KOUSHIK ROY

Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50 of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50 (10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effec...

India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way to achieve the second blue revolution. Among all the major factors impeding sustainability of fisheries, factor of climate change is the recent addition. Climate change trends along major river basins of India have revealed a warming trend (0.2–0.5 °C), declining rainfall (257–580 mm) and shifting seasonality of rainfall occurrence. Rising sea levels (1.06–1.75 mm/year), receding Himalayan glaciers and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events are also a matter as per IPCC AR5. The present article discusses the contributions made by ICAR-CIFRI since 2004 on climate change vulnerability assessment framework, changes in breeding phenology of fishes, models on fish reproduction and diversity, thermal tolerance of fishes, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands and indigenous climate smart fisheries adaptation strategies. In addition, understanding the response and adaptation capacity of fishing and fishers to the physical and biological changes have also been discussed in the chapter.

Abstract Minnows are the most ignored yet indispensable group of freshwater fishes in Asian inland waters. The reproductive resilience of minnows facing climatic variability, using a wetland inhabiting species Amblypharyngodon mola (Mola carplets) in lower Indo-Gangetic floodplains, was validated. Results revealed that spawning decision in females (threshold gonadosomatic index ≥ 5 units) is neither cued by water temperature nor rainfall. They can maintain pre-spawning fitness (condition factor 1.12–1.25 units) within a broad temperature (22–33 °C) and rainfall (0–800 mm) window by active feeding, thus no risk of skipped spawning decisions while facing future climatic variabilities. Present breeding phenology (May-December) might have prolonged in the recent decade, especially the tail-end, concomitant with increasingly hot and rainy monsoon (May-August) and warmer post-monsoon months (September-December). Minnows are expected to prosper in a future climatic scenario, contributing to ecosystem balance (algal grazers) and regional food security. Female first maturity (♀ puberty) was encountered at 4.7–5.1 cm total length, hinting at a probable increase in the recent decade. Climate-favored prolonged recruitment window, in absence of extreme fishing pressure (currently), might have led to such pattern. However, this state might be temporary and labile. Minnows may soon get altered to earlier puberty (=warning sign of stock collapse) if fishing pressure intensifies under a reproductively favoring climate progression. Threshold body girth for spawning females was estimated at 3.2–3.4 cm (+17% than non-breeding ones). Fishing nets having mesh sizes (=total circumference) at least > 32–34 mm will most likely be the key to minnows’ endurance or survival in the coming decades.

EPA + DHA intake in land-locked central Europe (CE) is barely fulfilled. Imported marine fish/farmed salmonids are likely the backbone of an ailing EPA + DHA security. Supplementing with captured marine fish oil capsules (~0.5 g up to 1.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1) could be comparable in GHG emissions with fish consumption itself (~1 g to as low as 0.6 g CO2-eq. mg EPA + DHA−1). But synergistic benefits of EPA + DHA intake by consuming fish protein need consideration too. Taking semi-intensive pond carp and intensively farmed salmon as models, we analyzed footprint, eco-services, and resource use efficiency perspectives of achieving EPA + DHA security in a CE region. Despite a lower production footprint, pond-farmed fish greatly lag in EPA + DHA supply (carp 101–181 mg 100 g−1 < salmon 750–1300 mg 100 g−1). It doubles-to-quadruples footprint ‘per mg’ of EPA + DHA: nitrogen (carp 18.3 > salmon 8.7 mg N), phosphorus (carp 6.8 > salmon 1.6 mg P), and climate change (carp 1.84 &...

