Sociology of Fisheries and Aquaculture

This paper reviews recent literature on the effects of tariff liberalization on wild caught fish product production structures, development outcomes, and fish stocks. Using the case of canned tuna, the report shows that tariff regimes clearly influence the location of production and processing activities, thereby shaping the international division of labour. While trade measures clearly have significant implications for developing countries, the report finds that the impact of trade preferences and tariff liberalization cannot be adequately understood without taking into consideration the particular characteristics and circumstances of individual countries. Therefore, one-size-fits-all policy prescriptions based on generalized assumptions about the functioning of the world economy will not provide an adequate policy framework. The author puts forward several recommendations concerning measures that could be taken to help developing countries adapt to changes in competitiveness in the evolving trade environment.

Costa-Pierce and Chopin (2021) covered much of the hype in some proposals for aquaculture development today. Many aquaculture veterans chimed in to us after the article was published and said "so what else is new"? There are more important additional orthodoxies that affect aquaculture policies and development options that are uncomfortable truths: 1) Does the world need more food? 2) Does aquaculture contribute in an outsized way to nutritional wellness? and 3) Do the new geographies for aquaculture, such as the USA and the EU, import 90 percent or more of their seafoods? First, world food production has outpaced population growth by a large margin, including for animal proteins (Hazell and Wood 2008, Pingale 2012, FAO 2017). Seafood supply has also outpaced population growth (FAO 2018). The real reason for human suffering is not supply but the dysfunctions in access, distribution networks, income distribution (the yawning gap between rich and poor) and its consequences for increasing poverty, protracted wars and violence and climate-related disasters (FAO et al. 2018). Second, there is evidence from aquaculture scientists that the enhanced protein and micronutrient contributions from seafood to consumers and households in comparisons to intake from lower-cost plants and terrestrial animals has been overstated (Kawarazuka and Bene 2011, Bene et al. 2016). Third, large countries with great potential for aquaculture development advocate the need for it in comparison to other alternatives. The US does not import 90 percent of its seafood. It has long been said that "America exports everything it produces and imports everything it eats." I once ate cod at a restaurant in Gloucester, Massachusetts, next to the fish auction. The fisherman I was out to dinner with pointed to my plate and said, "that fish was caught here, exported to be processed in Thailand, now is on your plate." The US and the EU are among the world's largest seafood exporters. Gephart et al. (2019) estimate that China imports about one-third of US seafood, processes them, then about 57 percent of that is shipped back to the US where it is counted as imports. As a result, they estimate domestic production accounts for 35-38 percent of America's seafood and that 62-65 percent of seafood is imported. Seafood data are poor everywhere for decision-making and are used to make political points to advocate for aquaculture. Aquaculture is political, of course, but doesn't need poor data to justify its solid merits.

The present study was carried out to assess the livelihood status of traditional fishing community of Meghna River adjacent to Narsingdi District from September 2015 to March 2016. Data were collected through the well-structured questionnaire survey from Noyapara, Daspara, Birpur and Boiddamara char close to Meghna River. A total of 100 fishermen were selected randomly for interview. The findings of the study revealed some interesting facts and showed most of the fishermen were Hindu (63%) belong to the age of 24-45 years. Almost 71% of the fishermen were illiterate and got medical help mainly from village doctor (80%). It was found from the investigation that most of the house were kacha (65%) and with poor sanitation facilities. For coping with adverse situation most of them (85%) take loan from somiti (Asha). There was a prevalent relationship of contentment of fishermen, children's school, taking risk at work, electricity facilities and medical facilities with the fishing income that was analyzed by One Way ANOVA (SPSS v.22) as the alpha level (p < 0.05). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done to isolate variables that may be sufficient for socioeconomic study and Correlation matrix was done to find out the relation among variables.

