit embryo implantation. Here, we bioinformatically compared the molecular characteristics of PODXL among the human, rhesus macaque, and mouse, determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (mouse tissues) whether endometrial PODXL expression is conserved across the three species and examined if PODXL inhibits mouse embryo attachment in vitro. The PODXL gene, mRNA, and protein sequences showed greater similarities between humans and macaques than with mice. In all species, PODXL was expressed in endometrial luminal/glandular epithelia and endothelia. In macaques (n = 9), luminal PODXL was significantly down-regulated when receptivity is developed, consistent with the pattern found in women. At receptivity, PODXL was also reduced in shallow glands, whereas endothelial expression was unchanged acros...
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Background: Retinoic acid plays an essential role in testicular development and functions, especially spermatogenesis. We have reviewed the role of retinoic acid from basic (molecular) to clinical application. Methods: A search was... more
Background: Retinoic acid plays an essential role in testicular development and functions, especially spermatogenesis. We have reviewed the role of retinoic acid from basic (molecular) to clinical application. Methods: A search was conducted in the online database including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for English studies published in the last eight years about this issue. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in assessing the studies we are going to investigate. Results: Studies indicated that retinoic acid plays an essential role during pluripotent stem cell migration and lineage commitment, cell differentiation, apoptosis, stem cell number regulation, and maturation arrest in spermatogenic cells. Retinoic acid can also affect related protein expression and signaling pathways at different stages of spermatogenesis. Four studies have applied retinoic acid to humans, all of them in the single-arm observational study....
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Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck's breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance. Materials and Methods: A... more
Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck's breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 male day-old local breed ducks (Tegal and Muscovy ducks) were used in this experiment. The first factor was duck breed and the second factor was different phytogenic compounds supplementation in the diet: Garlic, turmeric, ginger, and kencur, at 3% each. The observed variables were the blood lipid profiles comprise high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol total, triglyceride, blood parameters, welfare (heterophil/ lymphocyte [H/L] ratio), and growth performances (feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass percentage). Results: The interaction between breed of ducks and phytogenic compounds had a significant effect on blood triglyceride, but no significant effect on the blood lipid ...
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Abstract This study considers a virtual reality (VR) micro-robotic cell injection training system developed to reduce the time and cost required for a trainee to become proficient in cell injection. The VR environment replicates a... more
Abstract This study considers a virtual reality (VR) micro-robotic cell injection training system developed to reduce the time and cost required for a trainee to become proficient in cell injection. The VR environment replicates a micro-robotic cell injection setup to be interacted with and controlled using either a keyboard or haptic device. Using these two input control methods, user training evaluation experiments were designed and conducted to evaluate trainee performance. The performance improvement of 13 participants after undergoing training was analyzed. Results demonstrate that the participants attained higher accuracy and success rates when utilizing the haptic device control method than when applying the keyboard control method. All participants successfully performed the required task when employing the haptic device control method with haptic guidance enabled.
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Research Interests: Engineering and Cave
Currently the micro-robotic cell injection procedure is performed manually by professional bio-operators. It is a challenging task requiring advanced skills including the ability to precisely control the movement of a micropipette.... more
Currently the micro-robotic cell injection procedure is performed manually by professional bio-operators. It is a challenging task requiring advanced skills including the ability to precisely control the movement of a micropipette. Developing these skills requires both lengthy and intensive training, and significant practical experience. This paper extends upon our previous work in desktop Virtual Reality (VR) cell injection training to introduce a large-scale VR micro-robotic cell injection system. Through utilization of large visual displays and the large workspace INCA 6D haptic device, the proprioception related to large arm movements (and corresponding visual representation) and the resulting movement of the micropipette in relation to the cell aims to provide the user with a better understanding of the spatial relationship between the micropipette and cell. The haptic device can be operated either with or without haptic guidance. When enabled, haptic guidance is provided in the form of virtual fixtures (VFs) and force feedback to assist the user in following the ideal trajectory towards the penetration point, applying appropriate force for penetration and stopping the micropipette's tip at the suitable deposition point. A user evaluation was conducted to study the usability of the system. Eighteen participants took part in the experiments and were randomly divided into six groups based on the display and haptic guidance modes assigned. The results demonstrated that the large-scale VR micro-robotic cell injection system is a feasible and effective method for bio-operator training where it is suggested that the skills and knowledge acquired can be transferred to the real-world task.