Abstract Background Presently, ~68.6 million tons of chilled-stored seafood are available globally for human consumption, worth ~129.5 billion €. At least ~13.7 million tons (worth 25.8 billion €) are probably spoilt each year, from post-catch till consumption. A growing interest in essential oils (EOs) as bio-preservatives in chilled-stored seafood is recently visible – prolific research during 2015–2020. Scope and approach Data from 180 scientific articles were reviewed and meta-analyzed. Our data-driven review aims to corroborate the promises of EOs in the chilled-stored seafood industry– where we stand and where to go (?). Key findings and conclusions Microbial load explain 60–90% of spoilage indicators’ progression in chilled-stored fish flesh. Beyond TVC 5–7 log CFU g−1, spoilage progresses exponentially. We identified 6 EOs with extraordinary TVC reduction potential (>4.61 log CFU g−1 per % concentration) that can ensure compliance with EU safety standards for raw fish – citrus, mentha, origanum, thymus, zataria, and zingiberaceae (probably chamomile and star anise in future). Not all EOs can suppress all specific microbes, especially anaerobic H2S producing bacteria. Only origanum, zingiberaceae, and thymus have complete-spectrum efficacy. Their right application method is essential (hurdle technology; active film-nanonemulsion; special packaging). 0.5–1% concentration of most EOs impart little interference on the natural odor of fresh fish. The rate of sensory score deterioration in EO treated fish flesh is ~2.5–5 times slower than normal refrigerated ones. Selected EOs at mild concentrations with the right application method can promote safety, sensory and shelf-life agendas of chilled-stored seafood. The guidelines, warnings, knowledge gaps, and research needs are discussed.

Phytoplankton and zooplankton are integral part of any aquatic ecosystem. They not only serve as food for aquatic animals, but also play important role in maintaining the biological balance and quality of the aquatic ecosystem. Raipur is a district of Chhattisgarh which is having about 58,514 ponds covering an area of about 0.744 lakh ha and these ponds have high plankton diversity. The present work has been conducted to enlist phytoplankton and zooplankton genera occurring in a few perennial unmanaged urban and rural ponds of Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Among phytoplankton, a total of 67 algal genera belonging to the classes Chlorophyceae (29 genera), Bacillariophyceae (18 genera), Cyanophyceae (15 genera), Chrysophyceae (2 genera), Euglenophyceae (2 genera) and Dinophyceae (1 genus) have been recorded from the studied ponds while among zooplankton, a total of 24 genera belonging to the classes Rotifera (11 genera), Copepoda (7 genera), Protozoa (3 genera), Cladocera (2 genera) and Ostra...

This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives involved in inland waters for quantitatively assessing their suitability and viability which can be used by the government or competent authorities in rendering technological and/or financial assistance. [UNPUBLISHED]

Introduction: Chlorophyll a concentration proxies the phytoplankton biomass which directly involves in signifying the production functions of aquatic ecosystem. Thus, it is imperative to understand their spatio-temporal kinetics in lotic environment with reference to regional climatic variabilities in the tropical inland waters. Objective: In-situ studies were conducted to examine the changes in phytoplankton biomass in lower Ganga basin as influenced by various environmental parameters under regional climatic variability during 2014-2016. Methods: Firstly, the most key influential environmental parameters on riverine Chl-a concentration were determined. Then the direct cascading effect of changing climatic variables on key environmental parameters were derived through modeling and quantified probable changes in mean Chl-a concentration in the lower stretch of river. Results: Only five environmental parameters namely water temperature, total dissolved solid, salinity, total alkalini...

Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the most impacted through climate change. They form an important fishery resource in West Bengal, India. Analysis of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) derived climatic data has revealed a unanimous warming trend (0.18–0.28 °C) and decreasing rainfall (135.6–257 mm) among the studied districts (North 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kolkata) of West Bengal over the last three decades. Four floodplain wetlands under cooperative fisheries management were studied during February 2015 and December 2015. Data were collected through a structured communication process involving multiple interviews through multiple rounds of surveys and also from secondary sources. Six climate smart fishery strategies could be identified, namely Temporary pre-summer enclosure, Submerged branch pile (Kata) refuge, Autumn stocking, Torch light fishing, Deep pool (Komor) refuge and Floating aquatic macrophyte refuge fishery (Pa...

Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat ambiguous or problematic. Through systematic meta-analyses, the present study formulated most up-to-date crayfish nutritional standards, against which a recyclable waste (biofloc biomass, BM) from intensive aquaculture systems was assessed as a novel protein source. Growth trajectory dependencies and thermal growth coefficient qualifying for good growth in crayfish (TGC 0.5–0.64 units) were benchmarked. Using these standards and a 7-week growth trial, BM's suitability as a novel protein source for red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was evaluated through its graded inclusions in a commercial feed. Results suggest that BM can elevate growth at 33–66% inclusion in existing feed formulations. Beyond 66% inclusion, BM can deteriorate growth in crayfish due to high ash content (exceeding physiological limit > 14%), arginine deficiency (~ 14–20% lower than an optimum requirement), and...

Background: This paper deals with a non-conventional approach called PCSM model. It was developed to aid in horizontal expansion of aquaculture through utilization of unmanaged ponds for modified extensive aquaculture. This model applies to small lentic water bodies like ponds (<10 ha area) where plankton count and limnological parameters are naturally within permissible range for fish culture or survival. It can only help in – ‘modified extensive aquaculture’ by increasing the abundance of plankton groups that are most preferred. This is only applicable for culturing planktophagus fishes. Methods: PCSM incorporates annual plankton community dynamics (data) of some representative ‘unmanaged’ ponds of the region. Only the dynamics of top two highly palatable and highly preferable Phytoplankton (Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae) and Zooplankton (Rotifera and Copepoda) groups for Indian Major Carps were focused upon. The monthly composition of each plankton group in each pond of ...

The main objectives of the present study were to quantify the environmental, especially temperature and rainfall, effects on breeding phenology of selected catfish species and to predict changes in breeding phenology of the selected species in relation to climatic variability for the Ganga River Basin. The study showed that changes in rainfall pattern may have the most profound effect on gonad maturation and breeding of Mystus tengara and Mystus cavasius followed by the effect of increased water temperature due to rising air temperature. Indication of region-specific adaptation was noticed in reproductive phenology of Eutropiichthys vacha based on local trends of warming climate. The other habitat parameters, such as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, nitrate, and phosphate, were correlated with gonad maturity and spawning. Climatic variability may bring region-specific changes in breeding phenology of fish species in the Ganga River. Under a warming climate, changes in precipitation pattern manifested into riverine flow pulse may be the key driver in dictating breeding phenology. Our study indicates E. vacha as a climate sensitive species that may be selected as a target species for climate change impact studies.

Reproductive biology of female amphidromous croaker Johnius coitor (Hamilton, 1822) was studied for the first time from various freshwater stretches of Ganga river basin, India in relation to climatic variability. The species showed high spatial variation in reproductive phenology and capable of breeding during pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter. Water temperature is the most crucial environmental parameter influencing gonadal maturation and breeding. Generalized additive model (GAM) models revealed water temperature near 23–25 °C as optimum and threshold GSI above 3 units necessary for breeding. Pre-spawning fitness (Kspawn50) and size at 50% maturity (LM50) benchmarked through Kaplan-Meier survival fit estimates were in the range 1.27–1.37 units and 19–24.5 cm respectively. First maturity of females was encountered at 11.4 cm within the size range 7.2–28.5 cm. Egg parameters in mature-ripe females ranged between 0.29–0.80 mm (diameter), 0.05–0.19 mg (weight) and 5687–12...

A focused review on the use of LHRHa in induced breeding of fishes in India was made. Use of LHRHa is mainly restricted to high value brackish water and marine fish species whose market value generally exceeds INR 300-400/kg (USD 4.5-6/kg). Published information on use of LHRHa in induced breeding of fishes in India could document only twelve species out of which nine were brackishwater or marine fish. Besides length and weight, the egg diameter of female fishes (>0.45–0.7 mm) is an important criterion for treating the fishes with LHRHa. LHRHa is either used alone or in combination with HCG (most popular), PGE, 17α-MT and Pimozide. Dosage of 20-70 µg/kg body weight for females and 10-40 µg/kg body weight for males with a latency period of 24-36 hours is most common in India. Experiments with LHRHa are being carried out mainly by ICAR-CIBA, Chennai (dominant) and ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi. Standardization and optimization of LHRHa dosage has been attained in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarife...

