Sociology of agriculture

Par ces accents clastriens, par sa sincérité, par sa colère, par sa précision et par sa capacité à construire des ponts entre autobiographie et histoire, élevage et politique, sociologie des techniques et théorie critique, Le ménage des champs interpelle. Du point de vue des sciences humaines et sociales, ce texte appartient à ceux qui pourraient ne devenir utiles que tardivement, longtemps après qu’ils ont été écrits, comme matériau pour le chercheur. Qu’on pense par exemple au Testament athée et révolutionnaire du curé Jean Meslier, presque confidentiel durant les vingt-sept années qui le séparent de sa publication par Voltaire, ou aux péripéties hérétiques et fatales du meunier Menocchio, dénichées par Carlo Ginzburg quatre siècles plus tard. De même que les écrits de Menocchio et de Meslier ont la superbe utilité de faire vaciller la thèse de l’uniformité des croyances au 16e et 18e siècles, nous rappelant au besoin qu’au moins un meunier ne croyait pas aux attributs divins de l’attirail ecclésiastique et qu’au moins un prêtre ne croyait pas en dieu, de même Le ménage des champs aura-t-il peut-être le mérite de rappeler qu’au moins un éleveur du 21e siècle, comme le précise le sous-titre à l’intention des historiens à venir, n’a cru ni au développement « productiviste » ni au développement « durable ».

Automatic Milking Systems (AMS) milk cows any time without the need for a human worker to be present. Cows choose when to be milked and detailed data is recorded by the robot which can be accessed remotely by computer or mobile device meaning farmers can check the health and performance of their herd from a distance. It is claimed that robotic milking improves the working conditions and lifestyle of the dairy farmer, as well as having economic advantages and benefits for cow health and welfare. This paper focuses on the relationship between AMS and the role of the stockperson. Although AMS reduces the need for labour in the milking parlour and in theory creates freedom and flexibility for the farmer, in practice farmers found their work routines changed rather than lessened. Ultimately, the role of the stockperson is still vital in maintaining and improving cow health and welfare when compared to conventional milking routines.

Kentucky’s recent agricultural story is one of a compulsory shift out of tobacco and into a new agricultural economy. Some consider Kentucky’s history and experience with tobacco farming as the impetus for achieving a “new agrarianism” of positive outcomes for a local foods system. This paper tests how this “new agrarianism” is playing out in the state's agricultural marketing program, Kentucky Proud. Findings from a program evaluation on KyP are applied to the "new agrarianism" definition’s principles of marketing, diversification, sustainability, and innovation.

Blockchain Chicken Farm is not a monograph on distributed ledger technologies nor does it claim to be a comprehensive study of technological adoption in China’s countryside. Instead, Wang’s writing draws on ethnographic engagement across heterogeneous sites to offer an urgent and thought-provoking account of globalization and its situated friction. Page after page, the reader is invited to experience Wang’s travels between cities and villages in Chinese provinces, municipalities, and special administrative regions, including Jiangxi, Shandong, Guangdong, Guizhou, Tianjin, and Hong Kong.

Donor interest in the development of Sub-Saharan African aquaculture has shifted from the promotion of subsistence aquaculture to the support of small- to medium-scale commercial aquaculture enterprises with the hope of increasing Sub-Saharan Africa‘s fish production. Fish farmer associations or producer organizations are viewed as a means for developing a commercial aquaculture sector in this region, though the empirical basis for the creation and perpetuation of these types of organizations remains elusive. This research presents four qualitative case studies profiling existing fish producer organizations of commercial fish farmers in Uganda. Two organizations operate or are beginning to operate cage culture aquaculture systems, one is a fingerling producer, and the members of a fourth farm fish in ponds. We conclude that the umbrella organizations to which local fish farmer organizations vertically align themselves have important implications for the success of the local fish farmer organizations and their member farmers. Aquaculture-specific umbrella organizations contribute to the success of local member organizations and growth of a productive aquaculture sector more than umbrella organizations which address general issues like poverty or environmental conservation. Additionally, the governments and NGOs at work in Uganda inefficiently promote aquaculture through distorted incentive systems that financially and politically reward fish farmers for activities besides fish production. Organizations that actually grew and marketed fish avoid distorted incentive systems, accepting government assistance only
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when it directly improves their fish farm operations. Other farmer groups seemed to wait for direct subsidization and would not move forward on the merits of the fish enterprise alone. In the four cases examined, training fish farmers, providing quality information, cost sharing, and advocating for the aquaculture sector, not donor seeking, are the top priorities in productive fish farmer organizations.

