Alper BABA

The Cappadocia region of inner Anatolia has been focus of both historians and geologists due to its underground cities as well as fairy chimneys on the surface. The man-made structures were caved in soft tuffs more than 1500 years ago; thus, many researchers studied the mass properties of rackous materials in the region to evaluate as construction materials. In this

Biga Peninsula located at northwestern Anatolia on southern segment on the dextral North Anatolian Fault and has many important geothermal potential areas. There are known 14 geothermal system namely Tuzla, Kestanbol, Hidirlar, Kirkgeçit, Kocabaslar, Bardakçilar, Palamutoba, Akçakeçili, Küçükçetmi, Külcüler, Tepeköy, Çan, Topaklar and Etili. Among them, an important field is the Hidirlar geothermal field, situated at the southeast of the Biga Peninsula. This field is in a tectonosedimentary basin and controlled by different trending faults. It has a potential usage about 87,7°C surface discharge temperature. Three thermal springs sampled in the Hidirlar geothermal field. They have named as Spring, Drill and Uyuz. Their surface temperatures are Spring=77,5°C, Drill=57,7°C and Uyuz=53,6°C. According to the result of hydro-geochemical analysis and diagrams, thermal waters are generally Na-SO4 and Na-SO4-HCO3 water types. Assessments of chemical geothermometers applied to the thermal waters, suggest that reservoir temperatures are 90°C-163°C for Spring, 81°C-149°C for Drill and 83°C-161°C for Uyuz. Around Hidirlar geothermal field, have been determined five different geological units. Lower-Middle Triassic aged Nilüfer Unit of Karakaya Complex is the basement unit. Late Oligocene aged Çakiroba granodiorite and Çan volcanic rocks overlie the basement metamorphic rocks with an unconformity. Neogene aged Örencik Formation, Quaternary aged slope washes and alluvium cover all older units with angular unconformity. Main structural trends have ENE-trending normal faults and they have been cutting by youngest NE-trending normal faults with a dextral strike-slip component. All thermal water springs are arranged on the NE-trending youngest faults. Both fault-slip data and joint measurements, mainly in granodiorites, show an active local extensional tectonic regime on southern segment of North Anatolian Fault. This local tectonic regime determined as the compressional (maximum stress axis, sigma 1) direction (N192±82°E) in center as vertical, NNE-trending extensional (minimum stress axis, sigma 3) direction (N21±23°E) and WNW-trending intermediate stress axis (sigma 2) direction (N114±9°E) in horizontal plane. Joints and faults which develop under these stress directions allow surface cold water's going underground. Depending to geothermic gradien these waters get warmer at the depth of crust and reach to surface again by these normal faults and joint system in Hidirlar geothermal system. According to these results, this geothermal system can suggest for Hidirlar geothermal field. Because of basement rocks exposure wide areas and around thermal water springs, metamorphic rocks cannot create a close system. Therefore these rocks don't have reservoir rock property. Granodiorites can be an important reservoir rock, because hot fluid can circulate inside and even get warmer. This geothermal field is fed by only meteoric water. Heater of this system is both geothermic gradient and granidiorites. Cap rock of this system can suggest as Neogene aged Örencik Formation.

A two-dimensional finite element model was developed to simulate species of selenium transport in two dimensions in both saturated and unsaturated soil zones. The model considers water, selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine uptake by plants. It also considers adsorption and desorption, oxidation and reduction, volatilization, and chemical and biological transformations of selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine. In addition to simulating water flow, selenate, selenite, and selenomethionine transport, the model also simulates organic and gaseous selenium transport. The developed model was applied to simulate two different observed field data. The simulation of the observed data was satisfactory, with mean absolute error of 48.5 microg/l and mean relative error of 8.9%.

Use of lignite in power generation has led to increasing environmental problems associated not only with gaseous emissions but also with the disposal of ash residues. In particular, use of low quality coal with high ash content results in huge quantities of fly ash to be disposed of. The main problem related to fly ash disposal is the heavy metal content of the residue. In this regard, experimental results of numerous studies indicate that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash contacts water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from thermal power plants, namely Soma and Tunçbilek, located at the west part of Turkey, were subjected to toxicity tests such as European Committee for standardization (CEN) and toxicity characteristic leaching (TCLP) procedures of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The geochemical composition of the tested ash samples from the power plant show variations depending on the coal burned in the plants. Furthermore, the CEN and TCLP extraction results showed variations such that the ash samples were classified as 'toxic waste' based on TCLP result whereas they were classified as 'non-toxic' wastes based on CEN results, indicating test results are pH dependent.