Resumen.-La contaminación biológica afecta a la acuicultura mundial con importantes impactos de productividad y rentabilidad, especialmente en el cultivo de moluscos, donde tanto la especie de cultivo objetivo como la infraestructura están expuestas a una diversidad de organismos contaminantes. En el cultivo de ostras, el impacto clave es la adherencia directa de organismos causando daño físico, interferencia mecánica, competencia biológica y modificación ambiental, mientras que también se efectúa la infraestructura. El presente estudio describe la composición de la bioincrustación en la superficie de la ostra de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivada en un estuario Amazónico, ubicado en el estado de Pará, norte de Brasil. En total, 6.124 macroinvertebrados fueron muestreados en julio, agosto, octubre y diciembre de 2013. La epifauna recolectada estuvo representada por 5 grupos principales (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea y Anthozoa), 20 familias y 37 especies. Bivalvia fue la clase más abundante, presentando 5.183 mejillones de la especie Mytella charruana. El conocimiento sobre la composición de la incrustación biológica, así como la identificación de las principales especies que causan impactos directos, permite opciones de gestión más personalizadas y estratégicas, minimizando los costos, a menudo significativos, asociados con el control de la bioincrustación (antifouling). Abstract.-Biofouling affects global aquaculture with significant impacts on productivity and profitability, especially in marine shellfish culture, where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms. In oyster culture, fouling of stock causes physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, with infrastructure also colonized. The present study describes the composition of the biofouling community inhabiting the surface of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, cultivated in an Amazon estuary, in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. In total, 6,124 macroinvertebrates were collected during July, August, October and December 2013. Collected epifauna was represented by 5 groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta, Crustacea and Anthozoa), 20 families and 37 species. Bivalvia was the most abundant class, with the mussel Mytella charruana by far the most dominant species with 5,183 individuals. Knowledge about the composition of biofouling as well as identifying the main species that cause direct impacts allows more tailored and strategic management options, minimizing the often-significant costs associated with biofouling control (antifouling).

of the famed ichthyologist John Bardach at the University of Michigan, who teamed with McLarney and John Ryther, the pioneering aquaculture scientist researching integrated mariculture systems in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, to bring to a wider global audience the history and diversity of aquaculture species and systems, especially Asian integrated aquaculture farming ecosystems. They produced the pioneering textbook, "Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms" (Bardach, Ryther and McLarney 1972). Bill McLarney was a founder with John and Nancy Todd, Ron Zweig and Earl and Hilde Barnhart (and many others) of the eclectic and pioneering New Alchemy Institute (NAI) in West Falmouth, Massachusetts whose research works in applied ecology during the 1970s-1980s laid the foundation visions of a future ecological society. NAI pioneered much of what today has become "permaculture." The integrated renewable energy food bioshelters they designed and implemented intrigued many, including world leaders such as Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau (Justin Trudeau's father) who dedicated "The Ark" on Prince Edwards Island. NAI was also among the first to weave into discussions of the social implications such designed ecosystems as "appropriate technologies." These have evolved today into the impacts of technological innovations on "social-ecological systems," an example of which for aquaculture is Johnson et al. (2019). Among the many, famed architect Buckminster Fuller and renowned ecologist Eugene Odum visited NAI and praised their solutions for societies worldwide that they felt were losing their way. Ron Zweig of NAI became the fisheries and aquaculture leader for The World Bank, impacting aquaculture development throughout the world. Bill McLarney later became an environmental leader recognized globally for working with indigenous peoples to help save one of the world's most biodiverse regions, the tropical Atlantic Talamanca ecological systems of Costa Rica. John and Nancy Todd have continued to the present day implementing their ecological designs, pioneering the concept of "living machines"

Fishing is an important income source contributing to the economy of fishing communities living on the banks of River Narmada (India). The aim of this study was to collect information on economic and livelihood conditions of these fishermen communities to identify key issues that might be considered in sustaining their livelihood and ensure their participation in conservation of fish biodiversity. Data were collected using a questionnaire administrated to the fishermen families inhabiting at both banks of the selected reach of river in a single " snapshot " survey. The study reveals that income pattern of fishermen is not enough for their annual expenditure which affects their lifestyle and forcing them to change their traditional source of income and dependency on other sources of income for their livelihood activities.

The ongoing political drama of ecological regime shift as enacted by J. lalandii (also known as West Coast Rock Lobster, or reef) offers a way in to thinking about how creatures are going to negotiate the conditions of their survival in altered environs.