A partir dos anos 2000, observa-se a presença nas bandeiras de luta de diversos movimentos sociais do campo de uma profusão de novos bordões, tais como “alimentação saudável como parte da garantia à soberania alimentar”, “comida de verdade no campo e na cidade” e “comer é um ato político”. As temáticas da alimentação, da comida e do comer passaram a ocupar o núcleo da estratégia de ação do Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA), que se reposiciona pela defesa de uma agricultura camponesa que produz alimentos saudáveis e pela construção de sistemas de comercialização direta, politizando o consumo. Esta dissertação problematiza essas questões e tem como principal objetivo analisar como tem se dado a incorporação da estratégia de politização do consumo pelo MPA. O objeto de pesquisa foi um conjunto de posicionamentos, discursos e ações desenvolvidas no Raízes do Brasil, um espaço voltado para a comercialização de alimentos da agricultura camponesa, inaugurado pelo MPA na cidade do Rio de Janeiro/RJ em 2017. A principal justificativa para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi somar esforços ao quadro teórico surgido após o consumption turn, ou seja, o redirecionamento do interesse da teoria social para a esfera do consumo, buscando discutir um tema relativamente pouco debatido: a atuação de movimentos sociais do campo no meio urbano e, em particular, na esfera do consumo. A estratégia metodológica baseou-se em uma abordagem qualitativa de coleta e análise de dados, com observação participante no Raízes do Brasil, entrevista semiestruturada com uma liderança do MPA e análise de conteúdo de documentos e posicionamentos oficiais do movimento. Verificamos que a incorporação do consumo político pelo MPA é um fenômeno consistente, relacionado a um projeto político de formar e fortalecer alianças, compromissos e solidariedades com os consumidores urbanos, desdobrando-se de forma complementar ao seu repertório tradicional de ação política. Contudo, há desconfortos e hesitações com as categorias “consumo” e “consumidor”, enquanto as expressões mais comumente acionadas são “povo brasileiro”, “trabalhadores urbanos” e “operários”. Isso denota a dificuldade do MPA em lidar com o consumo como categoria política e a consequente permanência de um framework centrado na produção, reforçando a assimetria entre essas duas searas.

Le travail de la bourse aux arbres consiste à éviter les coupes accompagnant les échanges de terres entre exploitants agricoles lors des remembrements. L’analyse par Léo Magnin de son fonctionnement montre une façon de gérer les conflits entre protection environnementale et propriété individuelle.

The paper argues that the mutually enforcing processes of enclosure of land and entanglement of labour have been central to the development of state and capitalism in Kuttanad, a protected Ramsar site in the south Indian state of Kerala. The driving force of epochal changes in Kuttanad was the transformations of the commons; different regimes that ruled Kuttanad have actively engaged in the appropriation, distribution and production of commons along with and for the dominant sections in the region. Reclamation and re-reclamation of backwater lands, spanning over one and half centuries, are thus carried out by the distributive state apparatus in collaboration with its constituent class sections. The resultant shifts in land, crop, labour, technology and resources are what define the crisis of commons in the region.

Food regime analysis is a prominent approach to the role of food and agriculture in global capitalism. Yet recent advancement within the approach has not received as much attention as it deserves outside of specialized circles of agrarian research. Food regime scholarship has over the last few years taken several steps to move away from its previous prevalent emphasis on macro-scale phenomena to make it more applicable to empirical research on agricultural development. This article reviews recent scholarship in food regime analysis to bring out central aspects of such advancement. In particular, this review discusses three key aspects of recent food regime scholarship: First, I find an increased problematizing of spatiality and scale with calls for downscaling the food regime approach. Second, I find a rising centrality of theorizing and analyzing the state. Third, despite these advancements, an important gap remains in sustained attention to questions of labor. I call for further scrutiny of labor in order to bring food regime analysis forwards.

One of the major issues facing humankind is global food security. A changing climate, coupled with a heightened consumer awareness of how food is produced and legislative changes governing the usage of agrichemicals for improving plant health and yield, means that alternative, more integrated and sustainable approaches are needed for crop management practices. To this end, there is increasing recognition of the value of the role of microbial inoculants in agriculture. The focus of this review is to understand how plant-growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can play a part in improving crop yield by promoting the health status of the plant through the sequestration of various nutrients and in the control of plant diseases.