As a result of industry, rapid increase of population and people's unconsciousness of their environment faces Çanakkale with the environmental pollution as seen in the other cities of the country. Çanakkale, with its rich history and culture, is a world city. The city has a National History Park in Gallipoli Peninsula, a National Historic Troy Park and a world heritage,

Tuzla geothermal field is located in north-western Anatolia 80 km south of Canakkale and 5 km from the Aegean Sea. Tuzla is an active geothermal area in northwest Turkey hosted by rhyolite lavas and pyroclastic deposits. Geothermal studies of the Tuzla field have been ongoing since 1966. Ten thermal gradient wells were drilled from 50 to 100 m depth in 1974, two deep exploration wells (with a depth range of 814 m - 1020 m), and were drilled in 1982 and 1983 by MTA. Temperatures up to 145°C were observed at 50 m depth in some of these wells. The reservoir depth is in the range of 333 to 553 m in volcanic rock with a temperature of 173°C. The objective of this study is to monitoring and evaluating of the spill of geothermal fluid on soil and water in the Tuzla Geothermal Field, Çanakkale-Turkey. Therefore; total of 22 soil and 20 water samples were collected at two different times between August 2003 and March 2004 and to test for pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC). Global positioning system (GPS) was used to determine the coordinates of sampling points and Arcview 3.2 software's was used for mapping. The result shows that some part of area, between spring and the Tuzla River are extremely affected by spill of geothermal fluid.

... Bu kronik etkiler cilt kanseri, kanser olmayan deri lezyonları ve iş sebebi ile oluşan hava yolu kanserlidir. ... Kurşun, hava, su ve toprak yoluyla solunumla ve besinlere karışarak biyolojik sistemlere giren son derece zehirleyici özelliklere sahip bir metaldir. ...

The Cappadocia region of inner Anatolia has been focus of both historians and geologists due to its underground cities as well as fairy chimneys on the surface. The man-made structures were caved in soft tuffs more than 1500 years ago; thus, many researchers studied the mass properties of rackous materials in the region to evaluate as construction materials. In this

Çan region is rich in clay mines and lignite deposits. Results of major anioncation and some trace elements in groundwater and surface water around the Çan Plain, showed that groundwater is very reach with calcium-magnesium-sulfate (Ca-Mg-SO4). Its aluminum (Al) concentrations are more than the acceptable maximum standard value. The results show that mining activity has contaminated water sources. The heavily

Gülbahçe Geothermal Field (GGF) is located in eastern parts of the Karaburun Peninsula and is about 45 km away from the city of Izmir, Turkey. The stratigraphy around the GGF is represented by a Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession, including several sedimentary and volcanic units. These units overlie the basement rocks of the Karaburun Platform Carbonates and Bornova Flysch Zone which consists of carbonate blocks embedded in sandstone and mudstone alternations. GGF is located on the Gülbahçe Fault Zone, and are composed of series of NW-SE to NE-SW trending faults, extending from Sığacık Bay to Gülbahçe Bay. While most of the geothermal systems in western Turkey are controlled by normal faults, geothermal systems at the Gülbahçe are controlled by NE/NW-trending strike-slip faults and NE/NW-trending oblique-slip normal faults. An association of these active faults accommodating deep circulation of hydrothermal fluids of sea water origin is the primary control mechanisms of geotherm...

The aim of the study was to compare blood and hair arsenic and lead levels between two district one of which is mining area with higher concentrations and the other district was selected as a control area with lower of these heavy metals in ground water samples. In this study blood (n = 675) and hair samples (n=107) were collected in May-July 2007 from individuals living in two district of Çanakkale province. The study population was consisted of non-smoker women who lived at least fifteen years in study area. The mean age was found to be 59,8±10,36 and there is no difference between districts. They were randomized from the streets of Çan and Bayramiç provinces and villages for collecting blood and nail samples with adequate methods and interviews. The collected blood samples were analyzed for blood arsenic and lead levels using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Hair and blood arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 1,92 μg g− 1 and 2,0-84,0μg dL− 1 respectively in mining dist...