The rising demand for high-quality Atlantic Bluefin tuna in the Japanese sushi-sashimi market has shifted the construct of the Mediterranean Bluefin fishery from its public artisanal attributes, to a privatized industrial activity. As one of the major producers of BFT, the Maltese physical and socio-cultural environments have been affected by some of the repercussions of this lucrative industry. Through qualitative analysis by interviews with experts in the field, this dissertation identifies and evaluates several environmental and socio-cultural issues emerging from this industry, whose economic prosperity is indisputable. Results have shown that tuna pens around the Maltese Islands do not have a significant impact on Posidonia oceanica meadows, however, they affect benthic macrofaunal assemblages in sandy bottoms under the cages, which are in approximately 80m depth. A predominant controversial issue in user conflict at the coastal zone is the tedious sea slime that oozes out of frozen blocks of baitfish left to thaw in the cages. Issues threatening the Maltese social and cultural environment include increased competition within other fisheries, threat to the livelihood of local artisanal fishermen and persisting IUU catches, permitted by corruptibility of national observers. the study did not reach a stance on the industry’s effect on tourism. The study concludes on the fact that tuna penning in Malta is not currently a sufficiently sustainable industry, and although improvements have been made, some potential management measures that could help better regulate the tuna penning industry and mitigate its effects, are discussed in the conclusion. These proposed measures aim to alleviate pressure on wild stocks of Bluefin tuna and baitfish, and also aim to mitigate the aforementioned effects, with the vision of attaining simultaneous economic, environmental and social prosperity of this vital industry.

Controversies have been the focus of considerable attention in the STS literature. As past studies have shown, the processes of closure are closely related to the production of technoscientific knowledges and artifacts. In this STS dissertation, I build on these studies by opening the black box that is the Cohen Report, thereby illuminating the various forms taken by, and contestations associated with, controversial salmon in the Cohen Commission, 2009-2012, a federal inquiry into the decline of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River of British Columbia, Canada.

In this empirical study, I ask: (i) What are the primary sources of controversy in the Fraser River fishery? (ii) What salmon controversies are revealed through the social-life of sockeye, and how do they compare to those depicted in the Cohen Report’s overview of the life-cycle of sockeye? (iii) What factors contributed to the (de)legitimation of particular understandings of controversial salmon during the Cohen Commission?

To address these questions, I employed a three-phase, multi-method approach which involved (I) collecting qualitative data in the field; (II) creating a map from these data; and (III) using this map to analyze the ‘social lives’ of various human and non-human actors.

My primary research findings (1-9) shed new light on various salmon controversies, including those arising from (1) Indigenous responses to the ongoing experience of colonial violence and dispossession, (2) an ethic of exploitation oriented towards establishing and maintaining dominion over nature, (3) the prevailing view that fish (and fishing) are principally vehicles for economic growth and financial profit, and (4) the local effects of anthropogenic climate change. I also found that (5) these controversies are largely minimized by the Cohen Report’s life-cycle overview, which reduces the sockeye life-cycle to a series of physiological transformations loosely connected to the particulars of place. During the Cohen Commission, salmon controversies were (de)legitimated through (6) the boundary work of expertise, (7) the Commission’s emphasis on efficiently neutralizing contention, and (8) differing assessments concerning the importance of place. This resulted in the production of a controversial blueprint for closure—i.e., the Cohen Report—which (9) called for the production of knowledge and ignorance in relation to the impacts of salmon farming, accentuating the importance of attending to generative symmetry, this dissertation’s foremost contribution to the STS controversy studies literature.

Tempat Pelatihan Persiapan Pensiun sekaligus Pelatihan Budidaya Lele, Restaurant yang menyajikan hasil olahan ikan langsung dari kolam dan sayuran dari tanaman hydroponik yang tersedia di areal Farm. Tersedia juga Kids Corner, anak-anak bisa bermain air dalam kolam sambil menangkap ikan dengan area yang berwarna cerah.

Registrasi bisa menghubungi :
Rachmayani +62 812 8891 5025
Email: legisan@biofloc165.com
Address: Jl. Raya Keadilan (Rawa Denok) Ds. Rangkapan Jaya Baru Kec. Pancoran Mas Kota Depok.

Pelatihan Budidaya Lele Bioflok, Pelatihan Ternak Lele Sistem Bioflok, Budidaya Lele di Depok, Jual Bibit Lele di Depok, Peternak Lele di Depok, Pelatihan Agrobisnis, Budidaya Ikan Lele, Pelatihan Persiapan Pensiun, Training Persiapan Pensiun, Program Persiapan Pensiun, Pelatihan Perikanan, Pelatihan Wirausaha Budidaya Ikan Air Tawar, Pelatihan Budidaya Ikan Patin, budidaya lele Biofloc, budidaya lele dalam tong, budidaya lele,budidaya lele kolam terpal, budidaya lele di lahan sempit, cara budidaya lele organik, budidaya lele sistem bioflok, Bisnis Usaha Ternak Lele

Molokaʻi Fishpond Master CDUA Project. 1993.  Joe Farber, Heather Keevill, Marie Lafaele, Lixia Qu, David Takeyama, Jon Valera, and Jon Wallenstrom. Luciano Minerbi, faculty participant, co-editor, and PI. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu.