It was Lord Northbourne (Walter James; 1896-1982) who gifted to the world the term ‘organic farming’. His 1940 book Look to the Land is a manifesto of organic agriculture. In it he mooted a contest of “organic versus chemical farming” which he foresaw as a clash of world views that may last for generations. Northbourne’s ideas were foundational in launching the worldwide organics movement, and the book was a turning point in his own life. This biography relies on primary sources to draw a picture of Lord Northbourne. He was a very shy man, a talented artist, a capable linguist, a keen sportsman and an Olympic silver medallist, a graduate and lecturer in agriculture of the University of Oxford, a lifelong farmer, he was profoundly spiritual, an accomplished author, and as a wordsmith he could be a compelling advocate for his cause as Look to the Land shows. His interest in biodynamics led him to visit Switzerland in 1939 to invite the leading advocate of the times, Dr Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, to present the first conference on biodynamic farming in Britain, and it was in the following year that Look to the Land appeared. Rather than the mechanics or the practices of organics, Northbourne’s book presents the philosophy, the rationale, and the imperative of organic farming. The ideas of his organics manifesto took on a life of their own and were quickly spread globally, with early uptakes in the USA and Australia. Meanwhile, while maintaining lifelong interests and commitments to agriculture and education, Northbourne became progressively more engaged with spiritual matters, and his subsequent writings reflect his growing interest in metaphysics. He translated books by leading perennialist authors Frithjof Schuon, René Guénon, and Titus Burckhardt. Northbourne led a full life, but it is Look to the Land that is his enduring ideological legacy. This biography examines: firstly, the book, its ideas, history, uptake and impact; secondly, Northbourne’s life before Look to the Land; and thirdly, his life after Look to the Land.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis (1) sosiologi pertanian dan (2) aset komunitas di Kelurahan Tunjung Kabupaten Bangkalan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dari hasil wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi serta data sekunder dari hasil studi literatur. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu aset komunitas yang terdapat di Kelurahan Tunjung, Kabupaten Bangkalan cukup untuk memenuhi penghidupan petani dalam kegiatan sosiologi pertanian di kelurahan ini. Secara rinci dapat dijelaskan bahwa kelurahan ini memiliki SDA yang cukup untuk dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat khususnya petani dimana petani disini ini juga memiliki kompetensi yang cukup tinggi untuk mengolah SDA dan membangun sarana dan prasarana yang mendukung kegiatan pertanian. Bahkan juga terdapat kelompok tani sebagai perantara antara petani dengan berbagai pihak untuk mendapatkan penghasilan dan hal lainnya. Meskipun begitu, masih perlu ditingkatkan kembali agar kedepannya Kelurahan Tunjung menjadi lebih baik dan maju lagi di bidang pertanian.

IT WILL WORK ANYWHERE TO TRANSFORM ALL AGRICULTURAL LANDS INTO ORGANIC VIA ALCHEMICAL TRANSMUTATION OF THE POISONOUS AG ADDITIVES FROM MONSANTO AND THE LIKE.  FUNNY ALL OF THE YEARS OF WORK THAT THEY HAVE DONE CAN BE CANCELED IN A FEW MONTHS VIA SPREADING THIS TECH WORLDWIDE.

Flying over southwestern Michigan, the Kellogg LTER site (Fig. 5.1), one looks down on what appears to be a glorious example of the agricultural landscape of classical American populism. The farm units are discernible by their woodlots, windbreaks, and rural roads, and are fairly small, or at least approximate what some have called a human scale. There is a mixture of pasturage, grain production, fruit trees, animal enterprises, and other forms of agriculture from tree farms to glass-house nurseries.

« Podrán cortar todas las flores, pero no podrán detener la primavera »
Pablo Neruda

No cabe la menor duda de que el derecho a la alimentación es un derecho humano de carácter universal; por lo tanto, lograr que sea una verdadera realidad y no quede en la literalidad constitucional o legislativa, supone que la exigencia de hacerlo nos afecta a todos, naciones, gobiernos, organismos, entidades e individuos.

This thesis examines the urban collective ecological food initiatives that have been increasing in number with considerable momentum in the last three years. It is based on fieldwork of one and a half years that consists of participant observation and in-depth interviews with prosumers and producers/producer organizations in the network of these initiatives. This research focuses on “new-generation” consumer food cooperatives and identifies their differences from other alternatives as follows: 1) the alternative and ecological production, consumption, and distribution relations of food they attempt to develop 2) the horizontal and participatory organizational models they try to build. It indicates their concrete transformative practices and direct trust-based relations with small farmers and producer organizations. This dissertation suggests that they have potential to bring positive outcomes for food sovereignty in today’s pressuring corporate food regime, if they expand cooperation with various actors to impact on the state’s agrifood policies. Their consideration of food and seeds as comprising of socio-economic, ecological, and political relations and their definition of healthy food as a necessity for all, build their commoning politics of food, which also contribute to the opening of an alternative public space for citizens to engage in the emerging struggle of food sovereignty in Turkey. This study also examines alternative municipal agri-food projects. It suggests that local governments also have potential for contributing to alternative agri-food relations if they support ecological production and solidarity for diverse actors, including prosumer initiatives, in the organization of production, distribution, and consumption of food with a food sovereignty perspective.