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Research Interests: Biology, Cryopreservation, Medicine, Mice, Female, and 15 moreAnimals, Male, Blastocyst, Clinical Sciences, Embryonic Development, Vitrification, Fertilization in Vitro, Spermatozoa, Sperm Motility, Sperm Retrieval, Oocytes, Semen Preservation, Cell Survival, DNA fragmentation, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
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Research Interests: Biology, Cryopreservation, Medicine, Mice, Female, and 15 moreAnimals, Male, Blastocyst, Clinical Sciences, Embryonic Development, Vitrification, Fertilization in Vitro, Spermatozoa, Sperm Motility, Sperm Retrieval, Oocytes, Semen Preservation, Cell Survival, DNA fragmentation, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research to determine in vitro maturation rate of Bligon Goat supplemented with gonadotrophin (human chorionic gonadotrophin = hCG) in maturation medium. Cumulus-oocyte complexes of Bligon Goat were in vitro matured for 24 h in TCM 199... more
Research to determine in vitro maturation rate of Bligon Goat supplemented with gonadotrophin (human chorionic gonadotrophin = hCG) in maturation medium. Cumulus-oocyte complexes of Bligon Goat were in vitro matured for 24 h in TCM 199 supplemented with 10 IU and without hCG . Oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto orcein to examine changes in the configuration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane. Oocytes were considered mature when reached metaphase II (MII), characterized by first polar body (PB1) extrusion and arrangement chromosome similar to first metaphase stage I (M1). The results demonstrated that oocytes will efficiently undergo IVM under hCG supplementation. hCG supplementation significantly increased proportion oocyte underwent maturation (69.1±1.471 versus 44.2±2.5 %) as also indicated by nucleasr maturation and MII. Also lower rate of oocytes degeneration were observed in the medium with hCG supplementation (2.1±0.3. versus 10.7±2.3 %). It could be concluded that gonad...
The Egyptian or Common spiny mouse (A. cahirinus) is the first rodent species to show human-like menstruation and spontaneous decidualisation. We consider from these, and its other, human-like characteristics that this species will be a... more
The Egyptian or Common spiny mouse (A. cahirinus) is the first rodent species to show human-like menstruation and spontaneous decidualisation. We consider from these, and its other, human-like characteristics that this species will be a more useful and appropriate small animal model for human reproductive studies. Based on this, there is a need to develop specific laboratory-based assisted reproduction protocols including superovulation, in-vitro fertilisation, embryo cryopreservation and transfer to expand and make this model more relevant. Because standard rodent superovulation has not been successful in the spiny mouse, we have selected to test a human protocol. Female spiny mice will receive a subcutaneous GnRH agonist implant and be allowed to recover. Menstrual cycle lengths will then be allowed to stabilize prior to ovarian stimulation. After recovery, females will be injected IP once a day for 4 days with a FSH analogue, to induce follicular growth, and on day 5 will be inje...
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This paper presents a large-scale VR training system for the micro-robotic cell injection procedure. The system was developed utilizing state-of-the-art facilities including four large screens able to be configured to three different... more
This paper presents a large-scale VR training system for the micro-robotic cell injection procedure. The system was developed utilizing state-of-the-art facilities including four large screens able to be configured to three different display configurations. To interact with the system, a large workspace cable-driven haptic device was utilized as the input controller. The input controller used to manipulate the virtual micropipette can be set to two different haptic guidance modes, haptic disabled or haptic enabled. In the haptic enabled mode the user will be provided with virtual fixtures and force feedback in order to guide them to perform a successful injection. This paper also considers the range of existing cell biomechanical parameters. A virtual cell architecture to be utilized in the system is presented. The virtual cell was modelled to have a spherical membrane which provides gradually increasing repulsive force feedback to user's hand when contacted by the virtual micro...