This report was commissioned by the State of Hawaii Department of Lands and Natural Resources (DLNR) to help complete a draft Master Conservation District Use Application to obtain a single permit for restoring several ancient fishponds on the island of Molokaʻi in Hawaiʻi. The task included conducting a survey of the landowners and obtaining their consent for field survey to describe each fishpond and to establish priorities and their feasibility for restoration.  As such the report had to comply with requirements to obtain a conservation district use application from DLNR that entails considerations similar to an environmental assessment (EA) and an environmental impact statement (EIS).  It had to address concerns of federal, state and county agencies that have jurisdiction in the coastal zone. It had to obtain input from the Molokai community regarding desirability and priority for fishpond restoration.  The fishponds are of world’s heritage value for their cultural, historical, archeological, ecological, engineering, religious, and subsistence significance.  They are a marvel of aquaculture accomplishment that utilizes the ocean currents, tides, sun, moon, waves and brackish water to capture, retain, grow and  harvests fresh fish. They include fishpond and fishtrap types.  This project received the Outstanding Class Project Award by the American Planning Association, Hawaii Chapter 1994.

In this study, we describe what we term a Blue Transition, defined as the passage from fish biomass reduction to recovery in exploited aquatic resources, enabled by aquaculture. A Blue Transition is a key component of emergent “blue” discourses which support that the expansion of aquaculture would relieve pressure on declining capture fisheries, thus contributing to global food security, particularly of the poorest populations. Based on global secondary data and the case of Chile, we explore the evidence of such claim and the implications of a Blue Transition for fisheries and aquaculture development. In 2012, worldwide aquaculture production surpassed wild captures; nevertheless, such turnaround would have not taken place without China's contribution. In Chile, this turnaround occurred in 2014, concurrently with the lowest industrial landings registered since the 1960s (1,227,359 tons). Chile's aquaculture is not relieving wild fisheries or satisfying food demands of the lower income population, in the country or elsewhere. Salmon, the main aquaculture product, is destined mainly to Japan, Russia and United States where, due to its high prices, it is consumed mostly by wealthy consumers. For the case at hand, evidence suggests that a blue transition may be underway but is going in the wrong direction: from what may have been sustainable fisheries management before the 1970s to the overexploited wild fisheries of today.

Sushi and sashimi are by now global sensations and have become perhaps the best-known of Japanese foods, but they are also the most widely misunderstood. Oishii: The History of Sushi reveals that sushi began as a fermented food with a sour taste, used as a means to preserve fish. This book, the first history of sushi in English, traces sushi’s development from China to Japan and then internationally, and its evolution from street food to high-class cuisine. Included are historical and original recipes that display the diversity of sushi and how to prepare it. An expert on Japanese food history, Eric C. Rath has written a must-read for understanding sushi’s past and how it became one of the world’s greatest cuisines.


‘Without a doubt the most definitive book I have ever read on what is now one of the world’s most popular foods. Eric Rath’s Oishii is not only well written and packed with fascinating delicious information, but easy to read as well. It belongs on the bookshelf of any lover of good food.’ — Ken Hom, OBE, author, chef & TV presenter

‘Deploying gorgeous visual material and exquisite detail from over a millennia of Chinese and Japanese written sources, Eric Rath historicizes, regionalizes and denationalizes the contested story of the birth and transformation of various kinds of sushi. He also shows how this modest dish went global as it acquired substantial cultural capital in the late twentieth century. A lucid and beautifully produced book.’ — Krishnendu Ray, Chair, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, NYU Steinhardt

‘Oishii means “delicious” in Japanese, and this impressive book both nourishes and delights. Through prodigious research and recipes, Oishii carries us along sushi’s path from fermented fish to fresh. Rath’s narrative is revelatory as he traces sushi’s history in relation to culinary methodologies, nationalism, wartime rationing, global innovations, and more.’ — Darra Goldstein, founding editor of "Gastronomica" and author of "Beyond the North Wind"