The utilization of the pond resources depends upon their limnological, hydrobiological and ecological knowledge in order to augment fish production by adopting scientific approach. As ponds play a vital role in commercial fisheries, sound ecosystem based management is necessary and it is pre-requisite to study their fundamental ecosystem dynamics for proper utilization or conservation.An account of recent researches on hydrobiological correlations existing in freshwater ponds and lakes is also given in the following article.

A survey was conducted to determine the nutrient and fertility status of pond bottom soil in a few perennial urban ponds and some perennial rural ponds of Raipur, Chhattisgarh to assess their fisheries production potential. Results revealed that the ponds of the region are characterized by moderate soil available-N content, low soil available-P content, high soil exchangeable K content, moderate level of organic carbon and near neutral to mildly alkaline pH. There is a significant imbalance in soil N:C and N:P ratios. The ponds in this region are moderately productive and there exists ample scope to enhance the current level of production through adoption of soil based management packages. Urban ponds need lime (as CaCO3) @700-800 kg/ha/yr., Nitrogen (as N) @200 kg/ha/yr., Phosphorus (as P2O5) @100 kg/ha/yr. and Organic C (as cow dung) @8000-10000 kg/ha/yr. Rural ponds require lime (as CaCO3) @500 kg/ha/yr., Nitrogen (as N) @150 kg/ha/yr., Phosphorus (as P2O5) @125 kg/ha/yr. and Org...

An investigation was made on physico-chemical characteristics, primary productivity parameters, nutrient dynamics, plankton diversity and abundance of an urban and peri urban pond, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh, India. The study was conducted during April 2013 to March 2014. The samples were analysed at monthly intervals. Most of the limnological parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for freshwater semi intensive fish culture practices. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices should be upgraded to semi intensive methods in these water bodies based on recommendations.

In the present study an investigation has been made on physico-chemical characteristics, primary productivity parameters, nutrient dynamics, plankton diversity and abundance of an urban and peri urban pond, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The study was conducted during April 2013 to March 2014. The samples were analysed at monthly intervals.

Seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters, dissolved nutrients, primary productivity and plankton population were investigated in two unmanaged urban and peri urban ponds, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh with special reference to fish culture during April 20 13 to March 2014. The samples were collected and analysed at monthly intervals. Nutrient-wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond. The urban pond was mesotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond showed signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primary productivity and plankton population. Most of the physico-chemical parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for fish culture throughout the year. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices in these water bodies should be upgraded to semi intensive for their proper utilization and maximizing fisheries production.

Simple Summary It is important to consider the nutritional requirements and optimum feeding of hatchery-raised, conservation-priority rheophilic fishes meant for river stock enhancement. Properly selected diets for these nutritionally data-poor fish species are crucial to achieve optimum growth potential and physiology. It greatly reduces the time spent in captivity, and if properly trained, may produce fish that are better insured for facing hardships in the wild. Abstract Large-bodied, river-migrating, rheophilic fishes (cyprinids) such as barbel Barbus barbus, nase Chondrostoma nasus, asp Leuciscus aspius, and vimba bream Vimba vimba are threatened in major European drainages. This represents the subject of our present study. Their hatchery nutrition prior to river-release is mostly on a hit-and-trial or carp-based diet basis. The study demonstrates an alternative approach to decide optimum nutrition for these conservation-priority and nutritionally data-poor fishes. The study re...