ISSN 2519-4194
Матеріали Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «ІННОВАЦІЙНІ РОЗРОБКИ В АГРАРНІЙ СФЕРІ». – Харків: ХНТУСГ, 2017. – 175 с.
Із надісланих матеріалів оргкомітетом до друку рекомендовані тези 157 доповідей від 160 авторів із 12 установ та організацій України.

This advocacy-oriented paper investigates seed politics and its implications for agricultural policy in Pakistan. By gathering input from various stakeholders and performing comparative analysis to uncover policies and sustainable farming practices that work in other countries, it intends to make policy recommendations that are farmer- and consumer-friendly, and carry long-term benefit for Pakistan’s agriculture sector.

The paper identifies key players that shape the seed landscape of Pakistan, offers a timeline showcasing the salient history of laws that impact seed policy and farmers’ rights in the country, and provides a critical analysis of the new legal regimes that have recently been put in place including the Seed (Amendment) Act 2015 and the Plant Breeders’ Rights Bill 2016.

Tanulmányunkban Hargita megye, azaz egy romániai hegyvidéki térség mezőgazdaságát elemez-zük. A rendszerváltás utáni mezőgazdasági átalakulás szakirodalmának áttekintése után a jelenlegi mezőgazdasági szereplők egy kvantitatív módszerekkel kialakított tipológiáját mutatjuk be, ezt kö-vetően amellett érvelünk, hogy az EU-csatlakozás óta a családi gazdaságok által dominált hegyvidé-ken a gazdaságok polarizálódása ment végbe. Bemutatjuk, hogy a gazdálkodói tevékenységüket csök-kentő vagy azzal teljesen felhagyó családok mellett a gazdaságok egy része növekedett, ez azonban sajátos, erősen az agrártámogatástól függ. A gazdaságok miközben vállalkozásjellegük erősödik, meg-őrzik félig önellátó jellegüket és pluriaktivitásukat is.

Farming Types and Processes in the Agriculture of Harghita County In our study we analyse the agriculture of Harghita county, i.e. a mountain area of Romania. Upon reviewing the literature regarding agricultural changes after the regime change, we shall present a typology of current agricultural actors developed with quantitative methods. Then, we shall argue that since the accession to the European Union we can witness a polarisation of farms in the mountain areas dominated by family farms. We will present that besides families decreasing or completely giving up their farming activities, some farms have increased, but this is a very specific situation and it heavily depends on agricultural subventions. While their entrepreneurial character increases, farms preserve their partly self-sufficient character and pluriactivity.

Keywords: farm types, economic strategies, the agriculture of Romania, agricultural enterprise, peasant farming, polarisation of the agricultural sector

Human material dependency is hardly questioned as such. However, there are different understandings of humans' connection with their biophysical milieu. In this paper we discuss four basic accounts, which differ according to whether dependency and agency are assumed to be strong or weak. Though these accounts, which we label as Cartesian, Kantian, Spinozian and Adornian, are ideal-typical, we argue they express a cognitive path dependency that can be detected in the diverse ways the transition to sustainability is pursued. To show the heuristic value of the typology we focus on agriculture, as a field of major relevance in this regard. The first three rationales, respectively underpinning industrial agriculture, ecosystem services and earth restoration programs, see material dependency as a problem to which the reply is mastering the world, though such mastery is understood differently. The fourth one, which underpins peasant agroecology, sees dependency as a constitutive-that is, unavoidable and formative-limitation, pointing to a caring, friendly attitude. We argue this outlook is crucial to a sustainability transition, and give a clue to the governance approach that may help support it.

In the 1960s, Lebanon became enthusiastic about the "hydraulic mission" that was sweeping the world at the time, and planned the large-scale development of the water resources of the Litani River Basin, the country's largest hydrographic basin. The vicissitudes of the civil war and financial constraints will, for half a century and up to the present day, constrain the realization of this dream. But while the construction of public dams and irrigation systems remained limited, the water resources of the basin, and more particularly of the central Bekaa plain, have been actively developed through individual or collective local initiatives.
This thesis addresses the question of water governance in the Litani Basin, and more generally in Lebanon. It examines governance "in action", i.e. how the distribution of discursive, decision-making and political power among the different stakeholders concerned by this resource explains both the action (or inaction) of the administration and local dynamics. It chronicles the territorialization of public action at three different nested scales : that of the basin, where the mobilization and materialization of the "Litani myth" is constantly contested and renegotiated; that of the Canal 900 public irrigation scheme, where the technological optimism of the bureaucracy will be confronted with the complexity of local territories; and that of the Terbol region, where the local dynamics of the (over)exploitation of both surface and underground water resources, as well as the encounter between these dynamics and the government's regional planning of drinking water supply, will be highlighted.
Water governance in the Litani basin appears to be severely under-resourced, fragmented, without coordination mechanisms, and with arbitrations carried out at the level of political/confessional groups that share power in Lebanon. A situation that entrenches a dis-integrated water governance, which often goes against economic or hydrological rationality, or environmental sustainability.