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Research to determine in vitro maturation rate of Bligon Goat supplemented with gonadotrophin (human chorionic gonadotrophin = hCG) in maturation medium. Cumulus-oocyte complexes of Bligon Goat were in vitro matured for 24 h in TCM 199... more
Research to determine in vitro maturation rate of Bligon Goat supplemented with gonadotrophin (human chorionic gonadotrophin = hCG) in maturation medium. Cumulus-oocyte complexes of Bligon Goat were in vitro matured for 24 h in TCM 199 supplemented with 10 IU and without hCG . Oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto orcein to examine changes in the con guration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane. Oocytes were considered mature when reached metaphase II (MII), characterized by rst polar body (PB1) extrusion and arrangement chromosome similar to rst metaphase stage I (M1). The results demonstrated that oocytes will ef ciently undergo IVM under hCG supplementation. hCG supplementation signi cantly increased proportion oocyte underwent maturation (69.1±1.471 versus 44.2±2.5 %) as also indicated by nucleasr maturation and MII. Also lower rate of oocytes degeneration were observed in the medium with hCG supplementation (2.1±0.3. versus 10.7±2.3 %). It could be concluded that gonadotrophi...
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This research measured the adaptation of Holstein-Friesian cows to a topical area, Indonesia. Two groups of milking and non-pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows, one imported from New Zealand (S1) and the other born locally (S2) after... more
This research measured the adaptation of Holstein-Friesian cows to a topical area, Indonesia. Two groups of milking and non-pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows, one imported from New Zealand (S1) and the other born locally (S2) after artificial insemination (AI) using semen imported from New Zealand, were used in this experiment. Observations were made at three different altitudes, L1 (below 250 m), L2(250-500 m) and L3 (over 500 m) above sea level. Adaptation was indicated by measuring rectal temperature, respiration rate at 10.00 hr at 15.00 hr and daily milk production. Results showed no difference (P>0.05) between imported (SI) and locally born (S2) Holstein-Friesian cows in their rectal temperature, respiratory rates and milk production. However there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in those parameters between altitudes. The cows at L3 showed a higher productivity than those at L1 and L2. The results demonstrate that different altitudes, in this case related to differen...
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Article Info History Received: 07 Dec 2020 Accepted: 23 Dec 2020 Available: 31 Dec 2020 Abstract In vitro maturation (IVM) is a promising assisted reproductive technology (ART) for human infertility treatment. However, when cumulus oocyte... more
Article Info History Received: 07 Dec 2020 Accepted: 23 Dec 2020 Available: 31 Dec 2020 Abstract In vitro maturation (IVM) is a promising assisted reproductive technology (ART) for human infertility treatment. However, when cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) are removed from their follicular environment when manipulated in vitro, it can lead to a decrease of intra-oocyte cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphare (cAMP) causing spontaneous nuclear maturation and an asynchrony with the oocytes’ cytoplasmic maturation, resulting in poor embryo developmental outcomes. Nuclear and cytoplasmic synchrony is important during oocyte maturation within antral follicles. It is maintained partially by the actions of c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) binding with natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2), supporting high cAMP levels thus holding the oocyte in meiotic arrest. Addition of CNP to pre-IVM media has the capacity of maintaining cAMP levels and thus improve synchrony. Moreover, in women with advanc...
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... 12 List of abbreviation and measurement unit. Abbreviation: ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology BSA: bovine serum albumin CP: cryoprotcctant ... 1.12. Preservation of biological material for ART 77 7.73. Preservation of spermatozoa... more
... 12 List of abbreviation and measurement unit. Abbreviation: ART: Assisted Reproductive Technology BSA: bovine serum albumin CP: cryoprotcctant ... 1.12. Preservation of biological material for ART 77 7.73. Preservation of spermatozoa for ART 77 Page 11. ...
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Background and Aim: Bligon goat is a crossbreed between Etawah and Kacang goat. This crossbreed goat is mostly reared by small farmers. In vitro maturation allows female goat (does) contributes toward reproduction despite the fact that... more
Background and Aim: Bligon goat is a crossbreed between Etawah and Kacang goat. This crossbreed goat is mostly reared by small farmers. In vitro maturation allows female goat (does) contributes toward reproduction despite the fact that the animal has been slaughtered. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro maturation rate of Bligon goat oocytes supplemented with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and their ability for further embryonic development after in vitro fertilization. Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, using Bligon goat ovaries obtained from local slaughterhouse around Yogyakarta. One thousand five hundred cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 50 IU/L FSH or without FSH (control). First, matured oocytes were evaluated its morphology based on the expansion of cumulus cells a...