The concept of threshold condition factor (Fulton), beyond which more than 50% of the female fish population may attain readiness for spawning coined as pre-spawning fitness (K spawn50), has been proposed in the present article and has been estimated by applying the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method for fitting survival function. A binary coding strategy of gonadal maturity stages was used to classify whether a female fish is "ready to spawn" or not. The proposed K spawn50 has been generated for female Mystus tengara (1.13-1.21 units), M. cavasius (0.846-0.945 units), and Eutropiichthys vacha (0.716-0.799 units). Information on the range of egg parameters (fecundity, egg weight, egg diameter) expected at the pre-spawning stage was also generated. Additional information on species-specific thermal and precipitation window (climate preferendum) within which K spawn50 is attained was also generated through the LOESS smoothing technique. Water temperatures between 31 and 36 °...

The regional climate has significantly warmed with erratically declining annual rainfall and intensified downpour within a narrower span of monsoon months, which led to an increased trophic state (≈algae) in most inland waters. Freshwater clupeids vitally control the aquatic food chain by grazing on algae. Despite increasing food availability, IUCN Red List® revealed 16 freshwater clupeids with a decreasing population trend. We investigated one such species’ reproductive dependencies, Gudusia chapra (Indian river shad), in the lower Gangetic drainage (India) under a mixed context of climate change and overfishing. Monthly rainfall (≥ 60–100 mm) and water temperature (≥ 31–32 °C) are key breeding cues for females. The regional climate seems inclined to fulfill these through the significant part of the breeding season, and indeed the species has maintained consistent breeding phenology over 20 years. Other breeding thresholds relevant to fishing include size at first maturity (≥ 6.8 cm; reduced by ~ 25–36%) and pre-spawning girth (Girthspawn50 ≥ 7 cm; first record). Girthspawn50 is a proxy of the minimum mesh size requirement of fishing nets to allow safe passage of “gravid” females (+ 22% bulged abdomen) and breed. The operational fishing nets (3–10 cm mesh) probably have been indulged in indiscriminative fishing of gravid females for generations. Under a favorably changing climate and food availability, existing evidence suggests a fishery-induced evolution in regional females (to circumvent such mesh sizes) through earlier maturation/puberty at smaller sizes. It could be an early warning sign of population collapse (smaller females → lessening fecundity → fewer offspring). Overfishing seemed to be a bigger threat than climate change.

Screening of novel feedstuffs, that too for data-deficient (nutritionally) animals, is somewhat ambiguous or problematic. Through systematic meta-analyses, the present study formulated most up-to-date crayfish nutritional standards, against which a recyclable waste (biofloc biomass, BM) from intensive aquaculture systems was assessed as a novel protein source. Growth trajectory dependencies and thermal growth coefficient qualifying for good growth in crayfish (TGC 0.5-0.64 units) were benchmarked. Using these standards and a 7-week growth trial, BM's suitability as a novel protein source for red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was evaluated through its graded inclusions in a commercial feed. Results suggest that BM can elevate growth at 33-66% inclusion in existing feed formulations. Beyond 66% inclusion, BM can deteriorate growth in crayfish due to high ash content (exceeding physiological limit > 14%), arginine deficiency (~ 14-20% lower than an optimum requirement), and insufficient non-protein energy: protein ratio (3.7 cal mg −1). Arginine is perhaps the most critical amino acid in dietary protein for crayfish, and deficient in BM. Although no critical bioaccumulation levels of heavy metals were breached by feeding 100% BM to crayfish, a mineral and heavy metal (Hg) stress seemed plausible. Crayfish raised solely on biofloc may not realize full growth potential.

Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50 of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50 (10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effects on water and bacteria. While insecticides and herbicides are replaceable by well‐established commercial biocontrol measures, fungicides and nematicides would still be relevant in aquaponics due to low efficiency of alternatives (e.g. natural enemies, entomopathogenic fungus). Monitoring and cultural control are the first approaches to contain pest population below the action threshold. Biological controls, in general, are adaptable to a larger extent. Further studies are required on how to utilize indigenous microbial community in aquaponics (dominated by Proteobacteria; effective at ~103–109 CFU mL−1) as a frontline defence.