The paper examines the biowaste management issues across rural areas of Romania in the context of
poor waste management infrastructure in the last decade (2003-2012). Biowaste is the main fraction of
municipal waste, thus a proper management is a key challenge in order to sustain a bioeconomy in the
near future. The amount of biowaste generated and uncollected by waste operators is generally uncontrolled
disposed if not recovered through home composting. The paper points out the role of home composting in diverting the biowaste from wild dumps and landfills for the regions covered or not by waste collection services. Home composting and the biowaste losses are further assessed based on several scenarios (worse-case, pessimistic, realistic, optimistic) where the net loads of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are calculated at national and regional levels. The transition of home composting techniques, from open piles to plastic bins with respect to standard guidelines will improve the home composting performance in terms of compost quality and net GHG's savings, supporting a bio-based economy which will lead towards a sustainable rural development. Regional disparities are revealed across Romanian
counties and the paper opens new research perspectives regarding which options should be adopted by
counties and rural municipalities in the biowaste management process.

Economic dualism is often a major impediment in social and economic reforms where rich and powerful dictate policies and subvert the end intended result of efforts made by the government. MGNREGA could not be successful to its potential due to opportunities being underutilized by the targeted rural workers. Relatively well-off derailed the employment generation scheme as they commanded who gets what and how much. This paper aims to analyze how the Farm Reform Bill is exposed to similar risk as rich states are in a position to dictate the Farm Bill at the expense of poor states. The paper makes global comparison of India's agriculture performance with other developing countries highlighting a dire need of reform to perform. This paper also highlights the criticality of Farm Bill and arrive at the conclusion that India needs to calm down her opposition to rural reform through dialogues with various stakeholders keeping in mind the already lagging performance of agricultural sector which urgently need a lifeline in the form of Farm Reform Bill. The issue of resistance from farmers has to be met with logic and compassion beside political statecraft to sail through agrarian protests.

Robotic milking machines are novel technologies that take over the labour of dairy farming and reduce the need for human–animal interactions. Replacing ‘conventional’ twice-a-day milking managed by people with a system that supposedly allows cows the freedom to be milked automatically whenever they choose, it is claimed that robotic milking has health and welfare benefits for cows, increases productivity, and has lifestyle advantages for dairy farmers. Such claims are certainly contested, but the installation of robotic milkers clearly establishes new forms of relationships between cows, technologies and dairy farmers.

This paper draws on in-depth interviews with farmers and observational research on farms to examine relationships between representations of robotic milkers as a technology which gives cows freedom and autonomy, and practices and mechanisms which suggest that bovine life is re-captured and disciplined in important ways through the introduction of this technology. We focus on two issues. First, we explore changes in what it is to ‘be bovine’ in relation to milking robots, drawing on a combination of a discursive framing of cows' behaviour and ‘nature’ by dairy farmers and on-farm observation of cow-technology interaction. Second, we examine how such changes in bovinity might be articulated through conceptions of biopower which focus on knowledge of and intervention in the life of both the individual cow body and the herd. Such knowledge and intervention in the newly created sites of the robotic milking dairy are integral to these remodelled, disciplinary farm systems. Here, cows' bodies, movements and subjectivities are trained and manipulated in accordance with a persistent discourse of agricultural productivism. In discussing these issues, the paper seeks to show how particular representations of cows, the production of embodied bovine behaviours, technological interventions and micro-geographies contribute to a re-capturing and re-enclosure of bovine life which counters the liberatory discourses which are used to promote robotic milking.

In the wine‐producing region of McLaren Vale, South Australia, the development of a detailed geology map has worked to increase understandings about the physical diversity of vineyard land. I argue that the production and deployment of social/scientific knowledge through the map is instrumental in strategic imaginings of the viticultural space of McLaren Vale. Ethnographic examination of ‘District Tastings’ of single‐vineyard Shiraz wines shows how the geology map provides a framework for understanding and promoting relationships between vineyard geology and wine flavours. This process feeds into debates over possible delineation of official winemaking ‘subregions’, which may provide a mechanism for the generation of economic value based on discourses of quality and distinctiveness. The map's depiction of geological diversity is embraced by wine producers, who seek to add value to their product through appeals to a purported uniqueness, scarcity or specialness based on geological terroir.