‘Eric C. Rath’s smart, historically riveting, contemporarily grounded deconstruction of sushi kept me turning each page in anticipation of yet another fascinating fact on one of my most deeply loved foods. For chefs and food geeks, Oishii reveals a number of sushi methods heretofore not found in English and thus serves as an extremely valuable contribution to the landscape of Japanese food writing.’ — Nancy Singleton Hachisu, author of 'Japan: The Cookbook'

Fish traps are passive fishing gear which lured the fish either for food or shelter and get trapped through appropriate hard or soft structures. Documentation of these traditional fish trapping methods from the northeastern parts of India is limited. This study attempts to document the traditional fish trapping devices from four districts of Meghalaya with respect to its structure and operation. The depicted survey highlights 11 types of fish traps which were classified into three major categories such as tubular, basket and box traps. Average length of these documented traps ranged from 0.25-1.5 m and mostly operated during monsoon and post-monsoon season in floodplain and low-lying areas like rice fields, ponds, shallow rivers and ditches. Murrels, minnows, barbs, mahseers and catfishes were the dominant fish catch from these gears. Most of the traps were fabricated with bamboo and locally available materials with a life span of more than 2-3 years. Results revealed that Khnu/Chiap, is the most popular and efficient trap with a CPUE of 2.5 kg day-1 trap-1. Documentation and the knowledge concerning the traditional gears will facilitate to improvise the fishing gears which will ultimately improve the livelihood of fishermen in the northeastern region of India.

The present communication reviews the present state of mud crab fishery in the Indian Sundarban coast based on our field studies on capture and culture of crabs since 1980s. In this region, capture fishery depends on simple methods, using hook and line, while crab fattening in brackishwater ponds depends on household labour and indigenous feeds. The practice of fattening of crabs is based on discarded mud crab congeners of the genus Scylla viz., Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775), Scylla tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798) and Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1796) without segregating species-wise. Uncertainty of species level identity as well as wild harvest of under-size crabs are major constraints in capture fishery and development crab fattening in this region. In this context, recognition of species level identity is considered vital towards sustainable wild harvest including fattening of discarded mud crabs, which plays an important role in the rural economy of Indian Sundarban. It is believed that species specific and size specific fattening enterprise may lead to easy aquacultural operation and precise production of crabs even in the reduction of cost of fattening operation.

This study examined the feasibility of gear substitution as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of fisheries, using a social-ecological systems approach. The U.S. west coast sablefish fishery is an excellent subject for this study, because it permits three different gear types and has a problem with bycatch of overfished species. Bycatch rates were highest in trawls and lowest in pots.  Combining interview data with findings from a previous study, affirmed that habitat impacts were highest with trawls and lowest with longlines. Interviews with 44 individuals analyzed using grounded theory  yielded several common themes in the opinions of gear substitution. Positive opinion themes included that it would allow better management of the fish populations by reducing bycatch and would allow more business options, flexibility, and increased profit for some trawlers. The main negative opinion theme was that gear substitution could decrease landings needed to support shoreside infrastructure.  Most stakeholder groups saw some benefit in gear substitution. Notably, the trawlers voiced a unanimous preference for converting to pots rather than longlines.  A scenario analysis revealed that the preferable management option would be long-term gear conversion, but incentives are likely to be an important means of encouraging gear conversion. This ecological impacts rapid assessment provided a regional assessment of bycatch and habitat impacts that had never been conducted before for these gear types. It also provided scientific support for a regulatory change that legally allows trawlers to practice gear substitution.

Fishing is an old occupation in Pakistan, but despite
its diversity, a relatively rare one—fisheries in
all their forms directly employ fewer than 400,000
of the country’s 190 million people and generate
only 0.4 percent of its gross domestic product. Size
is small in part because fishers often employ outdated
methods and equipment, resulting in low value added,
poor sanitation, depletion of stocks, and damage to the
ocean and coastal environment. Investment in aquaculture—“
fish farms”—is low. Underlying these problems
is haphazard management and outdated laws that hold
back the country’s fisheries sector.  This FULL REPORT presents a detailed strategy for Pakistan to revitalize, expand, and modernize its fisheries to make them powerful drivers of economic prosperity.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi nelayan artisanal Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur, khususnya nelayan Tanjung Luar dan Pulau Maringkik terhadap isu konservasi hiu dan pari terkait beberapa jenis hiu dan pari yang telah masuk daftar Appendik II CITES. Survei dilakukan pada bulan September dan November 2016. Penelitian ini tergolong penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dengan 30 responden ditentukan secara purposif. Hasil menunjukkan sebanyak 56,67% responden telah mengetahui status perlindungan hiu dan pari yang diduga terkait sosialisasi yang telah dilakukan (63,33% responden). Sikap responden terkait keberadaan peraturan hiu dan pari menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar (56,67%) menerima peraturan tersebut, 23,33% menolak dan 20,00% masih ragu-ragu. Terkait penerapan peraturan hiu dan pari, 80% responden menyatakan tidak terlalu setuju jika dilakukan pelarangan penuh bagi penangkapan hiu dan pari, dan juga 66,67% responden tidak setuju terhadap pelarangan terbatas. Hal tersebut terkait hiu dan pari yang menjadi target tangkapan utama. Persepsi nelayan Tanjung Luar, Lombok Timur terhadap isu konservasi hiu dan pari secara umum telah mulai terbangun dengan baik sejak adanya sosialisasi peraturan terkait hiu dan pari, namun upaya penyadartahuan bahwa hiu dan pari dapat punah masih perlu dibangun.