The spawning and well-being of fish in an ecosystem are closely linked to climatic cues, viz., temperature and rainfall. Reduced fitness can affect the reproductive performance and lead to skipped spawning. Benchmarking the threshold fitness required for a fish population to achieve readiness for spawning, and understanding how climatic parameters influence the fitness will aid in predicting the fate of its reproductive success in future climatic conditions. This study determined the threshold condition factor pre-spawning fitness (Kspawn50) at which 50% of the female Channa punctata population can be deemed fit for spawning. The optimal climate within which pre-spawning fitness is attained by this species under Indian climatic conditions was also identified. The study was conducted from June 2015 to September 2016, covering two spawning seasons (June–August) in a Gangetic floodplain wetland of West Bengal, India. The non-parametric Kaplan–Meier method (survival fit) was used for estimation of pre-spawning fitness. “Ready to spawn” females were classified based on binary coding of the gonadal maturity stages. The thermal and precipitation range within which spawning fitness is achieved was identified by using the locally weighted smoothing technique. Female C. punctata pre-spawning fitness (Kspawn50) ranged from 1.26 to 1.39 with an estimated median of 1.29 units. Temperatures between 29 and 32 °C and rainfall above 100 mm were conducive to attaining the requisite pre-spawning fitness in C. punctata. This is the first study benchmarking the pre-spawning fitness and optimal climate for C. punctata. Understanding spawning requirements can inform the climate change–induced impacts on reproductive plasticity and evolutionary adaptations of snakeheads in the Ganga river basin.

There have been some arguments concerning supplementary feed (cereals) based common carp production in fishponds and water pollution, mostly in Central Europe. Using Czech Republic (top producer in EU) as a benchmark and combining data on nutrient digestibility of feedstuffs used combined with analyses of literature data, we have assessed – nutrient footprint (∼9.4–10.8 kg N ha−1, ∼2.7–3.2 kg P ha−1; 1.5–4 × < EU crop-livestock sectors); nutrient utilization efficiencies (NUEN ∼36%, NUEP ∼50%; 1.5–1.7 × > EU livestock average); autochthonous nutrient removal (∼8–9.2 kg N ha−1, 1.4–1.6 kg P ha−1); eco-cost burden (13–29 × ≪ positive services); eco-services (∼74.5–100.6 million € country−1; ∼2375 € ha−1) of carp production in Central Eastern European Region (CEER). Digestible nutrients offered by natural prey (7.9% N, 1% P on dry matter basis) to carp are ∼5–8 times higher than those provided by cereals and remains the key determinant for production. Despite this, 70–90% of nutrient footprint from feeding is contributed by cereals. Neutral footprint (∼374 kg ha−1) and exclusively natural (up to 300 kg ha−1) carp production intensities were identified, following which, commercial interest of carp farming may falter (costing intangible losses >56.5 million € in CEER), despite achieving ‘greener-goals’. Per production cycle, carp aquaculture in CEER fishponds offer at least 579 million € worth of services. Our results show that carp production in ponds have lesser nutrient burden than crop and livestock productions in EU. Existing management of fishponds ‘barely meet’ optimum P requirements of common carp and present production intensity should not be vilified as a pollution causing activity. Risks and solutions for achieving both environmental (minimized footprint) and aquaculture goals (uncompromised production) are discussed.