Pangumbahan village has a community social dynamics in the presence of macro-scale economic activity in
the form of concession palm plantations as well as new economic alternatives to the industrial development of
this ecotourism. This study goal is trying to see how far the pattern of ecological adaptation and structure of
households living Pangumbahan village communities that exist today. This study used a qualitative approach and
supported with quantitative approach. The results showed that the pattern of ecological adaptation Pangumbahan
villagers among others determined by the existence of the plantation concession and conservation of sea turtles
as limiting the presence of a village community culture Pangumbahan. Limitations of natural resources, human
and financial force households to undertake a variety of strategies to survive. Strategies conducted household
income villagers Pangumbahan be varied. In one household can apply two or more types of livelihood strategies.

The conventional practice of agriculture system of Nepal was very similar to the Organic agriculture; only difference was there was no rule in conventional farming whereas there is standard rule in organic agriculture. The study aims to analyze the principles of organic agriculture and its social implication in reference to the Nepalese practices. The study was based on the mixed design. Data was collected from the 586 organic farmers and 28 key persons related to the organic agriculture. Purposive sampling technique was adopted to select the respondent from four districts; Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktpur and Dhading. The result found that all farmers had working knowledge on importance and benefit of organic agriculture. They were aware on the principles of organic agriculture and found the significant implication of four principles of organic agriculture. Mostly, people were conscious about the caring of health and ecology from the practice of organic agriculture. Principle of ecology, farmers were conscious on the effect of OA to make the environment clean; clean air and water. As a principle of fairness, people reported that OA had supported to reduce the youth migration and could create the job opportunity. For the care of all human being and ecology, the study recommended to sustain the OA from the active contribution of all stakeholders in the initiation of Government.

Die repräsentative Fragebogen-Erhebung zur "Situation der Bäuerinnen in Österreich" wird seit 1976 alle zehn Jahre durchgeführt. Rund 1.000 Bäuerinnen aller neun Bundesländer
werden dazu schriftlich befragt. Ziel der Erhebung ist die Erfassung von Daten zur Darstellung der sozioökonomischen Situation und der Lebensbedingungen von Bäuerinnen in Österreich. Die Erhebung 2006 fokussierte besonders differenziert auf die Dimension geschlechtsrollenspezifischer Arbeitsteilung zwischen der Bäuerin und ihrem Partner und erweiterte den Fragenkomplex zu den sozial en Netzwerken von Bäuerinnen. Die Ergebnisse
zeigen für den Verlauf der letzten 30 Jahre (Bäuerinnenerhebungen aus 1976, 1986, 1996)
vor allem einen deutlichen Kompetenzgewinn der Bäuerinnen in strukturell-rechtlicher Hinsicht (z.B. Betriebsführerschaft und Entscheidungsstrukturen am Hof) sowie eine steigende außerhöfische Erwerbstätigkeit. Gleichzeitig übernehmen die Frauen weiterhin einen Großteil der Haushalts- und Fürsorgearbeit. Damit zeigen die Daten 1) eine gleichbleibend traditionelle innerfamiliale Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt. Sie zeigen aber
gleichzeitig 2) eine insgesamt hohe Arbeitsleistung von Bäuerinnen in Österreich, weil sie bei Zugewinn "neuer" Kompetenzen und Arbeitsleistungen die "alten" (traditionellen) Familienaufgaben beibehalten.

Dem Bericht wurde zusätzlich eine Tabellen-Beilage angefügt, welche die Häufigkeitsauszählungen für alle Fragen des Fragebogens beinhaltet und erste Datengrundlage des Berichts war. Die Auszählungen wurden entlang ausgesuchter Variablen vorgenommen (Bundesland, Erschwerniskategorie, Hofgröße,
Bewirtschaftungsform, Alter, Schulbildung, Generationenstellung, Herkunft, eigenes Berufsverständnis, Erwerbstätigkeit, Bereitschaft, wieder Bäuerin zu werden).

TERMIN: 01. März 2022 | 18 – 19.30 Uhr auf ZOOM

Monokultur, Methan, Massentierhaltung, Genmais, Glyphosat und geschmacklose Tomaten: Die industrielle Landwirtschaft ist eine der Hauptursachen des Klimawandels, ein Bollwerk des Konservatismus – und eine traditionell männliche Domäne.

Was tun? Mit Blick auf den Internationalen Frauentag liest Nataša Kramberger aus ihrem autofiktionalen Roman VERFLUCHTE MISTELN und spricht mit Sophie von Redecker und Paula Gioia über Vorurteile gegenüber ackernden Frauen*, das Patriarchat auf dem Dorf, den Reiz strukturschwacher Regionen und die "Mühen der Ebene". Dabei geht es nicht nur um Umweltschutz und gutes Essen, sondern auch um Kunst und Kreativität, politische Bildung und soziale Verantwortung, vor allem aber um den Traum von einer besseren Gesellschaft.