Electric power plants that burn fossil fuels emit several pollutants linked to the environmental problems of acid rain, urban ozone, and the possibility of global climate change. Not only are gaseous and particulate emissions from coal-fired power plants of environmental concern, but also their byproduct, fly ash may lead to contamination because of the possible release of both major and

Geothermal energy is already in the form of heat, and from the thermodynamic point of view, work is more useful than heat because not all heat can be converted to work. Therefore, geothermal resources should be classified according to their exergy, which is a measure of their ability to do work. In recent years there has been a remarkable growth

Purpose:The aim of this research is to determine causes of death during 2005-2010 period in villages situated in Simav Plain,Kutahya,Turkey where high arsenic levels were detected in some water supplies. Materials and Methods:This field study is conducted in villages of Golkoy, Bogazkoy, Citgol, Oreyler and Demircikoy situated in Simav Plain.In a previous water quality monitoring study, arsenic levels exceeding drinking water quality criteria(10μg/L) were detected in first three of these villages where the other two had levels below the criteria. This research was formulated as a two phase study.In the first phase, a public health survey was conducted with 1003 people living in these villages to determine the distribution of diseases.In second phase, verbal oral autopsy surveys coupled with official death records were used to determine the cause of death. Results:A total of 402 death cases were found within the scope of this study.About 53% of all deaths were male and 81% were above...

Çan region is rich in clay mines and lignite deposits. Results of major anioncation and some trace elements in groundwater and surface water around the Çan Plain, showed that groundwater is very reach with calcium-magnesium-sulfate (Ca-Mg-SO4). Its aluminum (Al) concentrations are more than the acceptable maximum standard value. The results show that mining activity has contaminated water sources. The heavily

ABSTRACT Accurate mapping of the spatial distribution of arsenic in groundwater is an important but equally difficult task to complete due to a number of uncertainties. Classical univariate interpolation algorithms could sometimes be insufficient to capture high concentration and high gradient areas. Under these circumstances, the use of an auxiliary parameter could provide better estimates of arsenic distribution. Based on this premise, arsenic cokriging with a correlated parameter can improve the performance of interpolation and can enhance the quality of predictions. In order to test this hypothesis, a water quality dataset from an arsenic containing aquifer in Simav Plain, Turkey is used to develop arsenic distribution maps. Arsenic is cokriged with correlated parameters such as manganese, iron and dissolved oxygen; and the results are compared with univariate interpolation algorithms such as ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighing. The comparisons were performed with cross validation at sampling locations and assessed based on mean and root mean squared errors. The results revealed that maps developed using arsenic cokriging with iron have given the smallest error value and have shown closest fit to the extreme values in the dataset. Accordingly, arsenic cokriging with iron is believed to be a promising approach in mapping arsenic distributions in groundwater.

ABSTRACT The naturally occurring aqueous Arsenic (As) and other toxic elements are found around the world. The present study concentrates on arsenic concentrations, speciation and related microbial diversity in a hydrothermal system in Western Turkey. The surface temperatures of hot springs reach up to 90 C and deep well (reservoir) temperatures vary in the range of 40 to 230 C. The elements such as As, B, Br, Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, V and Zn are found in high concentration in hydrothermal waters.

... waste disposal site is located near Canakkale-Lapseki road and north-northwest of Dolluk ... Geothermal environmental impact assessment with special reference to the Tuzla, geothermal area, Canakkale Turkey. ... Hagebro C. Flood damage assessment Dac La Province, Vietnam. ...

On a global scale, there is increasing evidence that climate is changing and of a discernible human influence. Many of scientists are confident that if current emissions of greenhouse gases continue, the world will be warmer, sea levels will rise and regional climate patterns will change. According to some scientist, global temperatures are expected to rise faster over the next century than over any time during the last 10,000 years. From this token, geothermal energy is now considered to be one of the most important alternative energy sources to minimize climate change. Geothermal technologies for power generation or direct use operate with little or no greenhouse gas emissions. Geothermal energy is generally accepted as being an environmentally-friendly energy source, particularly when compared to fossil fuel energy sources. Geothermal resources have long been used for direct heat extraction for district urban heating, industrial processing, domestic water and space heating, leisure and balneotherapy applications. Geothermal energy is used in more than 80 countries for direct heat application and 24 countries for power generation. Re-injection of fluids maintains a constant pressure in the reservoir, thus increasing the field’s life and reducing concerns about environmental impacts. Geothermal energy has several significant characteristics that make it suitable for climate change mitigation.

As a result of industry, rapid increase of population and people's unconsciousness of their environment faces Çanakkale with the environmental pollution as seen in the other cities of the country. Çanakkale, with its rich history and culture, is a world city. The city has a National History Park in Gallipoli Peninsula, a National Historic Troy Park and a world heritage,