The floodplain wetlands in different regional settings vary with time and space in terms of function and geomorphological diversity. In recent decades, these eco-sensitive waterbodies have been exposed to a wide range of anthropogenic threats and climatic changes. Therefore, assessment of these ecological and environmental threats is prerequisite to understand the state of ecosystem and to develop a sustainable management strategy for conservation of wetland biodiversity and fisheries enhancement. This paper discusses the region-specific pattern of trophic state index (TSI) of the 27 floodplain wetlands in West Bengal, India. Carlson TSI and Lamparelli TSI methods were used to determine a better approach based on historical and continuous dataset and to delineate the interrelationship among historical climatic variability for sustainable management of the resources. The study revealed that agro-climatic divisions do not unveil any significant impact on the TSI calculated using Carlson TSI as well as Lamparelli TSI method. The TSI scores for the two methods were significantly different (p < 0.01) for different zones based on wetland habitat types. The TSI scores revealed most of the wetlands to be in mesotrophic state. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that TSI scores were having similar pattern of variation with rainfall and water temperature. The present study also conveys fundamental information on ecological status based on the trophic state, which will aid to develop region-specific strategies for sustainable fisheries enhancement.

Metadata from 70 research articles on Cyprinus carpio digestibility published between 1973 and 2017, covering 71 feed ingredients, were analysed. Interquartile range (IR) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in feedstuffs was 5–8% and 0.7–1.2% of dry matter, respectively, with digestible N:P 7.2:1–44.1:1. IR of N digestibility (79–99%) was high, whereas IR of P digestibility (27–47%) was rather poor. Dietary energy digestibility (gross energy and non‐protein energy) was >76%. Higher P in feedstuffs caused significant negative interferences for N digestibility. IR of nutrient content in carp faeces was estimated at 0.5–1.7% N and 0.4–0.9% P. Considering the metabolic losses, the carp excreta have an ‘eutrophic’ N:P ratio (2.1:1–5.8:1). Eutrophication potential from feeding seems linked to P digestibility followed by bad protein profile of diets. While brewery wastes, microbial protein and natural prey offer high P digestibility (75–90%), large knowledge gaps still exist in P digestibility of various ingredients. Thermal processing does not always improve P digestibility; acidic pre‐incubation with phytases (optimum: 1500–2000 IU kg−1 feed) is worth exploring. Under semi‐intensive system, digestible ‘supplementary’ nutrients (N: 3.3–4.9%, P: 0.2–0.5%; even lower) can support at least 0.6–1.2 thermal growth coefficient (reasonable growth) and be ecologically relevant. We further considered validity of data within experimental conditions; effects on N/P utilization; non‐faecal losses (IRs 17–59% of N intake; 9–18% of P intake); and controversies over eutrophication. Recent eutrophication of carp fishponds might have been rather ‘management‐driven’ than carp's biological limitations. Ameliorative measures are outlined.

This article showcases a model performa for benchmarking the potential fisheries cooperatives involved in inland waters for quantitatively assessing their suitability and viability which can be used by the government or competent authorities in rendering technological and/or financial assistance. [UNPUBLISHED]