Mit:
NATAŠA KRAMBERGER, Schriftstellerin, Kolumnistin und Öko-Landwirtin in Slowenien und Berlin. Sie schreibt für Zeitungen und Zeitschriften Essays, Reportagen und Kommentare. Für ihr Romandebüt Nebesa v robidah (2007) erhielt sie den Preis der Europäischen Union für Literatur (EUPL).

SOPHIE VON REDECKER, Promovendin der Ökologischen Agrarwissenschaften an der Universität Kassel, setzt sich im Rahmen der Agrarian Humanities für trans- und interdisziplinäres Forschen ein und verbindet postkoloniale Theorie, queere und dekoloniale Forschungsansätze mit Landwirtschaft. Sie wuchs auf einem Bio-Hof in Norddeutschland auf, ist Gärtnerin und Teil eines Hausprojekts in Brandenburg.

PAULA GIOIA, Bäuerin*, Aktivistin*, organisiert in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft bäuerliche Landwirtschaft und bei La Via Campesina.

Moderation: ASTRID HACKEL, Forschungsreferentin an der Humanistischen Akademie Berlin-Brandenburg.

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Agriculture should no longer be isolated because it is such a significant sector in India. Agriculture dominates the economy in Karnataka, India. Farmers that are 18 to 20 years old are actively involved in farming. Farmers, on average, have committed suicide between the ages of 35 and 45 all across India. Non-availability of credit, inferior inputs, and non-availability of extension services are among the causal factors. Amounts owed on bank and private loans have accumulated. They sell all of their gold and take out loans on all of their properties. When their children are grown and the question of their marriage arises at the ages of 35, 40, and 45, they believe there is little chance to address the vital family situation. Farmers are despised in society, have no fixed income or sufficient money, and do not work full-time. Unemployment and underemployment are common, and most people are forced to migrate as a result of starvation, drought, floods, and other natural disasters. Institutional lending and credit have been drastically cut. Farmers are forced to rely on money lenders and their indebtedness forces them to sell their products at a loss. As a result, they are unable to return the debt on time. Farmers approach banks and cannot get a loan from the bank for the mere reason of holding small size of land and hence they approach moneylenders and take money at a higher rate of interest and suffer. The current study is finding out the probable reasons for these gaps in the agricultural financial systems.

Excerpt: While buying a cup of coffee at a local café one morning, I was transported to an exotic far-off land. Immersed in the aroma of coffee brewing and surrounded by pictures of farmers picking coffee and their children smiling, I could imagine who had grown the coffee in my mug. Marketing materials littered the countertop, thanking me for buying fair trade certified coffee and telling me that I was making a difference and that fair trade works. My single cup of coffee was said to help poor farmers. One of the posters declared, “every purchase matters,” and another said I was helping end poverty “one cup at a time.” The promotional materials explained that my purchase brought me into a direct and intimate relationship with farmers as if the handle of my coffee mug was a farmer’s hand I was shaking to congratulate him or her on a job well done.
          Fair trade marketing and advocacy rely on the idea that fair trade increases connectedness between Global South producers and Global North consumers. While fair trade does reduce the number of intermediaries in the supply chain as compared to the free trade system for most commodities (Raynolds 2002; Nicholls and Opal 2005; Adams and Raisborough 2008, 1169), it also serves to reinforce racist and colonial distinctions between the poor Global South farmer and the benevolent Global North consumer. Fair trade may channel slightly more income into agricultural communities, but it fails to address the colonial and capitalist structures that produce the impoverishment of farmers on an ongoing basis.

The proliferation and differentiation processes in critical approaches on agrifood relations since the late 1980s can be seen as the rise of critical agrifood studies. When compared to the peasant studies of the era between the late 1960s and the late 1980s, critical agrifood studies signifies a radical theoretical reorientation in the field that especially becomes apparent in the post-developmentalist turn manifested in the contemporary agrarian/peasant question formulations. On this ground, by focusing on the last three decades, this study argues that the contemporary literature on the agrarian/peasant question is characterized by a divide between political-economic and post-developmentalist understandings, which can also be seen as an impasse. This study, through a critical analysis of the implications of the neoliberal restructuring of agrifood relations for the agrarian/peasant question in social theoretical terms, claims that reformulating food regime as capitalist food regime on the basis of Marxism understood as a critical theory of society, and the agrarian/peasant question as the agrifood question of capitalism can provide a way out of this impasse by bringing the strengths of both political economic and post-developmentalist frameworks together.