Kata kunci: konservasi, nelayan Lombok Timur, perikanan hiu dan pari, persepsi,

This Greenpeace report draws on a large body of scientific research in Fukushima-impacted areas over the past five years to
bring to light the current ecological situation as a result
of the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. It is an attempt to document what is currently known about the radioactive contamination of the forests, rivers, floodplains and estuaries of Fukushima prefecture. Given the long half-lives of some of the radionuclides released into the environment of Fukushima prefecture and wider Japan, understanding their ecological impacts is essential.

This report also draws upon studies of the forest and aquatic ecosystems that were heavily contaminated in the Kyshtym and Chernobyl radiological disasters to provide some insight of what may be expected in the coming years and decades in Japan.

There have been a number of scientific studies on the question of whether fish feel pain. Some have suggested that some fish indeed do feel pain and that this has significant welfare implications (2003). Others have argued that fish do not have the brain development necessary to feel pain. In terms of number of animals killed, the slaughter of sea animals for human consumption significantly exceeds that of any land animals that we use for food, and sea animal slaughter practices frequently lack any basic welfare protections. If fish can be shown to feel pain—or more importantly, if humans can agree that fish feel pain—then this would place a significant question mark over many contemporary fishing practices.

This article substitutes the question 'Do Fish Feel Pain?' with an alternative: 'Do Fish Resist?' It explores the conceptual problems of understanding fish resistance, and the politics of epistemology that surrounds and seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding fish resistance to human capture by exploring the development of fishing technologies - the hook, the net and contemporary aquaculture.

The increased recognition of the multiplicity of roles played by women in, and their crucial contributions to, the fisheries sector exists in stark contrast with the low presence of women in fisherfolk organizations around the globe, and the lack of access to decision-making positions in many formal fisheries-related organizations. This paper summarizes analyses of a global literature review on women in fisherfolk organizations. The aim of the study was to identify positive examples and lessons learned by pointing to the drivers – as well as the enablers and entities identified in the literature – that have a key role in fostering increased women’s participation and leadership in collective action in fisheries. State institutions, social movements and civil society organizations, development and conservation projects, religious movements, academia, endogenous mobilization, charismatic individuals and coincidences have been identified as the key enablers of women’s participation in collective action. Dwindling resources and the need to secure management roles, modernization, the allocation of fishing rights, economic changes, family welfare and women’s rights, are the main drivers identified by the authors as catalysers of women’s engagement in collective action. Finally, the paper identifies some of the barriers faced by women to gain equal access to organizations and decision-making. Although more research on the topic is required, there seems to be consensus on the positive effects for women arising from their engagement in modes of collective action.

Fisheries sector in Pakistan—inland and marine—covers rivers and their tributaries, canal irrigation system, natural lakes, storage reservoirs and small and large size ponds, and coastal and deep sea fishing. Millions of people are engaged, directly or indirectly, in both inland and marine, with majority employed in the marine fisheries.  This workforce is contributing to the national exchequer as the country earns a sizeable amount from fish and fish-products exports.

Unfortunately, workers in the fishing sector are marginalised, poorly paid and have no access to social protection schemes offered by the state. Employer-worker relationship remains informal and workers are excluded from labour laws as fisheries sector comes under agriculture. The occupation is hazardous and risky, yet there is no occupational health and safety system in place.  Besides, the livelihood of fisheries workers  is under threat due to rapidly depleting fish resources. The reasons include demographic pressure in the communities, over-fishing, activities of foreign deep sea trawlers, and use of harmful nets, pollution and reduction in fresh water flow from River Indus. The problems fisherfolks face today are both natural and man-made.