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The menstruating Egyptian spiny mouse has recently been proposed as a new animal model for reproductive health research. Unfortunately, little is known about reproduction in males. This study compared several characteristics of sperm... more
The menstruating Egyptian spiny mouse has recently been proposed as a new animal model for reproductive health research. Unfortunately, little is known about reproduction in males. This study compared several characteristics of sperm function before and after cryopreservation. Epididymal spermatozoa were cryopreserved in different concentrations of raffinose and skim milk and tested for motility and membrane integrity (Experiment 1). Further evaluations of motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA integrity were conducted with the addition of l-glutamine to the extender (Experiment 2). The results show that, following cryopreservation, motility and membrane integrity were reduced, but were better maintained in the presence of l-glutamine (P<0.05). Moreover, although all sperm parameters were significantly reduced following cryopreservation (P<0.05), most cryopreserved spermatozoa retained acrosome, membrane and DNA integrity whi...
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Numerous studies reported that vitrification, an ultra-rapid cooling technique, seems to be highly effective and could increase oocyte survival rate rather than slow freezing. The successful of oocyte vitrification depends on the proper... more
Numerous studies reported that vitrification, an ultra-rapid cooling technique, seems to be highly effective and could increase oocyte survival rate rather than slow freezing. The successful of oocyte vitrification depends on the proper combination of type and concentration of cryoprotectant. This study was addressed to determine the effects of the combination of type and concentration of cryoprotectants of vitrification media, notably in the embryo development. This experimental research was conducted by using oocyte obtained from thirty-two adult female Deutschland, Denken and Yoken (DDY) mice (7-8 weeks old). The MII mice oocytes were vitrified within 24 h after retrieval using the Cryotop method with cryoprotectants as follow : sucrose (16.5% EG, 16.5% DMSO, 0.5 mol/l sucrose), trehalose (16.5% EG, 16.5% DMSO, 0.5 mol/l trehalose) and Kitazato. The embryo development and morphological grading was observed at 2-cell and 8-cells under reverse phase light microscope and inverted mi...
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Summary Mouse and lamb oocytes were vitrified with, or exposed to, different cryoprotectants and evaluated for their effects on their survival and developmental competence after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and activation treatments.... more
Summary Mouse and lamb oocytes were vitrified with, or exposed to, different cryoprotectants and evaluated for their effects on their survival and developmental competence after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and activation treatments. Control oocytes remained untreated, whilst the remainder were exposed to three different combinations of vitrification solutions [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) + ethylene glycol (EG), EG only, or propanediol (PROH) + EG] and either vitrified or left unfrozen (exposed groups). Oocytes in the control and vitrified groups underwent IVF and developmental competence was assessed to the blastocyst stage. In lambs, survival rate in vitrified oocytes was significantly lower than for oocytes in the exposed groups (P <0.05). Blastocyst development was low in vitrified oocytes compared with controls (<6% vs 38.9%, P <0.01). Parthenogenetic activation was more prevalent in vitrified lamb oocytes compared with controls (P <0.05). No evidence of zona pellucid...
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Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck's breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance. Materials and Methods: A... more
Aim: The present study was to investigate the interaction between duck's breed and phytogenic compounds as feed additives in the diet on blood lipid and hematological profile, welfare, and growth performance. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 male day-old local breed ducks (Tegal and Muscovy ducks) were used in this experiment. The first factor was duck breed and the second factor was different phytogenic compounds supplementation in the diet: Garlic, turmeric, ginger, and kencur, at 3% each. The observed variables were the blood lipid profiles comprise high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol total, triglyceride, blood parameters, welfare (heterophil/ lymphocyte [H/L] ratio), and growth performances (feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and carcass percentage). Results: The interaction between breed of ducks and phytogenic compounds had a significant effect on blood triglyceride, but no significant effect on the blood lipid profile, hematological parameters, and growth performances. While, phytogenic compounds in the diet had significant effects on the blood lipid profile, heterophil (H), lymphocyte (L), and H/L ratio of ducks. The breed factors affected HDL and growth performances. Muscovy duck had a higher HDL and growth performance compare to Tegal duck. Among those, garlic most effectively reduced triglyceride level in Tegal duck. Conclusion: Phytogenic compounds 3% do not have a negative effect on the physiological parameters of ducks increase ducks welfare (H/L ratio), so it does not affect the growth performances of ducks. Muscovy duck had higher growth performances than Tegal ducks.