Through a categorisation of the convergence/divergence frame of this book into conceptual, organisational and analytical, and following a ‘corporate environmental’ and ‘corporate food’ regimes theoretical basis, in this chapter we sum up the findings of this collective work and develop some future research needs. The results presented show that at the conceptual level we can outline two different trends regarding alternative agrifood movements and their social transformation potential. In the global South the movements have a more radical/oppositional focus while in the global North the focus is more alternative/progressive. The context in the latter, where the movements are generally consumers leaded and political consumerism plays an important role, is a serious threat for the movements, leading to a loss of the transformative ideal as mainstreaming and conventionalisation occurs. We wonder if it is possible to build a common fighting strategy with a model perspective that allows global North movements to stay radical/oppositional. At the organisational level we conclude that novel tools are required to build common views promoting oppositional strategies. Experiences from the Diálogo de Saberes suggest that this tool built on different principles and values such as horizontalisation, learning, respect or gender perspective, among others, can be useful in this matter. In this regard, further research is needed to look at how alternative agrifood movements deal with gender and whether ecofeminist theories can help in the process of building a common global oppositional strategy. Finally, the analytical level centred in the production system shows that even at this very pragmatic level the food regime applies and that it is the values underlying each production system what defines the options for convergence and divergence.

The well-known deregulation of New Zealand agriculture prompted the growth of dairy farming, particularly in the region of Southland. The formation of the giant cooperative Fonterra only exacerbated the conversion of sheep farms into dairy farms that challenged both farmers’ and the region’s traditional identity as a sheep country. Interviews with converted farmers show that farming families convert to dairy primarily in an attempt to preserve what is important for them: farm succession and a professional identity. At the community level, conversions to dairy prompted economic revival and a reversal of population loss. This article engages the literature on resilience and rural communities to explore Southland’s adaptation to new economic and farming realities while exploring potential shocks in the future around financialization and environmental well-being.

In the Andes, the diversification of economic activities among the peasant population is common practice. However, it is not a uniform strategy: as new employment and economic possibilities have emerged, the disparity of pluriactive strategies has multiplied. Based on a particular case study (Amantaní Island, Lake Titicaca), where community-based tourism has developed strongly, we will compare the resilience of these strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic, which paralysed economic activities, highlighted that the least vulnerable pluriactive strategies were those that included subsistence agriculture. In fact, this is something that the peasant population itself perceives: although the role of this type of agriculture in the family economy is decreasing, most households still invest time and capital to increase their family's agricultural resources.

El artículo tiene como objetivos: i) describir y analizar la crisis histórica que vive Venezuela; ii) diagnosticar
y analizar las tendencias y resultados fundamentales del Sistema alimentario venezolano (SAV) durante las
últimas dos décadas, en el marco de la crisis nacional; y, iii) finalmente, presentar los objetivos principales
de una nueva estrategia agroalimentaria (corto y largo plazo), en el marco de una nueva estrategia de
desarrollo nacional. La investigación realizada fue documental, histórica-diacrónica, explicativa y evaluativa.
Se basó en el análisis de la evolución de variables e indicadores económicos, sociales, de resultados del SAV
y de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional para el período 1999-2020. Se utilizaron estadísticas oficiales
nacionales, de organismos internacionales, estimaciones de organismos académicos, empresas consultoras
y del autor. El contenido del artículo muestra y analiza los elementos relevantes de la crisis nacional en lo
político, lo económico y lo social. Posteriormente, presenta las principales políticas agroalimentarias de
las últimas dos décadas y sus resultados. Para ello, el autor describe y explica las causas de los resultados
obtenidos en la producción agrícola y de la industria de alimentos, del comercio exterior agroalimentario
y finalmente del estado de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de Venezuela. Con base en ese diagnóstico,
finalmente, se presentan los principales objetivos de una nueva estrategia agroalimentaria en el marco de
una nueva estrategia de desarrollo nacional.
Palabras clave: Venezuela, crisis, economía, seguridad alimentaria, sistema alimentario, estrategia
ABSTRACT
The objectives of the article are: i) to describe and analyze the historical crisis experienced by Venezuela; ii) to
diagnose and analyze the fundamental trends and results of the Venezuelan Food System (SAV) during the last
two decades, within the framework of the national crisis; and, iii) finally, to present the main objectives of a new
agrifood strategy (short and long term), within the framework of a new national development strategy. The
research was documentary, historical-diachronic, explanatory and evaluative. It was based on the analysis of the
evolution of economic and social variables and indicators, the results of the SAV and food and nutritional
security for the period 1999-2020. Official national statistics, statistics from international organizations, estimates
from academic organizations, consulting firms and the author were used. The content of the article shows and
analyzes the relevant elements of the national crisis in political, economic and social terms. Subsequently, it
presents the main agrifood policies of the last two decades and their results. To this end, the author describes
and explains the causes of the results obtained in agricultural production and the food industry, agrifood
foreign trade and, finally, the state of food and nutritional security in Venezuela. Based on this diagnosis,
finally, the main objectives of a new agrifood strategy are presented within the framework of a new national
development strategy.
Key words: Venezuela, crisis, economy, food security, food system, strategy