This profile, based on secondary data, plus information collected through Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum (PFF) at its office at Ibrahim Hyderi, Karachi, and informal discussions with fisheries workers at their work places, attempts to document the issues presently confronted by inland and marine fisheries workers.

Donor interest in the development of Sub-Saharan African aquaculture has shifted from the promotion of subsistence aquaculture to the support of small- to medium-scale commercial aquaculture enterprises with the hope of increasing Sub-Saharan Africa‘s fish production. Fish farmer associations or producer organizations are viewed as a means for developing a commercial aquaculture sector in this region, though the empirical basis for the creation and perpetuation of these types of organizations remains elusive. This research presents four qualitative case studies profiling existing fish producer organizations of commercial fish farmers in Uganda. Two organizations operate or are beginning to operate cage culture aquaculture systems, one is a fingerling producer, and the members of a fourth farm fish in ponds. We conclude that the umbrella organizations to which local fish farmer organizations vertically align themselves have important implications for the success of the local fish farmer organizations and their member farmers. Aquaculture-specific umbrella organizations contribute to the success of local member organizations and growth of a productive aquaculture sector more than umbrella organizations which address general issues like poverty or environmental conservation. Additionally, the governments and NGOs at work in Uganda inefficiently promote aquaculture through distorted incentive systems that financially and politically reward fish farmers for activities besides fish production. Organizations that actually grew and marketed fish avoid distorted incentive systems, accepting government assistance only
iii
when it directly improves their fish farm operations. Other farmer groups seemed to wait for direct subsidization and would not move forward on the merits of the fish enterprise alone. In the four cases examined, training fish farmers, providing quality information, cost sharing, and advocating for the aquaculture sector, not donor seeking, are the top priorities in productive fish farmer organizations.

ABSTRACT
This project details the results of a research work carried out to develop fish feed compounded from locally available materials in the institute of oceanography fish farm and analyzed its nutritional values, in the biochemistry department all in the University of Calabar. On the basis of the feed production, it is recommended that the feeding regime of the animal (fish) for intended culture is known, a dry diet formulation of two distinct feed lines was produced (fingerlings and adult), and that the diet was produced in the fish farm. Results shows that experimental feeds required crude protein content for sample A is 44.63±0.01 and that of sample B 35.1±0.1 details of the formulations are fully described.

Fillet kakap merah adalah salah satu produk perikanan yang memiliki nilai
jual yang tinggi, tetapi mudah mengalami kemunduran mutu. Konsistensi mutu
produk yang dihasilkan harus sesuai dengan tuntutan kebutuhan konsumen, oleh
karena itu perlu dilakukan pengendalian mutu. Salah satu solusi untuk
menganalisis permasalahan tersebut yaitu dengan metode PDCA, dimana
Perencanaan (Plan) melakukan pengamatan di unit pengolahan ikan dimulai dari
awal pemeriksaan ikan sampai produk akhir. Perbaikan (Do) yang dilakukan
adalah pengetatan pada saat pembelian ikan, penetapan alur proses dan ketelitian
pada saat proses pengemasan. Pemeriksaan (Check) memeriksa kembali mutu
fillet kakap merah. Standarisasi (Action) membuat standar yang tetap untuk sistem
pemeriksaan ikan disaat pembelian ikan, dan waktu proses produksi di dalam unit
pengolahan ikan (SOP di unit pengolahan ikan).
Kegiatan Praktek Kerja Lapang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 23 Januari
sampai 18 Februari 2017. Pelaksanaan Praktek Kerja Lapang (PKL) ini di PT
Bahari Biru Nusantara ini terletak di Jalan Deandles, Desa Sedayulawas,
Kecamatan Brondong, Kabupaten Lamongan. Tujuan praktek kerja lapang ini
untuk mengetahui dan mampu menerapkan proses produksi dengan benar di PT
Bahari Biru Nusantara. Metode kerja yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif
observatif. Metode deskriptif observatif yaitu metode kerja dalam suatu
pemecahan masalah dengan cara mendeskripsikan, menggambarkan dan menjelaskan situasi dan kondisi obyek pengamatan berdasarkan pengamatan dan fakta yang terjadi di lapangan.