In the present study an investigation has been made on physico-chemical characteristics, primary productivity parameters, nutrient dynamics, plankton diversity and abundance of an urban and peri urban pond, located in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The study was conducted during April 2013 to March 2014. The samples were analysed at monthly intervals.
In the urban and peri urban pond, mean value of physico-chemical parameters such as transparency was 47.86 cm and 16.68 cm respectively, pH (7.76 and 8.27 respectively), temperature (24.38°C and 24.52°C respectively), EC (0.46 mS/cm and 0.45 mS/cm respectively), TDS (0.44 ppt and 0.29 ppt respectively), salinity (0.34 ppt both), Free CO2 (1.75 ppm and 0.58 ppm respectively), CO32- (3.33 ppm and 7.33 ppm respectively), HCO3- (156.67 ppm and 180.50 ppm respectively), total alkalinity (160 ppm and 187.83 ppm respectively), total hardness (113 ppm and 76.50 ppm respectively) and DO (4.63 ppm and 5.12 ppm respectively). All the parameters except DO were found within the optimum range recommended for fish culture.
The mean primary productivity values in the urban and peri urban pond such as GPP was 2287.50 mg C/m2/day and 2562.50 mg C/m2/day respectively, NPP (1768.75 mg C/m2/day and 1231.25 mg C/m2/day respectively) and community respiration (518.75 mg C/m2/day and 1331.25 mg C/m2/day respectively). The urban pond was mesotrophic in nature while the peri urban pond is showing signs of progressive eutrophication as evident from the primary productivity values.
The mean value of dissolved nutrients of pond water and soil parameters in the urban and peri urban pond such as NH3-N were 0.09 ppm and 0.12 ppm respectively, NO3-N (0.40 ppm and 0.11 ppm respectively), O-PO4 (0.04 ppm and 0.08 ppm respectively), soil pH (6.84 units both), soil EC (0.44 mS/cm and 0.50 mS/cm respectively), soil available-N (345.85 kg/ha and 381.25 kg/ha), soil available-P (15.13 kg/ha and 12.08 kg/ha respectively), soil available-K (436.16 kg/ha and 468.74 kg/ha respectively) and soil organic carbon (0.56 percent and 1.00 percent respectively). Except soil pH, soil EC and soil available-K, all the nutrient parameters were at sub-optimal levels and need amendment through adoption of soil based fertilisation packages. Nutrient wise, the peri urban pond had greater fertility than the urban pond.
The Menhinik generic diversity index of phytoplankton was higher in the urban pond (1.87 units) than the peri urban pond (0.88 units). The phytoplankton abundance was greater in the peri urban pond (1853500.67 no. of individuals/lit) than its urban counterpart (333174.67 no. of individuals/lit). Similarly, Menhinik generic diversity index as well as abundance of zooplankton was higher in the peri urban pond (6.19 units and 3225 no. of individuals/lit respectively) than its urban counterpart (5.73 units and 1825 no. of individuals/lit). A total of 62 genera of phytoplankton and 21 genera of zooplankton were found in the urban pond. In the peri urban pond, 64 phytoplankton genera and 22 zooplankton genera were noted. Among phytoplankton, members of Chlorophyceae dominated in either of the ponds (40.58 percent and 38.11 percent respectively). Among zooplankton, rotifers dominated in the urban pond (46.69 percent) while copepods dominated in the peri urban pond (46.29 percent). The peri urban pond is better in plankton status as compared to its urban counterpart and can support higher fish yield if managed properly.
Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between EC and salinity, EC and O-PO4, HCO3- and total alkalinity, HCO3- and GPP, HCO3- and soil organic carbon, DO and zooplankton count, NPP and GPP, O-PO4 and soil available-N, soil pH and soil EC while significant negative correlations were found between temperature and NPP, temperature and GPP, temperature and zooplankton count, temperature and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, EC and DO, salinity and DO, free CO2 and CO32-, DO and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton, NPP and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, NH3-N and NO3-N, Phytoplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of phytoplankton, Zooplankton count and Menhinik diversity index of zooplankton.
Most of the limnological parameters reached their peak during the winter months and were within the optimum range for freshwater semi intensive fish culture practices. It was concluded that the present extensive fish culture practices should be upgraded to semi intensive methods in these water bodies based on recommendations.

India has crossed the fisheries production of 10 million tonnes in 2015 and presently on its way to achieve the second blue revolution. Among all the major factors impeding sustainability of fisheries, factor of climate change is the recent addition. Climate change trends along major river basins of India have revealed a warming trend (0.2–0.5 °C), declining rainfall (257–580 mm) and shifting seasonality of rainfall occurrence. Rising sea levels (1.06–1.75 mm/year), receding Himalayan glaciers and frequent occurrence of extreme weather events are also a matter as per IPCC AR5. The present article discusses the contributions made by ICAR-CIFRI since 2004 on climate change vulnerability assessment framework, changes in breeding phenology of fishes, models on fish reproduction and diversity, thermal tolerance of fishes, carbon sequestration potential of wetlands and indigenous climate smart fisheries adaptation strategies. In addition, understanding the response and adaptation capacity of fishing and fishers to the physical and biological changes have also been discussed in the chapter.